Modules in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) - Q1 PDF

MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) 12 Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Region IVA- CALABARZON Prepared b...

MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) 12 Republic of the Philippines DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Region IVA- CALABARZON Prepared by: Teacher III Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 1  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) MODULE INTRODUCTION This Module is an introduction to the diverse fields of the Social Sciences and Humanities that caters to the needs of the students in the core, specialized/track, and applied subjects in the K to12 Senior High School Curriculum during this situation called NEW NORMAL. The series adheres to the constructivist and learner-centered philosophy of education to encourage active student involvement and collaboration in the teaching learning process in different learning category (Blended, Home based-learning, online and Face to face). The topics, activities, and assessment in all the titles are carefully selected and adjusted to align to the standards, competencies, and content stipulated in the K to12 Senior High School Curriculum, to deepen understanding and mastery of content and competencies acquired in the New Normal situation of our country and to meet global trends and standards in the various fields of the Social Sciences and Humanities. The series uses an interdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and multidisciplinary approach to the study of the fundamental ideas, concepts, theories, inquiries, methods, and issues in the Social Sciences and Humanities. The content of all the titles in the series are organized and anchored around common themes and perspectives shared by all the disciplines in the Social Sciences and Humanities. As an introductory to the diverse fields of the Social Sciences and Humanities, students will not only learn western concepts, theories, and methods but they will also examine and critique different indigenous concepts, ideas, and theories developed by Filipino social scientists and thinkers to study Philippine history, culture, society, and psyche. In the end of this module aims to equip the students with the necessary content knowledge, skills, and competencies in the different fields of the Social Sciences and Humanities that they can apply in understanding and analyzing, proposing solutions and alternatives, and being actively involved in political, economic, social, and cultural issues and trends, that are happening in the Philippines and the world today. Through its structured and well-designed lessons and activities, the series aspires to make students experience and appreciate learning of the Social Sciences and Humanities as fun and exciting, meaningful, and relevant field study. I hope that after two years of study, this module will be able to influence learners to choose a career in the Social Sciences and Humanities profession in college, and will prepare them to become productive, responsible, and active citizens of the community, country and the world. MARILOU A. GAPAZ Public School Social Sciences Teacher III MAED Major in Social Sciences Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 2  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) 12 Senior High School UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS FIRST QUARTER WEEKS 1-6 Lessons 1 - 6 SLM SELF-LEARNING MODULE Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 3  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics – Senior High School Self-Learning Module First Quarter Week 1-6 Lessons 1 - 6 First Edition 2020 No part of this Module may be reproduced in any form without the written permission from the author except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passage in connection with a review for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper. Much care has been taken to obtain permission from the owners to reprint copyrighted materials. The author and editors spared much time and effort to locate all of them for their permission but may failed in some. Any error or oversight that may have been possibly made is unintentional and will be corrected in future printings. Development Team of the Module Author: MARILOU A. GAPAZ Content Editor: Language Editor: Reviewers: SDO Laguna Province Illustrator: N/A Layout Artist: MARILOU A. GAPAZ Management Team: Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Office Address: ____________________________________________ Telefax: ___________________________________________________ E-mail Address: _____________________________________________ Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 4  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEK 1 Module Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science Lesson 1 – MAKING SENSE OF OUR EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from SDO Laguna AP Department/ Humanist and Social Science Department. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 5  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) module for Philippine Politics and Governance has been designed to provide simplified, convenient and accessible to all types of learners, especially those who has inability to attend regular class due to personal family conflicts as well as for formal school. The content of the module has been validated by evaluators to ensure its alignment to the curriculum designed by the Department of Education for Senior High School. Moreover, the topics activities were designed interestingly and comprehensively to enhance learning ability for assessment of learning. There are formative and summative activities including the answer keys which can be seen at the last page of the module. Educators are encouraged to use the module as supplement and intervention for learners. