Week 1-2 Speech Context & Speaker Roles PDF

**WEEK 1**: FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY: **\ TERMS:\ Etiquette -** the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group - **Controversy** - disagreement, often a public one, tha...

**WEEK 1**: FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY: **\ TERMS:\ Etiquette -** the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group - **Controversy** - disagreement, often a public one, that involves different ideas or opinions about something. - **Mood** - an emotional state of mind or the way you feel at a particular time. - **Tone** - a musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, and strength. - **Errand** - a short journey undertaken in order to deliver or collect something, especially on someone else's behalf.\ **FACTORS AFFECTED BY A SHIFT IN SPEECH CONTEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACT, AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY\ 1. LANGUAGE FORM** - This refers to the formality or informality of the language used and it involves the choice of words and how sentences or utterances are structured.\ **Formal Language** - used when talking with professionals or persons in authority in a formal, official or ceremonial occasion, situation, gathering or event.well-thought-of or prepared because it is used to communicate with people with whom you have close association with like parents, siblings and friends\ **Informal Language -** is used without much consideration to rules of convention or etiquette. It is casual and mostly not well-thought-of or prepared because it is used to communicate with people with whom you have close association with like parents, siblings and friends. **2. DURATION OF INTERACTION\ -** This refers to the amount of time a conversation takes between and among communicators.**\ 3. MESSAGE** - This involves the content of the message. The message may be facts, opinion, feelings, order, suggestions, and questions.**\ 4. DELIVERY** -- refers to the manner/way of delivery involving non-verbal/verbal cues made by the speaker.\ **Extemporaneous, Impromptu, Manuscript, Memorized** **WEEK 2 [RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER, ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER]{.smallcaps}** **TERMS:** - **Speaker** - is the initiator of communication. - **Listener** - is the one who accurately receives and interprets messages in the communication process. - Communication ethics - is the ethical way of communicating through media, language, social media, and journalism for developing human relationships as per the morals and values of a profession, industry, business, or individual.\ \ **RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER** - refers to the bond between the speaker and receiver which may depend on how the discussions relate to receivers' interests and knowledge\ **YOU CAN OVERCOME SPEAKER CHALLENGES** - **STEP INTO A SHOES OF A SPEAKER** - embrace the importance of the role of the speaker **YOU CAN OVERCOME LISTENER CHALLENGES:** - Practice Active Listening - Step into the Shoes of a Listener **ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SPEAKER -** The speaker's main role is to clearly send the message to the intended receiver. 1. **Maintain high ethical standards-**Speakers should be honest and straightforward with listeners, avoiding methods or goals that are deceitful, dishonest, misleading or unfair. 2. **Never distort information -** An ethical speaker should always be honest about facts and figures. 3. **Respect your audience - Will Rogers** once said, "*There is nothing as stupid as an educated man if you get him off the thing he was educated in*". 4. **Reject Stereotyping** - You should reject stereotypes because they are "mental cookie cutters", forcing all people in a group into the same simple pattern.\ 5. **Enrich Listener's lives**- you don't necessarily have to present life-saving tips. You can persuade your audience to take action to solve a difficult problem\ 6. **Take every message or speech seriously** - Try as hard to communicate with an audience of five as you would with an audience of 500. You never know when one of your listeners may start a national movement based on your ideas. **CONNECTING WITH THE AUDIENCE** - As a speaker, it is vital to make a personal connection with the audience\ 1. **Identification** - happens when a speaker emphasizes common values, goals, and experiences that exist between him or her and the audience. - **Common Values -** basic audience analysis, think about what values you have in common with audience members. A sense of the difference between right and wrong, - **Common Goals -** In line with the same thought process as finding common values, think about goals that you are likely to share with audience members. A desire to be a better person - **Common experiences** - we often have similar experiences in life. **2. Immediacy** - refers to performing behaviors that increase feelings of, liking pleasure, and closeness in the minds of audience members - **EYE CONTACT** - speaker\'s ability to make and maintain eye contact during a presentation impacts the audience\'s evaluations of how likable and trustworthy the speaker is - **RELAXED POSTURE** - A stiff speaker is less likely to connect with an audience than is a relaxed speaker. - **SMILING** - Findings from multiple studies suggest that humans rate those who smile as being more attractive than those who do not smile. **BOOST YOUR CREDIBILITY -** boost your credibility as a speaker; by establishing your expertise, helping your audience identify with you, and showing you are telling the truth.