UCSP Q2 REVIEWER PDF

UCSP 2^nd^ Qtr. (Week 1) **Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics** **Key Concepts** - **Nation --** a group of people bound by their shared identity, who are living within the same geographical boundary - **Nationalism --** sentiment of unified loyalty towards the nation - **St...

UCSP 2^nd^ Qtr. (Week 1) **Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics** **Key Concepts** - **Nation --** a group of people bound by their shared identity, who are living within the same geographical boundary - **Nationalism --** sentiment of unified loyalty towards the nation - **State --** political group characterized by sovereignty over a territory and authority over institutions **What is a nation?** The word **'nation'** comes from the Latin **'nasci'**, which means **'to be born'**. It is often used interchangeably with words such as **'country', 'state' or 'ethnic group'**. **Different Perspectives in Studying Institutions.** - For **Karl Marx** (1848), institutions are influenced or determined by the mode of production of a society. - For **Max Weber** (1949), institutions are interdependent, but there is no single social institution that decides or alters the other institutions. - Whereas for **Emile Durkheim** (1893), institutions are primarily significant for the promotion of social solidarity. **Forms of State and Non-state Institution** **Institutions** - are organizations, establishments, foundations, societies, or the like, devoted to the promotion of a particular cause or program. **Their main function is to keep society in order and implement specific tasks assigned to them** (e.g., family, educational, economic, health, media, political, religious systems, and social institutions). - They make people connected with one another by providing **indispensable services to everyone's life.** They were created and maintained as part of human and societal survival. **State Institutions or Organizations** - are established, run, operated, and **funded by the government.** **Political Institution** **(Branches of the Philippine Government)** 1. **Executive Branch** - **The office of the president** embodies the **executive department.** They handle decision making, implementation, and the execution of laws. - The Executive branch is composed of the **President** and the **Vice President** who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. 2. **Legislative Branch** - **The Congress of the Philippines**, divided into the upper house (Senate), the lower house (House of the Representatives), embodies the **legislative branch**. They handle tasks such as **making laws** and budgetary appropriation. - **The Senate** shall be composed of **(24) Senators** who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law. - **House of Representatives** shall be composed of not more than **two hundred and fifty (250)** members, unless otherwise fixed by law, **20 percent of whom must be Party-list representatives.** 3. **Judicial Branch** - The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court of the Philippines and lower courts established by law. The Supreme Court, which has **a chief justice** as its head and **14 associate justices**, occupies the highest tier of the judiciary. - They hear and decide on cases brought upon them. **Non-state institutions or organizations** - They are the group of people or organizations that participates in international affairs and relations **but is not affiliated with ANY state or government**. They are **created to back up the government** in filling in the gap between the state and its people. - Some examples of non-state organizations are banks, corporations, cooperatives, trade unions, advocacy groups, and international organizations which are created to help improve the conditions of sectors of our society. **Kinds of Institution** 1. **Banks** - A bank is a financial institution licensed to **receive deposits** and **make loans.** Banks may also provide financial services such as wealth management, currency exchange, and safe deposit boxes. There are several different kinds of banks including retail banks, commercial or corporate banks, and investment banks. 2. **Corporations** - A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Under the law, corporations possess many of the same rights and responsibilities as individuals. They can enter contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes. Some refer to a corporation as a \"legal person.\" 3. **Cooperatives** - Cooperatives are people centered enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. 4. **Advocacy Groups** - Advocacy groups, also known as special interest groups, use various forms of advocacy in order to influence public opinion and ultimately policy. They play an important role in the development of political and social systems. Motives for action may be based on political, religious, moral, or commercial positions. 5. **Trade Unions** - The trade union is an association, either of employees or employers or of independent workers. It is a relatively permanent combination of workers and is not temporary or casual. UCSP 2^nd^ Qtr. (Week 2) **EXAMINING THE FUNCTIONS AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION IN THE SOCIETY** Education is the most crucial aspect of society. **EDUCATION** - "Educatum" which means the act of teaching or training. - Stephen Diana - "Educere" which means "to lead forth" or "to come out" - "Educare" which means "to bring up" or "to raise". It is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012). Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, and abilities through instruction and training or through self-activity. It is systematic training of the moral and intellectual faculties of the mind. It is the process of transmitting to the young, the vital cultural heritage of a group. **What is Education?** - The concept "EDUCATION" is broad and can mean differently to individuals. "Education" is usually explored alongside other terms such as "learning" ,"training", "school." These terms are somehow used interchangeably but there are important differences in these terms. (Robinson, S.K., & Robinson, K, 2022). - Education" is the broader term that encompasses "learning," "training", and "school" where LEARNING is the process of acquiring new skills and understanding; TRAINING is a type of education that is focused on learning specific skills; and SCHOOL is a community of learners: a group that comes together to learn with and from each other (Robinson, S.K., & Robinson, K, 2022). **WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION?** **What are the Functions of Education?** Functions of Education toward the Individual (Self) - Development of inborn potentialities: Education helps the child to develop the inborn potentialities of the child providing scope to develop. - All around development: Education aims at the holistic development of child-physical, mental, social, emotional, and spiritual. - Preparing for the future: after the completion of education the child can earn its livelihood getting proper education, which has productivity. The education should be imparted according to the own interest of the child. Functions of Education toward the Society - Development of social and moral value: Something that sets humans apart from other species is the capacity to have morals. (Rejlander, 2010). Education teaches moral values and social values like cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, love, affection, respect towards elders, and helping the marginalized. - Providing opportunity or equality: Education teaches indidviudals to give equal opportunities in all aspects regarldess of social standing, creed, ethnicity, sex and religion. - Social change and control: Education becomes a tool to transmit traditions and customs. It also helps society adapt with the development of science and technology. Functions of Education toward the Nation - Inculcation of civic and social responsibility: Education introduces the next generation of citizens to understand their rights and duties as citizens of a democratic country. - Training for Leadership: The leadership quality of an individual is developed when they participate in all spheres of social, political, religious, and educational activities. **What's an Educational Institution?** - An EDUCATION INSTITUTION refers to the established normative system of providing and receiving education and training. The schools and centers for skills training and development are the organizations responsible for this institutional function and purpose (Solo, 2020). - It is defined as entities that provide instructional services to individuals or education-related services to individuals and other educational institutions (OECD, 2001). - Institution that provides education as its main purpose, such as a school, college, university or training center. Such institutions are normally accredited or sanctioned by the relevant national education authorities or equivalent authorities. Educational institutions may also be operated by private organizations, such as religious bodies, special interest groups or private educational and training enterprises, both for profit and non-profit. (UNESCO UIS, n.d.). - Examples of educational institutions: schools, college, universities, training centers **THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF EDUCATION** - **Formal,** - **Non-formal and** - **Informal education.** 1. **FORMAL EDUCATION** - is a contiguous learning process which means it involves the **teachers, the students, and the institution.** - Basically, is a more systematic and organized education model compared to non-formal education. According to Stephen & Diana (2009). - Systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling. - is usually **well organized** and it requires from students a **minimum class attendance.** - require their students to do assessments to test students' knowledge and to improve the education process of students. - This refers to the **hierarchically structured, chronologically graded** educational system from primary school to the university, including programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational training. - At the end of each level, the learners must obtain **certification** in order to enter or advance to the next level. **LEVELS IN BASIC EDUCATION** I. **ELEMENTARY EDUCATION** - Involves compulsory, formal education primarily concerned with providing basic education, and usually corresponds to a **traditional six grades** or seven grades, and in addition, to preschool programs. Such preschool education normally consists of kindergarten schooling but may cover other preparatory courses as well. II. **SECONDARY EDUCATION** - Public schools and private schools, is concerned primarily with continuing basic education of the elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of employable, gainful skills, usually corresponding **to four years of junior high school** and **two years of senior high school**. III. **TERTIARY EDUCATION** - Institutions of higher education may be classified as either public or private college or university, and public institutions of higher education may further be subdivided into two types: **state universities** and **local colleges** and **universities.** - Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by the **Commission of Higher Education (**CHED). - Public universities are government funded, with the largest, the University of the Philippines, receiving a substantial amount from the annual budget. There are also several private tertiary institutions, sectarian or non-sectarian as well as for profit or not-for-profit. 2. **NON-FORMAL EDUCATION** - It is an organized and systematic education activity for a particular subgroup according to their needs and ambitions. Bartlett & Burton (2007) - Any organized, systematic educational activity carried outside the framework of the formal system to provide a selected type of learning to a segment of the population e.g. ALS. - Not limited to certain ages only and it is necessary for the people, who are ambitious to acquire certain knowledge such as farming and cooking. - Does not require student's attendance and the connection between teachers and students is less compared to formal education. - Most activities take place outside of the institution like home reading and paperwork. The education process flexible curricula as it follows the needs and interests of students. - It refers to any organized educational activity outside the established formal system to provide selected types of learning to a segment of the population. - emerged in response to the world crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who argued that the formal education system have failed to address the changing dynamics of the environment and the societies. - The skills that are needed to foster economic development are lacking due to untrained labor force that is not able to access formal education. - Non-formal education enables a student to learn skills and knowledge through structured learning experiences. **EXAMPLES OF NON-FORMAL EDUCATION** 1. **Adult Literacy Programs**: These programs are designed to teach adults to read, write, and perform basic arithmetic. They often cater to individuals who missed out on formal education**.** 2. **Vocational Training**: Courses and workshops that provide practical skills in trades or professions, such as carpentry, welding, plumbing, and cosmetology. 3. **Community-Based Workshops**: Workshops and seminars on various topics, such as financial management, health and nutrition, and agriculture, held in local communities. 4. **Skill Development Centers**: Facilities that offer training in computer programming, culinary arts, graphic design, and other marketable skills. 5. **Language Courses**: Non-formal language courses that teach languages other than the official language, such as English, for the purpose of improving communication and employability. 6. **Distance Learning Programs**: Courses offered online or through correspondence that allow learners to study at their own pace, often without the need to attend physical classes. 3. **INFORMAL EDUCATION** - is **unstructured** and **often unintentional** learning that occurs through daily life experiences, interactions, and observations. - Lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home, at play, and from life itself e.g. Zumba/fitness class, sports, etc. - Informal education informal education is the **spontaneous**, everyday learning that occurs through life experiences. **EXAMPLES OF INFORMAL EDUCATION** 1. **Reading Books**: Self-directed reading for pleasure or to gain knowledge in various subjects. This can include novels, non-fiction books, magazines, and online articles. 2. **Learning from Family and Peers**: Children and adults often acquire informal knowledge and life skills from interactions with family members, friends, and peers. 3. **Hobby and Interest-Based Learning**: Pursuing hobbies like gardening, painting, cooking, or playing musical instruments through self-teaching or informal gatherings with fellow enthusiasts. 4. **Observation and Experience**: Learning from real-life experiences, such as traveling, volunteering, or participating in community activities. 5. **Online Tutorials and Video Lessons**: Watching educational videos, tutorials, and DIY guides on platforms like YouTube to acquire new skills or knowledge. 6. **Podcasts and Webinars**: Listening to podcasts and attending webinars on various topics, which can provide insights and education on specific subjects. 7. **Educational Games and Apps**: Using educational apps and games designed to teach specific skills, such as mathematics, language, and problem-solving. **SPECIAL EDUCATION** - refers to the education of persons who are physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different from so-called "normal" individuals, such that they require modification of school practices to develop their potential. Special education provides distinct services, curricula, and instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher or lower than the average or norm. - SPED aims to develop the maximums potential of the child with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life. **FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION** - As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are important to be performed as they make the society whole. If each function is working well, society attains progress. - He lays down the functions of education as follows**:** **What do Education do?