UCSPOL2ND PDF

UCSPOL 🦖🦖🦕 2ND By: Conformity - The process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL Direct Control - Exercis...

UCSPOL 🦖🦖🦕 2ND By: Conformity - The process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL Direct Control - Exercised by the primary groups like family and peer groups, who praise or condemn an individual's behavior Indirect Control - Exercised by secondary groups like traditions, customs, institutions, etc. Positive Means - Used to encourage socially acceptable behaviors. These include respect, praise, job promotions or academic awards and prizes. Negative Means - Formal punishments, and informal strategies such as social exclusion and shaming. Formal Control - Designed and regulated by some authority like the government which makes laws to control order. Informal Control - The unwritten rules and regulations characterized by informal authority like criticism, sociability and public opinion. Deviance - The recognized violation of cultural norms. When most of us think of deviant behavior, we think of someone who is breaking the law or acting out in a negative manner. Deviancy, however, must not be construed as always negative. This may be tolerated, approved or disapproved. EXPLANATION FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIORS 1. Pathology Social Pathology - The result of a societal disease that must be isolated, contained, and treated Biological Pathology - Maintains that deviance results from actual physical illness, malfunctions, or deformities 2. Social Disorganization - Member expectations in one system differ from those of the other, thus, actions outside the dominant normative system appear deviant. Cultural conflict. 3. Labeling - What defines deviance is the actions of others or the actors themselves. The crucial variable here is the power of the labeler. 4. Value Conflict - Acts are considered criminal or deviant because they are at variance with a group’s values. MODES OF ADAPTATION Conformist – a person who accepts both the societal goals and the approved means to reach them. Innovator – a person who seeks to achieve goals by means that are not approved by society. Ritualist – a person who follows the norms of the letter but rejects or abandons the hope of achieving societal goals. Retreatist – a person who rejects both the societal goals and institutionalized means to achieve them. Rebel – a person who rejects both the societal goals and the means to achieve them; instead, he substitutes them with new goals and new means to achieve them THE PREAMBLE 1987 Philippine Constitution We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. Groups - A collection of people whose members interact with each other in accordance with the position they occupy and the roles they are expected to perform. SOCIAL GROUP According to Nature Social Ties: Primary Group - The basic universal human relationship. This is the kind of group where the members have intimate, personal, “face-to-face” relationships. Examples are Family, Peer-Group, Neighborhood. Secondary Group - The individual comes in contact with later in life. It is characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal, and casual relationships. According to Self-Identification: In-Group - An individual identifies himself and is given a sense of belongingness. Out-Group - One has a feeling of indifference, strangeness, avoidance, and dislike.They feel like they do not belong. According to Purpose: Task Group - Group of persons formed to accomplish jobs, tasks or obligations. Relationship Group - Formed to fulfill the feeling of companionship Influence Group - Formed to support a particular cause or ideology. According to Social Organization: Gemeinschaft - A social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional and often both. It is composed of many primary groups. “COMMUNITY”. Gesellschaft - A society of bargaining and contract. Relationships are individualistic, impersonal, formal, contractual, and realistic. “SOCIETY”. ——————————————————————————————————————— Kinship - Relationships based on blood or marriage. Every society defines the nature of this interaction by determining which kin are more socially important than others. Fictive Kinship - People who are not related by blood or marriage. Consanguineal Kinship - Kinship based on bloodline. Affinal Kin - Kinship based on marriage. Kinship by Blood Descent - a group in which membership depends on common ancestry from a real or mythical ancestor Unilineal Descent - A group in which membership may rest either on patrilineal descent (patrilineage) or on matrilineal descent (matrilineage) Cognatic Descent - Refers to all descendants of an ancestor who enjoy membership of a common descent group by virtue of any combination of male or female linkages. Kinship by Marriage Marriage - An institution that admits men and women to family life Polygamy - Marriage of a person to several people. Polygyny is called when a man is married to several women and Polyandry if the woman is married to several men. Monogamy - Where one man marries one woman. Most common marriages. Group Marriage - A type of marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Children are regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole. Kinship by Ritual Ritual Kinship - The form of godparenthood played an important role in strengthening and extending the ties of kinship, as it did in much of Latin America. Parents select godparents and thus these godparents are also the co-parents of the child. VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS Based on Internal Organization Conjugal or Nuclear Family - The spouses and their children are of prime importance and other more distant relatives less important. The marriage bond is important and stressed. Traditional Family. Extended Family - A family unit that extends