\ **ESTABLISH EXPERTISE BY:** - citing reputable sources - Making sure your facts are accurate - Covering your points in enough detail to demonstrate your knowledge - Revealing your personal expertise with the topic\ **HELP THE AUDIENCE IDENTIFY WITH YOU BY:** - Wearing appropriate and attractive clothing - Mentioning what you have in common - Being friendly and enthusiastic - Relating to listeners' situations, feelings, and motives\ **SHOW YOU ARE TELLING THE TRUTH BY:** - Presenting both sides of an issue - Sharing what motivated you to select your topic - Having open, natural nonverbal that correspond to what you say - Approaching the speech with ethics and positive intentions for your audience **WEEK 3 SPEECH WRITING** **TERMS:** - **Speech** - the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one's thoughts and emotions by speech sounds and gestures. - **Speaking outline of pattern** - to prepare when delivering speech includes brief phrases or words that reminds the speakers of the points they need to make, plus supporting material and signpost. - **Speech writing** - art of conveying a message to your audience. Either through oral communication or through other means, such as powerpoint slides, speech writing has the same function as normal writing - **Audience profile -** involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interest, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. - **Organizational pattern** - shows the relationship between supporting details in paragraph, essay, and chapters. The organization of the supporting details helps you understand how an author thinks and helps you remember what you read. - **Word choice -** refers to the specific vocabulary the writer uses to convey meaning and enlighten the reader. - **Physical setting** - includes location, size of room, seating arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, room, temperature, and lighting. **EIGHT STEPS YOU CAN USE TO COMPOSE AN EFFECTIVE SPEECH FOR ANY SITUATION** 1. Choose an important topic. 2. Consider your audience. 3. Prepare a structure. 4. Begin with a strong point. 5. Use concrete details and visual aids. 6. Include a personal element. 7. Consider rhetorical devices. 8. End memorably.\ **BASIC FORMAT OF A SPEECH (Using the Three Parts of a Speech)**\ **I. INTRODUCTION** - the theme is introduced and the reason for writing the speech is stated. It is important that as a speaker, you can catch the attention of your audience. **A**. Attention-getter (A question, a maxim or proverb, a startling statement, a story, a narrative, a joke) **B**. Preview\ **II. BODY(Discussion)** - the main topic is presented. As a speaker, you should stick to your theme. Examples will be helpful to keep the audience interested in your discussion. **A**. Topic Idea **B**. Sequential arrangement of support ideas **C**. Supporting details (illustrated examples, figures and other data can be included here)\ **III. CONCLUSION** - the summary statement of review. There should be no added information to be discussed here, because as mentioned, the conclusion is to cite again the points in the introduction and body. **A**. Summary statement of the Introduction and Body/Discussion or main points. **B**. Repeat a story, a quotation, a series of questions used in the introduction differently or with a twist. **C**. A closer, a call action, or a memorable statement that will leave a mark on the minds of the audience. **AUDIENCE ANALYSIS** - involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, level of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs. 1. **Knowledge of topic** - Audience knowledge of a topic can vary widely on any given occasion; therefore, communicators should find out what their audience already knows about the topic. Never overestimate or underestimate the audience's knowledge of a topic. 2. **Demographics**- The demographic factors of an audience include age, gender, religion, ethnic background, class, sexual orientation, occupation, education, group membership, and countless other categories. Since these categories often organize individual's identities and experiences, a wise speaker attends to them. 3. **Setting**- The setting of a presentation can influence the ability to give a speech and the audience's ability and desire to listen. 4. **Audience size** - Many elements of speech-making change in accordance with audience size. In general, the larger the audience the more formal the presentation should be.\ **THREE COMMON LOGICAL PATTERNS** 1. **Time order or chronological pattern**- This pattern presents events or processes according to the sequence of time that they occurred. A variation of this pattern makes use of the "past -- present -- future" or "before -- during --after" segments. 2. **Spatial pattern** - This pattern organizes the speech according to the physical structure of the subject or how the topic appears in space. This is a pattern that is suitable in describing a physical relationship among people, places, or things. 3. **Topical pattern** - This pattern is most often employed when speakers take their main topic and decide the most important sub-topics they would like to talk about. This pattern of organization includes types, categories or such classification as advantages and disadvantages, cause and effect, problem-solution and other topics that can be classified into related form\ **DURATION OF PHYSICAL SETTING** There are things to be examined in conducting a speech to assess whether you meet them or not, you may ask these necessary questions in considering duration and physical setting such as: *1. How long will your speech be?* *2. What is the occasion?* *3. How large is your audience?* *4. When is your speech?