** - Knowledge Acquisition: education institutions lay down the foundations for structured learning and providing students with a range of learning tools, materials, and interactive learning experience. - Skills Development: education institutions bring out from the students their hidden potentials, skills, and talents that are developed through sport and training, and participation in co-curricular and extracurricular activities. - Values Formation: education institutions mold the character of students by imbibing in them the values integrated in the courses or subjects that they take up, as well as the core values that the school promotes through discipline and habit. - Socialization: education institutions offer a new environment, a second home, a second family with peer groups, a second parents with teachers. The student learns to establish rapport, relations, and attains status recognition. - Life Preparation: education institutions prepare the student for a life of independence, self- reliance, and competence for an occupation or a job. Students learn about task responsibilities and hardship in the pursuit of goals. - Economic Development: Education is essential for economic progress. It equips individuals with the knowledge and skills required for various careers, thus contributing to workforce development and productivity. - Preparation for Citizenship: Education prepares individuals to participate actively and responsibly in civic life. It fosters an understanding of rights and responsibilities, encouraging informed voting and community involvement. - Social Change: Education can be a tool for social change by challenging existing inequalities and promoting social justice. It empowers marginalized groups and encourages critical awareness of societal issues. - Cultural Transmission: Education preserves and transmits culture from one generation to another. It helps maintain languages, traditions, and histories, ensuring continuity within societies. - Networking: Educational institutions create opportunities for individuals to connect with peers, mentors, and professionals, facilitating personal and career growth through networking. - Promoting Equality: Education can help reduce social inequalities by providing opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their background, to improve their socio-economic status UCSP 2^nd^ Qtr. (Week 3) **Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification Systems Using Sociological Perspectives** **Social Stratification** - refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. - Society's layers are made of people, and society's resources are distributed unevenly throughout the layers. The people who have more resources represent the top layer of the social structure of stratification. Other groups of people, with progressively fewer and fewer resources, represent the lower layers of our society. - describes the way in which different groups of people are placed within society. The status of people is often determined by how society is stratified - the basis of which can include; - Wealth and income -- This is the most common basis of stratification - Social class - Ethnicity - Gender - Political status - Religion (e.g. the caste system in India) - describe the system of social standing. - refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic levels based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power - Categorizing individuals or group of people based on factors such as power, wealth. and prestige. This categories are what we call social classes, and layering social classes from the lowest to highest is called social stratification. - By definition is the hierarchical arrangement and establishment of social categories that may evolve into social groups together with statuses and their corresponding roles in the society.  **Early forms of social stratification emerged in ancient societies, primarily based on factors such as:** 1. **Caste Systems**: Originating in ancient India, this system divided people into hereditary social classes based on occupation and family lineage, with rigid boundaries that made mobility difficult. 2. **Slavery**: One of the earliest and most extreme forms, where individuals were owned as property and lacked basic rights. It existed in ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, and Egypt. 3. **Feudal Systems**: Common in medieval Europe, this system was based on land ownership and obligations. Nobility owned land and provided protection, while serfs or peasants worked the land in exchange for shelter and security. 4. **Class Systems in Ancient Societies**: Early societies, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, had class structures based on roles like priests, warriors, merchants, and laborers, with rulers or kings at the top and commoners or slaves at the bottom. 