past the nuclear family to include other relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents. Based on Descent Patrilineal Family - A group whose members trace their relationships and affiliations with relatives on the father side. Matrilineal Family - A family whose members trace their relationships and affiliations with relatives on the mother side Bilateral Family - A family whose Family members trace their relationships and affiliations with relatives of both parents. Based on Who wields power Patriarchal Family - Family authority is vested in the oldest male member of the family, the patriarch or the father Matriarchal - Family authority is exercised by the mother who dominates the household. Egalitarian - One where both husband and wife exercise equal amounts of authority and enjoy the same rights and privileges. Based on Residence Patrilocal is a family where the newly married couple lives with or near the home of the groom’s parents. Matrilocal is a family where the newly married couple resides with or near the home of the bride’s parents. Bilocal is a family where the newly-weds choose to stay with either the groom or the bride’s parents. Neolocal is a family where the couple resides independently from either groom or bride’s parents. Avunculocal is a family where in the couple is prescribed to reside with or near the domicile of the maternal uncle of the groom. Religion - A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman agency or agencies. ——————————————————————————————————————— Social Stratification/Inequalities - The arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation, and/or psychic gratification. Social Stratification - A particular form of social inequality. All societies arrange their members in terms of superiority, inferiority and equality. Stratification - A process of interaction or differentiation whereby some people come to rank higher than others. COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION  Social Class - The level or category where persons have more or less the same socio-economic privileges in society. Social Status - The position of an individual or group within a social structure. Social Role - The expected behavior of a person who occupies a particular status. BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Power/Authority - The ability to secure one’s ends in life, even against opposition. The degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others. Property/Wealth - The rights over goods and services. How much of the resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do they gain or earn every time. Prestige/Social Evaluation - Social judgment that a status or position is more prestigious and honorable than others. The degree of honor one’s position evokes. Social Mobility in Social Stratification - The movement of persons from one position to another in the stratification system. TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY Horizontal Social Mobility - Individuals or groups may move from one position to another in the society which does not involve a shift into a higher or lower stratum. Vertical Social Mobility - The movement of individuals or persons into either a higher or lower stratum. Career Mobility - In which persons experience change in their social position over the course of their lifetime. Downward Mobility - When one is demoted from his position Upward Mobility - When one moves to a position higher in rank, payment or prestige. Intergenerational Social Mobility - In which a person acquires his position from the parents’ social stratification level. Closed System - The stratification is based on ascribed statuses or statuses assigned to people because of either innate traits or social characteristics of parents. Slave System - Some individuals are considered property from the time of birth. These individuals have limited choices or freedom to do anything. Pre-spanish colonial period. Estate System - Based on the ownership of land. Land in this system was inherited rather than achieved. Caste System - The stratum is arranged in order of superiority to inferiority. The status is ascribed on the basis of the system. ——————————————————————————————————————— Social Change - The alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems. THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE Evolution Theory - The unilinear evolutionary theory views the development of society from a simple to complex form of organization. Conflict Theory - Proposed by Marx and Engels and later by Marxist sociologists. It views the inevitability of social change as a result of conflict among members of society caused by struggle over property. Cyclical or Rise and Fall Theory - Proposed by writers Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee. Like the theory of gravity, everything that goes up, goes down. Functionalist Theory - espoused by Emile Durkheim. It views society as a social system of interconnected parts, a bit like a human body with each part of the body depending on the other to ‘function.’ Cultural Diffusion - The spread of a cultural item from its place of origin to other places. Diffusion - The process by which discrete culture traits are transferred from one society to another, through migration, trade, war, or other contacts. PROCESSES OF CULTURAL DIFFUSION Primary Diffusion - A process brought about by migration, the movement of people from one place to another. Secondary Diffusion - Involves the direct transfer of material culture from one society to another Stimulus Diffusion - Refers to the transfer of ideas. Assimilation - The process by which a person or a group’s language and/or culture become similar to another culture or language. Acculturation - The exchange of cultural features that results when different groups come into continuous firsthand contact.