\ ***WEEK 4 SPEECH WRITING\ TERMS:\ Morphology-** is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. - **Syntax -** is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order. - **Grammar** -- the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics. - **Claus** - is a group of related words containing a subject that tells readers what the sentence is about, and a verb that tells readers what the subject is doing. - **Word** - is the simplest part of any language. - **Word choice-** a person's choice or selection of words\ **FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE GOOD WORD CHOICE** **MEANING** -- words can be chosen for either denotative meaning, which is the definition you'd find in a dictionary or the connotative meaning, which is the emotions, circumstances, or descriptive variations the word evokes.\ **SPECIFICITY** -- words that are concrete rather than abstract are more powerful in certain types of writing, specifically academic works and works of nonfiction. However, abstract words can be powerful tools when creating poetry, fiction, or persuasive rhetoric.\ **AUDIENCE** -- whether the writer seeks to engage, amuse, entertain, inform, or even incite anger, the audience is the person or persons for whom a piece of work is intended.\ **LEVEL OF DICTION** -- the level of diction an author chooses directly relates to the intended audience. **Diction** is *classified into four levels of language*: - **Formal** -- which denotes serious discourse - **Informal** -- which denotes relaxed but polite conversation - **Colloquial** -- which denotes language in everyday usage - **Slang** -- which denotes new, often high informal words and phrases that evolve as a result sociolinguistic constructs such as age, class, wealth status, ethnicity, nationality, and regional dialects. **TONE** -- is an author's attitude toward a topic. When employed effectively, tone---be it contempt, awe, agreement, or outrage---is a powerful tool that writers use to achieve a desired goal or purpose.\ **STYLE** -- word choice is an essential element in the style of any writer, while his or her audience may play a role in the stylistic choices a writer makes, style is the unique voice that sets one writer apart from another. **IMPORTANCE OF WORD CHOICE** *A person must develop the habit of using correct words. While speaking or writing, one must use the most appropriate word. One must learn the importance of correct word choice. Some of them are:* - If a person is using an incorrect word, the message delivered is not meant. - Incorrect word choice leads to misunderstanding among the audience. - It sometimes makes a situation awkward and unclear. - Sometimes, an incorrect word makes no sense. - Correct word choice increases the impact on one's mind. - It reveals the attitude and personality of a person. **Noun -** is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas, and feelings.\ **Pronoun** -- is used in the place of a noun or another pronoun.\ **Verb** -- is used to show an action or a state of being.\ **Adjective** -- is used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun.\ **Adverb** -- modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause and indicate manner, time, place, cause, or degree. It can be recognized because they answer the question how, when, where, or how much. It often ends in ly. **Preposition** -- link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence and usually indicate a relationship of time, space, or logic. **Conjunction** -- join clauses or sentences or words.\ **Interjection** -- are added to a sentence to convey emotion and are usually followed by an exclamation point. **WEEK 5 SPEECH DELIVERY** **TERMS:** - **Inflection** -- is a change in the pitch or tone of your voice at different times through-out the delivery. When inflection is missing, your voice can sound very boring and tedious. - **Punctuation** -- (the used of) special symbols that you add to writing to separate phrases and sentences to show that something is a question, etc. - **Monotone** -- a sound that stays on the same note without going higher or lower. - **Voice** -- refers to the production of raw sounds when the air passes through the vocal tract.\ **ARTICULATION** - **Articulate** means to say or pronounce something in a way that can be clearly heard and understood like expressing an idea or a thought in words. - is the process by which sounds, syllables, and words are formed when your tongue, jaw, teeth, lips, and palate alter the air stream coming from the vocal folds. - It makes a speech interesting and appealing. - It focuses on making individual sounds clear and intelligible. **VOCAL TRAITS -** are characteristics that make up the way a speaker speaks, including the way he pronounces his words, the way he articulates and even the dialect he uses. how the message comes across is just as important as the message itself. **THESE ARE PRINCIPLES THAT DEVELOP GOOD ARTICULATION AND CLARITY OF MEANING:** 1\. **Pronunciation** should be practiced. It makes all the difference. When consonants and vowels are properly sounded and syllables are accentuated, words give form and clear sense to the intended meaning. 2\. To be able to **avoid mispronunciation:** a. Visualize the word spelled out on paper. b. Record yourself before giving a speech. c. Listen for mispronounced words. d. Take necessary pauses. e. Check the proper accentuation to remember how to say the word/s. 3\. **Articulate well**, which means mind your vowels and consonants as they pass through your lips and mouth. 4\. **Practice** once, twice, or thrice until it becomes a habit.