5. **Gender-based Stratification**: In many early societies, roles and status were determined by gender, with men often occupying dominant positions in politics, religion, and society, while women had limited rights and opportunities. - **Upper Class** are mostly in the ascribed status (born rich) some are through achieved status (earned through hard work), - **Middle Class** are mostly in achieved status (born poor work hard to earn the status) - **Lower class** are mostly ascribed status (born poor). **STATUS** - The individual's position in the social structure **statuses** - The higher or lower positions that come about through social stratifications 2 kinds status: **Ascribed statuses** **Achieved statuses** 1. **Ascribed statuses** - are assigned or given by the society or group on the basis of some fixed category, without regard to a person's abilities or performance. - These include sex, family background, race, and ethnic heritage. - You did nothing to earn these statuses; - you have no control over these characteristics and no opportunity or chance to choose your family, your sex, and your race. 2. **Achieved statuses** - are earned by the individual because of his or her talent, skills, occupation and perseverance. - These include, degree or educational attainment, promotion, position, earned wealth and the like. - For example, Nora Aunor has moved up in the social ladder because of her beautiful voice and singing talent **The Situation of Social Stratification in the Philippines Social stratification in the Philippines, has three social classes that can be seen in the community:** - **(1) The upper class** has high personal income, inherited wealth and economic influence; modest income; and - **(2) The middle class** are the small businessmen, teachers, merchants, traders with - **(3) The lower class** has to earn low incomes with little or no savings; some are unemployed. - **Here in the Philippines, social stratification** is very noticeable. Wherever you are and wherever you go, social stratification is present. Sometimes, you cannot notice it but when you look at a certain thing or situation deeply, you can see that. The influence of government officials is more noticeable in public today. Sometimes, in a simple traffic violation, they usually involved the name of their known politician to escape the punishment that they should face. - **In terms of wealth**, they usually use the money to do them a favor and to prioritize them. - **In education**, most of the time people don't look at the knowledge that the person has, they usually look at the school or university where the person came from. - **And in physical appearance**, people having luminous skin, tall, and attractive are given more chances and advancement. These are some basics that what was said in the law that all citizens are equal was not true because, in a **fundamental sense**, **people are not equal**. And these are the reasons why we people deserve and looking for more improvement in life. **Social Stratification is Distinguished from Social Differentiation** - **Social Differentiation** refers to how people can be distinguished from one another. - People in a group may differ in **skin color, hair color, race, mental and physical ability, and the like.** - We Filipinos are very conscious of the social class where we belong. We don't want to be inferior to others that's why we are looking on the other way to popular or known, to gain reputation and to be prioritized by others. We are always looking for advancement that we can get only when we are in the higher class in society. - Even though most of the Filipino population today is in the middle class and only a few are in the highest class, we can feel the influence of those few who are in the highest class in our everyday living. This is how great the social stratification is and in which even in the house of God or in the churches their influence is very noticeable. But even though this social stratification is present in our everyday living, don't forget that in the eye of God we are all equal and we are given equal prioritized by Him. But don't be stocked on what you are today. Exert an effort to have an improvement in life. **Karl Marx 1818-1883** **"Organization of society is determined by economic forces"** **Karl Marx** - He added that industrial revolution divided the society into **two social classes: Capitalist and workers**. Social class are people who are group collectively due to their similarities in their professional status, amount of prestige or lifestyle. **CAPITALIST VS. WORKERS** - **Capitalist** a person who has a lot of money, property, etc., and who uses those things to produce more money. - **Workers** a person who does a specified type of work or who works in a specified way This **formation of social classes** is the causes and start of **development of social stratification** eventually in our society today. This social classes is also categorized through various factors of social stratification. **Various factors in social stratification** - Wealth - Wisdom and Charisma - Social Standing of Parents - Society's Occupational Structure 1. **Wealth** - the net value of money and assets a person has, and income, a person's wages or investment dividends. While people are regularly categorized based on how rich or poor they are, other important factors influence social standing. 