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 6  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) INTRODUCTION Module 1 is entitled “Making Sense of Our Everyday Experiences” deals with human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities; and the rationale for studying anthropology, political science, and sociology. Its aim is to help the students acknowledge human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities; adopt an open and critical attitude toward different social, political, and cultural phenomena through observation and reflection; and appreciates the value of disciplines of Anthropology, Sociology, and Political Science as social sciences. Week 1 Most Essential Learning Competency - *Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology and political science. Lesson 1 – MAKING SENSE OF OUR EVERYDAY EXPERIENCES “The function of Sociology, as of every science, is to that which is hidden.” - Pierre Bourdieu Process Questions 1. How can you interpret the quotation above? 2. What do you mean by Sociology? READINGS Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science: Its Nature and Goals Anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour and cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Anthropological Perspective and Its importance Anthropology is the study of people, past and present that focuses on understanding the human condition both culturally and biologically. Other than culture concept, Anthropology has different distinctive ways of thinking about the world, human cultures, societies, and people. Anthropological Perspective focuses on the study of the full scope of human diversity and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds. Some of the aspects of the Anthropological Perspective are culture, cultural relativism, fieldwork, human diversity, holism, biocultural focus. The four main perspectives of Anthropology are the cross-cultural or comparative emphasis, its evolutionary/historical emphasis, its ecological emphasis, and its holistic emphasis (Dudgeon). From an anthropological perspective, these concepts are related to each other and they are also seen as integrated with one another. In order to understand the origin and the history of human beings, and to acknowledge global cultured and communities, people should be able to consider anthropological perspectives in their both social and academic lives. Anthropological perspective is very important because it looks at shared aspects of humanity like language, cultural connections, economics, and curiosity to find the common thread. What makes the Anthropological Perspective unique is that unlike other social scientists, anthropologists look beyond the confines of our own society and compare it to the beliefs and Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 7  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) practices of other societies, past, and present (Dudgeon). The holistic, cross-cultural and comparative approach can help us think more deeply about other people and cultures, and live more consciously in our global world. It also changes your way of thinking about the world with a wider appreciation of the human experience. It allows us to understand how the evolutionary package inherited from our ancestors work in today’s environment. Sociology Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures. Therefore, sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, and how people interact within these contexts. Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world. At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith. At the societal level, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements. At the global level, sociology studies such phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development. Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective helps you see that all people are social beings. It tells you that your behaviour is influenced by some factors and that you have learned your behaviour from others. The sociological perspective can also help you broaden your view of the social world. It tells you that there are many different perceptions of social reality. Using the sociological perspective allows you to see beyond your own day-to-day life by viewing the world through other’s eyes. Further, the sociological perspective can help you find an acceptable balance between your personal desires and demands of your social environment. If you always do what you want to do, you are likely to conflict with others a great deal of the time. On the other hand, if you always do what the others want, you will not grow as an individual. Applying the sociological perspective can help you find an acceptable point between these two extremes. Political Science Political Science is the branch of knowledge that deals with systems of government; the analysis of political activity and behavior. Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war. The Rationale of Studying Anthropology, Political Science and Sociology Anthropology Anthropology is the branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and values, in time and space (Palispis, 2007, p. 6). Also, it includes man’s social, physical, and cultural development that describes and explains the phenomenon of human life. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 8  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Anthropology helps by providing insights into strange aspects of past or even present societies which historians and sociologists find difficult to comprehend and explain. Hence, anthropology gives us information concerning man’s behavior in relation to his social environment. Political Science Political Science is a systematic study of a state and its government, with relationships of men in the community, with relations of men and groups to the state itself, and with the relations of a state with other sovereign states abroad (Palispis, 2009, p. 14). According to Ricardo Lazo, the primary goal of Political Science is citizenship education. It requires the students to understand and appreciate the duties and obligations of being a member of a society. Political Science includes core competencies, knowledge and skills that help learners become participative and productive members of the community. Sociology According to Joseph Fitcher, sociology is the scientific study of patterned, shared human behavior. It analyzes human interaction which is essential in understanding man’s cultural make-up. It may also focus its attention on all kinds of social interactions: social arts, social relationships, social organization, social structures, and social processes (Palispis, 2009, p. 3). This social relationship will provide sociological information that will help in understanding society objectively through the use of scientific investigation or methodology. The outcomes of sociological investigations are essential for leaders, businessmen or entrepreneurs and government officials in maintaining social stability and creation of program as well as policies for development. This study of sociology broadens the experience of individuals as they learn to discard prejudices and “good” or “bad” behavior depends upon the norms of conduct of the society in which behavior takes place (Panopio, 1994, p. 2). Process Questions 1. What are anthropology, sociology and political science? 