UCSP Reviewer PDF

**IDENTITY** - Distinct characteristics that define an individual - It is not fixed, continuously shaped, or reshaped - **Multiple intelligence** : **Howard Gardner** - Naturalist , Spatial , Linguistic , Intra/inter-personal , Logical-mathematical , Musical , Bodily-kinesthetic...

**IDENTITY** - Distinct characteristics that define an individual - It is not fixed, continuously shaped, or reshaped - **Multiple intelligence** : **Howard Gardner** - Naturalist , Spatial , Linguistic , Intra/inter-personal , Logical-mathematical , Musical , Bodily-kinesthetic **Environment** **and history** - Two primary factors that shape the behavior of human groups - **Inuits** - Arctic region if Canada - Fur Clothes - **Kung** - Kalahari Desert in Namibia - Loose, single layer clothes **FACTORS OF IDENTITY** 1. **Nationality** - Legal status of being a member/ citizen - **Jus soli --** by land - **Jus Sanguinis --** by blood 2. **Race -** Physical characteristics that are biological in nature 3. **Ethnicity -** set of cultural ideas held by ethnic groups 4. **Religion --** belief and what people worship - Monotheism (One God) ; Polytheism (Multiple God) 5. **Socio-economic status** - category of person who have more or less socioeconomic privilege 6. **Gender** - considered with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones. 7. **Sex** - biological characteristic (M and F) 8. **LGBTQI** - term for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people. 9. **Exeptionality** -- people with disabilities or giftedness 10. **Political identity** - attitudes in relation to the political systems within the society. - **Conformity --** agreeing to the standards set by the society - **Deviance -** - violation to the cultural norms - Formal -- violated enacted by law - Mala In Se - bad in nature(rape, murder,suicide) - **Mala Prohibita** - wrong because its prohibited - **Informal Deviance** -- not by law - **Taboos -** not usual to the other group **ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE** - **Anthropology** - Greek words **anthropos** (human) and **logos** (study) - Holistic study of human kind - Knowledge about the differences of people and they all share in common - **Physical Anthropology** - looks into the biological development of humans and their contemporary variation. - **Archaeology** - examines the remains of ancient and historical human populations - **Cultural Anthropology** -promotes study of a society's culture through their belief systems, practices and possessions. - **Linguistic Anthropology** examines the language of a group people and its relation to their culture - **Sociology** - scientific study of society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction and culture - **Social Organization -** studies the social structures as institutions, social groups, social stratification, social mobility and ethnic groups fall within the scope of social organization. - **Social Psychology** - studies the impact of group life to a person's nature and personality. - **Social Change and disorganization** - is the branch of sociology that inquires on the shift in social and cultural interactions and the interruption of its process through delinquency, deviance, and conflicts. - **Human Ecology** - pursues studies that relate human behaviour to existing social institutions. - **Population or demography** - inquires on the interrelationship between population characteristics and dynamics with that of a political, economic and social system. - **Applied Sociology -** uses sociological research and methods to solve contemporary problems. It often uses interdisciplinary approach to better address social problems. - **Political Science** - study of politics, power, and government - **Political Theory** - is about the study of political views and thoughts or doctrines (ideology) relating to state. It includes the ethical and moral standards for government. - **Public Law** -- is the study of government powers, duties, its organization, and the limits authority in relation to individual rights. It includes the study of relationship between sovereign states. - **Public Administration** - deals with the study of methods and techniques in the management of state affairs by three branches of government, the executive, legislative and judiciary. **ASPECTS OF CULTURE** 1. **Culture is everything** - Material / non -- material - what a person has, does and thinks as part of society - **Material Culture** -- It includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which includes clothes, food and even buildings. The types of material culture present in societies differ, as each society is configured by its environment and history. - **Nonmaterial Culture** -- It includes all the tangible parts of culture, which consist of values, ideas and knowledge. Just like material culture, the belief and values systems of societies differ from one another based on their environment and history. 2. **Culture is learned** - Culture is a set of beliefs, attitudes and practices that an individual learns through his or her family, school, church, and other social institutions. - **Enculturation** -- The process of learning your own culture - **Acculturation** -- adapting other culture - **Deculturation** - culture of the older generation comes into conflict with the needs and realities of the younger generation 3. **Culture is shared -** communally owned and practiced by members of a society 4. **Culture affects biology** - Human born unto cultures that have values on beauty and body. As such, they alter their bodies to fit into physiological norms that are dictated by culture. 5. **Culture is adaptive -** material and the nonmaterial parts of culture are influenced by the goal of humans to address their needs 6. **Culture is maladaptive -** Culture can also cause problems for the people who subscribe to it. These problem arise when the environment has changed and culture has remained the same. 7. **Culture changes --** not static **ETHNOCENTRISM AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM** - **Ethnocentrism** - promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and superior - **Cultural Relativism** - cultures must be understood in the context of their locality (relatedness) - no universal norms or moral absolutes - no superior and interior culture - Xenocentrism -- the culture of others is better than your own culture - Eurocentrism - viewing the West as the center of world - Asiacentrism HUMAN BIOCULTURAL & SOCIO EVOLUTION **Evolution** - kind of change that happens through long period of time 1. **Thinking Capacity** - The primary biological component of humans That allowed for culture is the developed brain. - humans have a larger brain, weighing **1.4 kg.