\\ **MODULATION** - It facilitates the understanding of your speech as it gives more meaning to your voice and makes your voice sound attractive. - Modulation in speaking means a change in stress, pitch, loudness, or tone of voice and an inflection of the voice. **COMPONENTS OF VOICE MODULATION** **1. PACE OR SPEECH SPEED** - When speaking, always consider your audience or listeners. - Employ speed so that your listeners can easily and properly understand your speech. - The pace or timing in delivering your speech also needs variety. There are occasions when quite rapid speech is called for and at other times slower than normal. - Always be cautious that if you go too fast, your words may become inaudible and incomprehensible and your listeners will not understand what you are saying. - If you naturally speak fast even if the words are clearly spoken, an unbroken fast speed will exhaust your audience mentally. - Equally, a very slow speaker causes the audience to lose concentration as their minds want to go faster than the speaker. So, learn to slow and speed up when needed. 2\. **PITCH OR DEPTH OF VOICE** - According to **Flores & Lopez (2009),** pitch is the location of the sound on the musical scale and is determined by the tension applied by the tone-producing mechanism- the vocal cords. - Speakers who are angry tend to lose control of their emotion as well as their voice shoots up and becomes higher than the normal level. - On the other hand, speakers who show sadness, disappointment, contempt and indifference would tend to speak at a pitch that is likely to be low. - Thus, pitch is another element of voice which shows emotion. 3\. **PAUSE** *According to* **Mark Twain***, "the right word may be effective but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause."* **When to pause in your speech:** - The pause before your start - The pause to signal that something important is coming - The pause to let the message sink in - The pause when moving to a new topic - The pause for emphasis - The pause to get your audience to reflect - The pause when answering questions **WEEK 6 SPEECH DELIVERY:** **TERMS:** - **Stage Presence** -- refers to certain charisma and charm that a speaker or performer possesses that draws an audience and commands their full attention - **Facial Expressions** -- is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face. - **Gestures** -- a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head to express an idea or meaning. - **Audience** -- the assembled spectators or listeners at a public event, such as a play, movie, concert, or meeting. - **Rapport** -- a close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other's feelings or ideas and communicate well. **\ SPEECH DELIVERY:** **\ STAGE PRESENCE -** refers to the certain charisma and charm that a speaker or performer possesses that draws in an audience and commands their full attention.\ - It establishes connection with the speaker or performer and the audience and envelops them in the speech or performance. **Ways to Improve your Stage Presence** 1. **RELAX**! Being relaxed and comfortable on stage makes your movements, expressions and speech more natural. 2. **PRACTICE**. The more comfortable you feel on the stage, the better and more convincing will be able your speech delivery or performance. 3. **STUDY**. To polish your stage presence, study the work of those who exhibit skill in the area. **FACIAL EXPRESSIONS** - can help you connect with your audience and reinforce the content of your speech. **GESTURES -** Similar to facial expressions, you can use gestures to establish contact with the audience and provide visual support for your message\ **BODY POSTURES AND MOVEMENT -** A powerful speaker shows confidence through body posture and movement. You can use your body to communicate positively and effectively with the audience.\ 1. **Upper body toward the audience** You might want to lean into the audience to bridge the space of separation.\ 2. **Feet and legs** You may move purposefully from one side to the other to indicate a transition from one point to another.\ 3. **Arms and chest.** Crossing your arms in front of you may be interpreted as confrontational or you are in deep thought about a question or a comment from the audience.\ 4. **Standing still without movement.** You can stand without a movement when you are listening to a question or a comment from the audience to indicate interest and concern. **RAPPORT** means establishing friendly relationship with someone else, but in speech rapport refers to the process of building and understanding harmonious relationship or bond between the speaker and the target audience or listener.\ **ELEMENTS OF AUDIENCE RAPPORT**\ 1. **The composition of your audience** This refers to the age range, the gender mix, ethnicity, shared culture values, religious or group affiliations, primary language, educational level, how much they know already about your topic.\ 2. **The reasons for their listening to you.** Attendance is compulsory or out of interest, to have a problem solved, to show support.\ 3. **Their concerns.** There are certain issues about your topic, they are neutral, in agreement or against it.\ 4. **Their expectations**. A formal presentation, an opportunity to ask questions and get answers, a chance to gain new information, a time to confirm old knowledge.\ 5. **Their vocabulary**. Familiarity and unfamiliarity with the specialized vocabulary or jargon used in your topic.\ 6. **Their general beliefs.** Indifference or in agreement with the ideas expressed in your topic.\ 7**. The things that they have in common with you.** Background experiences, living conditions, religion. **TEN TIPS TO BUILD RAPPORT AND ENGAGE AUDIENCE (Dorothea Stuart, trainingjournal.com)** 1\. Put your audience first.\ 2. Find opportunities\ 3. Allow for flexibility in your content\ 4. First impressions count.\ 5. Have a strong opening\ 6. Manage the middle\ 7. Use stories for emotional connections.\ 8. Use your voice with variety.\ 9. Give the audience time.\ 10. Have a strong ending.