2. Why do need to understand the concepts of anthropology, sociology and political science? RELATED READINGS Anthropology Anthropology is the study of humans, early hominids and primates, such as chimpanzees. Anthropologists study human language, culture, societies, biological and material remains, the biology and behavior of primates, and even our own buying habits. Types of Anthropology There are now four major fields of anthropology: biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology. Each focuses on a different set of research interests and generally uses different research techniques. A. Biological Anthropology Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioural aspects of human beings, their extinct hominid ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. B. Cultural Anthropology Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 9  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) The branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human societies and cultures and their development. C. Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life. It is a branch of anthropology that originated from the endeavour to document endangered languages, and has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects of language structure and use. D. Archaeology Archaeology, or archaeology, is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artefacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts and cultural landscapes. Archaeology can be considered both a social science and a branch of the humanities. Sociology is a Science: According to Auguste Comte and Durkheim, “Sociology is a science because it adopts and applies the scientific method. Sociology does make use of scientific methods in the study of its subject matter. Hence Sociology is a science. Political Science The Concerns of Political Science From all of these types of power relations, political scientists study primarily power relations which have to do with policy, wealth, inequality, war, peace, international cooperation, making decisions in times of crisis, political organizations, electoral system, and similar topics. Four Fields of Political Science The overall field of political science includes several major subfields: American politics, comparative politics, international relations, political economy, and political philosophy. Most political science departments at universities encourage students to specialize or concentrate in one of these subfields. Process Questions 1. What are the concepts that you have gained from this readings? 2. Write an outline of concepts gained from this reading on your notebook. LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT 1. Comprehension and Analysis. Direction: Answer the following questions. Why are sociology, anthropology, and political science important in understanding the dynamics of society? What perspectives does anthropology offer to the study of culture and society? 2. Transfer. What personal troubles have you experienced? Identify 1-3 personal troubles. Are any of these personal troubles also social problems? Which ones and why? Identify solutions to these problems. INSTRUCTIONAL AUDIO AND VIDEO 1. https://www.slideshare.net/edwardbenalet/anthropology-sociology-and-political-science-102745908 Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 10  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) 2. https://www.slideshare.net/kellykhel/understanding-the-concepts-of-anthropology-sociology REFLECTION Write a brief reflection on your journal with the following guide questions: 1. What did you like most about this module, and why? 2. What do you think you learned from this module? 3. What was most challenging or least interesting about this module? REFERENCES: Baleña, Ederlina D., Lucero, Dolores M., and Peralta, Arnel M. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. Dudgeon, Roy C. “The Anthropological Perspective: What Makes it Unique.” “Why is Anthropology Important.” https://classroom.synonym.com/why-is-anthropology-important-12080725.html https://www.google.com.ph/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00s4umAaBNcJP3CfLJ_IYG9ix7uVw%3A1590831921544&ei=MSv SXv3bIKG2mAWRjYKIDg&q=branches+of+political+science&oq=branches+of+political+science&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktY WIQAzICCAAyAggAMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgIIADIECAAQHjIECAAQHjIECAAQHjIECAAQHjo ECAAQR1DzD1jrLmDZNGgAcAF4AIAB0QOIAfgYkgEJMC41LjMuMS4zmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy- ab&ved=0ahUKEwi9uNLcptvpAhUhG6YKHZGGAOEQ4dUDCAw&uact=5 https://www.google.com.ph/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00s4umAaBNcJP3CfLJ_IYG9ix7uVw%3A1590831921544&ei=MSv SXv3bIKG2mAWRjYKIDg&q=anthropology&oq=anthropology&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIECCMQJzIECAAQQzIEC AAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIHCAAQFBCHAlDyElibGmDXJWgAcAB 4AYABgwiIAecbkgEFNi0zLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6&sclient=psy- ab&ved=0ahUKEwi9uNLcptvpAhUhG6YKHZGGAOEQ4dUDCAw&uact=5 https://www.google.com.ph/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03UVw74q3s8PYBKGMs68U6HGGHr2g%3A1590835254518&ei=N jjSXv- UH9vahwPLyoCgBg&q=sociology&oq=socio&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgQIIxAnMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIA BBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADIECAAQQ1Db7QhY3PUIYK2DCWgAcAB4AYABvwOIAZ 8JkgEJMC4xLjMuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psy-ab SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 11  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEK 2 Module 2 Culture and Society Lesson 2 –UNDERSTANDING the CONCEPTS of CULTURE, SOCIETY, and POLITICS This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from SDO Laguna AP Department/ Humanist and Social Science Department. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Introductory Message Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 12  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) This Self-Learning Module (SLM) module for Philippine Politics and Governance has been designed to provide simplified, convenient and accessible to all types of learners, especially those who has inability to attend regular class due to personal family conflicts as well as for formal school. The content of the module has been validated by evaluators to ensure its alignment to the curriculum designed by the Department of Education for Senior High School. Moreover, the topics activities were designed interestingly and comprehensively to enhance learning ability for assessment of learning. There are formative and summative activities including the answer keys which can be seen at the last page of the module. Educators are encouraged to use the module as supplement and intervention for learners. INTRODUCTION Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 13  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Modue 2 is entitled “Understanding the Concepts of Culture, Society and Politics” deals with culture and society as anthropological and sociological concepts; and the significance of studying culture, society, and politics. Its aim is to help the students appreciate the nature of culture and society from the perspectives of anthropology and sociology. Week 2 Most Essential Learning Competency - *Analyze the concept, aspects and changes in/of culture and society. Lesson 2 –UNDERSTANDING the CONCEPTS of CULTURE, SOCIETY, and POLITICS Activity Each person interacts meaningfully with one another as a member of society. Culture encompasses the meaningful processes and products pf these social interactions. People interact in society as individuals and as groups with duties and privileges. In the exercise of duties and privileges, a person as a member of society engages in political activities. Use the diagram to show how a person experiences culture, society and politics in everyday life. PERSON Process Questions 1. How are culture, society and politics interrelated with one another? READINGS Man’s Social and Cultural Background In our society today, we can see a lot of changes and developments that affect our life. Machines have made our work easier. Computers have allowed us to communicate with more people faster. Genetic engineering has helped us to produce disease resistant plants. Changes such as these have resulted in the modernization of nation-states. A nation-state is a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects have a common culture. They speak the same language, have common descent, and share a common history. Having citizens with common culture, the nation-state, therefore, is a major component of personal identity. Personal identity is the concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life. As primary actors, we create the type of society we want to have which also includes our customs and traditions. Thus, cultures differ depending on the needs of individuals. As defined by Edward B. Tylor, culture refers to that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 14  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Significance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics Culture According to Mark Banaag, culture functions in the following ways and from which we can realize the significance of culture as well: 1. Culture makes for man to adapt and integrate himself to his environment by being creative and resourceful in coming up with ways and means of survival. 2. Culture establishes patterns of acceptable social behaviour such as etiquette, protocols, good manners and right conduct, roles and duties, etc. as established by folkways, mores, and laws. 3. Culture conveys and facilitates meanings through verbal and non-verbal communication, written and non- written language, forms of expression, and symbolism. 4. Culture produces man-made things such as clothing, tools, instruments, machines, equipment, structures, etc. made possible by technological know-how. 5. Culture contributes to over-all human satisfaction as we develop ways to make life more enjoyable, more comfortable, easier and more rewarding such as recreational activities, leisure, entertainment and arts, etc. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 15  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Society As individuals continued to interact, societies were formed. It is a product of human processes intended to meet basic needs for survival. Every society is organized in such a way there are rules of conduct, customs and traditions, folkways and mores, and expectation that’s that ensure appropriate behavior among members. Studying society provides us an idea on its importance in creating an equal, just, and humane society. Politics Sometimes people tend to associate politics with power. According to Ricardo Lazo, politics may be viewed in different ways. (Please refer to the diagram). Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 16  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Politics talks about collective decision of individuals based on defined rules of society. These rules bind people together in order to preserve culture and improve human life. Also, Haque defines politics in different ways but whatever definition is attached to it, there are four important points inherent to it: Culture and Society as Anthropological and Sociological Concepts Society refers to a group of people sharing a common culturewithin defined territorial boundaries. Every human society is organized in such a way that there rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways, morees, and expectations that ensure appropriate behavior among members (Palispis, 2007, p. 254). Culture is a composite or multifarious areas that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society. Therefore, culture is: 1. A product of human interaction; 2. A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted; 3. Provides socially accpetable patterns for meeting biologival and social needs; 