** - Due to the size of the brain and the complexity of its parts, humans were able to create survival skills that helped them adapt to their environment and outlive their less adaptive biological relatives. 2. **Speaking Capacity** - vocal tract as the mechanism by which sounds ( A longer vocal tract means that there is a longer vibration surface) 3. **Gripping Capacity** - POWER GRIP -- enable humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object - PRECISION GRIP -- enable humans to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers. - Crucial for tool making activities 4. **Walking / Standing Capacity** - Bipedalism -- is the capacity to walk and stand on two feet - Quadropedalism -- uses all four limbs. - Although apes are semi-bipedal, humans are the only fully bipedal primates - **Australopithecus/Afarensis/Africanus** - feature has flat nose, strongly projecting lower jaw, and a small brain. - characteristics is both apes and human - 1^st^ early humans - **Homo Habilis** - has a smaller teeth and larger brains - craftmanship - **Homo Erectus** - was more able to adapt to the environment and provide solutions to problems of survival. - their culture is mostly perceived through the tools they made - **Homo Luzonensis** - lived on the island of Luzon **PALEOLITHIC PERIOD AND NEOLITHIC PERIOD** - **Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age -- 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.)** - creation and use of rudimentary chipped stone tools - **Neolithic Period (New Stone Age -- 12, 000 years ago)** - is the final stage of cultural evolution or technological development among prehistoric human. In this stage, **people are no longer dependent on hunting and gathering** - **Family** - **Article XV Section 1 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution** - Recognizes Filipino family as the foundation of the nation - **Bands & Tribes** - Simplest political system - **Bands --** notional type of human social organization consisting of small number of people - **Tribes --** collection/group of bands that have common descent,language,culture and ideology - **Descent --** groups with common ancestors - **Chiefdoms** - Political organizations that is ruled by a permanently paramount chief coming from an elite family - **Nations & States** - **Nations --** group of people that share commonalities - **State --** occupying a definite territory under an organized government - **Democracy --** system in which the citizens choose officials to run their government through popular/ majority votes **BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY** - **Socialization** - **Personality development** - **Skills development and training** - **Values formation** - **Social integration and adjustments** - **Social control and stability** **TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION** - **Primary Socialization --** first experiences - **Secondary Socialization --** socialized outside the home - **Anticipatory Socialization --** accepting and incorporating the norms and values of a group that they plan to join - **Developmental Socialization --** learning behavior in social institutions - **Resocialization --** discarding former patterns and accepting new ones **Social Status** - **Ascribed --** From birth - **Achieved -** skills , capacity , abilities **HUMAN RIGHTS AND DIGNITY** - **Human rights** - entitled virtue of their humas dignity (legal, social and ethical principle) - **Human dignity** - innate rights of a person to be valued, respected and treated well. Basic characteristics - Inherent - innate in us - Inalienable - cannot be transferred or taken away from an individual. - Indivisible - cannot be divided and denied - Universal -- belong to all people - Inter -- related & independent -- fulfilment/ exercise of one cannot be had without the realization of the other **KINDS OF RIGHTS** - **Natural rights** - given by god - **Constitutional rights** - guaranteed under the fundamental character of country such as rights against unreasonable searches and seizure, rights to safeguarding the accused. Seizure - with force (tresspass) - **Statutory rights** - the basis of an employment relationship and are in place to protect employees. - **Civil rights** - rights specified under the bill of rights. (enjoyed by an indiv. by virtue of citizenship) - **Economic rights** - rights to property - **Political rights** - ability to participate in the civil and political rights Cultural rights - protect the rights of groups of people, or their culture. **Article 3, Section 1-11 of the Philippine Bill of Rights:** Section 1: The right to life, liberty, and security of person. Section 2: The right to due process of law. Section 3: The right to equal protection of the laws. Section 4: The right to freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press. Section 5: The right to freedom of religion. Section 6: The right to peaceably assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. Section 7: The right to search and seizure. Section 8: The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Section 9: The right to a speedy and impartial trial. Section 10: The right to be presumed innocent until the contrary is proven beyond reasonable doubt. Section 11: The right to be free from excessive bail, or from excessive fines, or from cruel and unusual punishment. Section 12: Search warrants or warrants of arrest can only be issued upon probable cause (miranda) Section 13: The right to privacy of communication and correspondence. Section 14: right to be heard (all accused must presumed innocent) Section 15: The right to freedom from self-incrimination. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Section 16: The right to free legal assistance during investigation and interrogation. Section 17: The right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against one. Section 18: The right against torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will of an accused. Section 19: The right to humane treatment and protection from degradation. Section 20: The accused shall be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him in language that he understands. Section 21: The right to a waiver of trial. **BASAHIN SA MODULE NI MA'AM YUNG UCSP**