2. **Wisdom and Charisma** - people who have them are revered more than those who don't. In some cultures, the elderly are esteemed; in others, the elderly are disparaged or overlooked. Societies' cultural beliefs often reinforce the inequalities of stratification. 3. **Social Standing of our Parents** - Parents tend to pass their social position on to their children. People inherit not only social standing but also the cultural norms that accompany a certain lifestyle. They share these with a network of friends and family members. Social standing becomes a comfort zone, a familiar lifestyle, and an identity. This is one of the reasons first-generation college students do not fare as well as other students. 4. **Society's Occupational Structure** - Teachers, for example, often have high levels of education but receive relatively low pay. Many believe that teaching is a noble profession, so teachers should do their jobs for love of their profession and the good of their students---not for money. Yet no successful executive or entrepreneur would embrace that attitude in the business world, where profits are valued as a driving force. Cultural attitudes and beliefs like these support and perpetuate social inequalities. **SOCIAL MOBILITY** - Individuals are normally recognized in society through statuses they occupied and roles they enact. - Not only society is dynamic but also the individuals are dynamic. Social mobility mean move from lower position to the higher position, secure previous job from an inferior one. - 'Thus people in society continue to move up and down the status scale, this movement is called social mobility'. The study of social mobility is an important aspect of social stratification. **Definition:** **Wallace and Wallace:** "Social mobility refers to the movement of a person or person's from one social status to another". **W.P Scott:** "Social mobility refers to the movement of an individual or group from one social position, class or social stratum to another". **Sociology Dictionary:** Thus it is clear that social mobility mean movement of an individual or group form one social position or status to another. **e.g**. Poor people may become rich, the bank peon may become bank officers, farmers may become ministers, and a petty businessman may become a bankrupt and so on. **Types of social mobility:** Sorokin has distinguished between two types of social mobility mainly i. **vertical social mobility.** ii. **Horizontal social mobility.** 1. **Vertical social mobility:** - Vertical social mobility refers to the movement of an individual or people or groups from one status to another. it involves change in class, occupations or power positions. e.g. movement from poor class to middle class. From occupation laborer to the bank clerk. 2. **Horizontal social mobility:** - Horizontal mobility is change in position without the change in status. It indicates a change in position with in the range of the same position or status. "It is movement from one status to its equivalent". - e.g. a college graduate within a degree of chemistry working in Govt. research chemical institute and after a year he find that the work seems dull repetitive, with no improvement in sight then he become a professor in chemistry at a nearby university. - e.g. An engineer working in factory may resign job and join another factory as an engineer and may work in more or less the same capacity or join an engineering college and start working as professor. **Forms of Vertical Mobility** - Upward Mobility. - Downward Mobility. - Inter- generational Mobility. - Intra- generational Mobility. - Structural Mobility 1. **Upward Mobility:** - This type of mobility denotes social ascendance. It denotes the said movement from a lower social position or status to a higher social position or status. It reflects social improvements. e.g. a retail businessman who earns lot of profit may become a whole sale businessman. - In the same manner the son of a mason through educational attainments may become a university professor. Both are two examples of upward mobility indicates an improvement or ascendance in the status of the concerned persons. 2. **Downward Mobility:** - This type of mobility denotes "social descendance" or "social failure" on the part of individual or group. Sometimes individuals who fail to maintain their social, political or economic positions, and lose their statuses. - Often they stand to lose their position e.g. big businessmen who have invested huge money in business but face heavy loss. People in high officers might be denoted due to their corrupt practices and so on. 3. **Inter-generational Mobility:** - It refers to a change in the status of family members form one generation to the next. e.g. a plumber's son become the Nazim of their community. Bus conductor's son becomes the chief minister of a status. 4. **Intra-generational Mobility:** - A change in social status which occurs within a person's adult career "Wallace & Wallace" e.g. a lecturer in a pre-university college becoming a professor at the university after his doctoral degree. - A person working as a supervisor in a factory becoming its Assistant Manager after getting promotion. 5. **Structural Mobility:** - Structural mobility is a kind of vertical mobility. Structural mobility refers to mobility which is brought about by changes in stratification hierarchy itself. The structural mobility refers to "the vertical movement of a specific group, class, or occupation relative to others in the stratification system". - **e.g.** these are the days of computers and information technology. Hence, computer engineers and technicians and information technologists receive greater respect which was previously reserved for scientists and advocates. UCSP 2^nd^ Qtr. (Week 4) **Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social Inequality** Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social Inequalities: i. Local ii. National iii. Global **Social Inequality** - Uneven opportunities and rewards for a diverse social positions or statuses within a group or society. **Economic Inequality** - described on the basis of the unequal distribution of income or wealth, in the most frequently studied type of social inequality. **Gender Inequality** - sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination or sexual division of labor. **Racial and Ethnic Inequality** - is the consequence of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and are often recognized based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual's place of origin or culture. **Effects of Social Inequality to the Philippine Society** 1. **Prejudice --** negative attitude towards the members of a particular group. 2. **Stereotyping** -- refers to our propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the same qualities. It is our propensity to picture all members of a particular category as having the same qualities. 3. **Ethnocentrism** -- is the belief that our own race or group is the best. 4. **Scapegoating** -- is a situation when people encounter problems that they do not know how to solve. 5. **Racism** -- the thinking that one's own race is superior and has the right to control or direct others. 6. **Ethnic minorities** -- are people dwell in a society that does not share their cultural heritage. 7. **Discrimination** -- an act of depriving minorities of equal treatment and are kept in a lower status by the dominant members of the society and the resistance of equality. Gender Inequality **Gender Inequality** - is the idea that men and women are not equal and that gender affects an individual\'s living experience. **Sex and gender are different concepts** 1. **SEX --** the biological characteristics that distinguish males and females---primary sex organs (organs related to reproduction) and secondary sex organs (physical distinctions not related to reproduction). 2. **GENDER** -- social characteristic that varies from one society to another and refers to what the group considers proper for its males and females. **The Feminist Movement** **Gender Equality** - all human beings are free to develop personal abilities to make choices without the limitations set by strict gender roles. **Gender Equity** - fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities of men and women. **Gender Empowerment** - Women gaining power and control over their lives. **Feminism** - A belief that women should have equal right with men in society. **Government Programs and Initiatives in Addressing Social Inequalities:** i. **Local Proclamations** ii. National Proclamations - UN international Day of Persons with Disabilities - National Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation Week - National Autism Consciousness Week - National commission on Disability Affairs - Administrative and Executive Orders -Community based Rehabilitation for persons with disabilities. Executive Order No. 437, **Poverty and Inequality Reducing Programs** 1\. 4Ps Conditional Cash Transfer to reduce inequalities in opportunities in education and reduce intergenerational poverty 2\. Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) as a to reduce poverty and inequality at the local level - The Philippines' Conditional Cash Transfer Program: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) **DepEd Child Protection Policy** The document outlines the Philippine Department of Education's Policies and Guidelines on protecting children in school from violence , exploitation, discrimination, bullying, neglect, abuse cruelty and other conditions prejudicial to their development. The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act is a law that institutionalizes free tuition and exemption from other fees in state universities and colleges (SUCs), local universities and colleges (LUCs) in the Philippines. Republic Act 8371, known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA), was enacted in 1997. It has been praised for its support for the cultural integrity of indigenous peoples, the right to their lands and the right to self-directed development of these lands. **Agrarian reform in the Philippines** Programs: seeks to solve the centuries old problem of landlessness in rural areas. Through the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) initiated in 1987, the government addressed key national goals: the promotion of equity and social justice, food security and poverty alleviation in the countryside. **Global Inequality** Global Inequality (relationships between states and non-state actors in the global community)- the financial systems of the world have developed unevenly, historically, such that the entire geographical regions were left stalled in poverty and illness. **Ways to Reduce Global Inequalities** - Stop Other Labor Abuses - Progressive Income Tax - Open and Democratic Trade Policy - Universal Declaration of Human Right