4. A distingusing factor; 5. An established pattern of behavior; 6. Cumulative; and 7. Meaningful to human beings. A. Types of Culture Culture is composed of material and non-material elements. Material culture consists of tangible things whereas non- material elements consist of intagible things (Banaag, 2012, p.48). B. Elements of Culture Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 17  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) To understand culture, it is necessary to understand the different elements that compose it: Indeed, social norms are very important in understanding the nature of man’s social relationship. In the social interaction process, each member possesses certain expectations about the responses and reactions of another member (Palispis, 2007, p. 44). Hence, it is very essential to determine the different forms of social norms: C. Aspects of Culture Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 18  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Since culture is very complex, there are important aspects of culture that contribute to the development of man’s social interaction: Process Question 1. Why do we need to understand the idea of culture, society and politics? RELATED READINGS Differing Terms When studying anthropology, it's pretty rare to make it through a lesson without hearing the word culture or society. In fact, they're so commonly used that most people tend to think they mean the same thing. However, when it comes to using them in official anthropological terms, this is not quite true. In today's lesson, we'll take a look at these two words and try to nail down their proper use. As we do this, I must admit it's gonna seem like we're sort of splitting hairs when it comes to the differences. However, just in case you're ever stuck sitting at a table with an anthropologist, today's lesson will come in handy! Culture To get the ball rolling, we'll start with culture. According to many anthropologists, culture can be defined as the set of learned behaviors and beliefs that characterize a people group. Putting it simply, it's what makes a population into a people group. It's their beliefs, attitudes, and ideals. From their diet, to their religion, to their family structure, to their jobs, to even their entertainment, it's what makes them them. Adding to this definition, most anthropologists would agree that people sort of define or label themselves through their culture. Think about it. If you go to a party, what usually fills the conversation? It's not deep emotional stuff. Instead, it's things like where people work, what they do in their free time, and maybe even where they choose to worship. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 19  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Whether we give clues about our national culture of say, being American, or our subculture of being Italian-American, we're still discussing the beliefs and attitudes that make us us. While at the party, we'll also exhibit our culture. For instance, for those of us who grew up in the Westernized world, we'll probably not remove our shoes at a party. Even though it'd be more comfortable to kick them off and walk around in our socks, we probably won't. However, if the party took place at my aunt's home, who just so happens to be Korean, we would all remove our shoes. You see, in Korean culture, it's considered disrespectful and dirty to wear outdoor shoes inside. Although my aunt considers herself part of the national culture of America, she still holds to many parts of her homeland's national culture as well. Now notice, when talking about culture, we're talking about things that are sort of tangible, almost like objects. They're our language, our technology, and our institutions - things like our churches, our schools, or even our houses. However, culture is also intangible; it's our values and our behaviors. Using an anthropological term, our culture includes our norms, the standards or rules about acceptable behavior. And with this definition finished, we'll move onto our other term, society. Society Unlike culture, which encompasses the tangible and intangible things of a people group, society is defined as a group of people who occupy a particular territory and who share a culture. Stating it simply, we would say that a society is a people of a culture. Whereas culture is what makes them them, society is, for lack of a better way of saying it, the actual them. It's the people living and interacting with one another in order to create a culture. It's people bonded together by their shared beliefs, attitudes, languages, and institutions; in other words, by their culture. In saying all this, it's important to note that people can belong to the same society, while also differing in their, shall we say, layers of culture. For instance, a Hasidic Jew living in New York City and a cowboy from Montana both are part of American society and American culture. However, one identifies himself with the subculture of being a New Yorker and a Jewish American, while the other may have never stepped foot in the Big Apple. Politics Politics is the way that people living in groups make decisions. Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries. In large groups, such as countries, some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements. These people are called politicians. Politicians, and sometimes other people, may get together to form a government. The study of politics in universities is called political science, political studies, or public administration. Politics is a multifaceted word. It has a set of fairly specific meanings that are descriptive and nonjudgmental (such as “the art or science of government” and "political principles"), but it can and often does carry a negative meaning closely related to these (“political activities characterized by artful and often dishonest practices”). English is a flexible language, and it is not uncommon for a word to have multiple related meanings that run the connotative gamut from good to bad. Some of these have been around for a surprisingly long time. The negative sense of politics, as seen in the phrase play politics, for example, has been in use since at least 1853, when abolitionist Wendell Phillips declared: “We do not play politics; anti-slavery is no half-jest with us.” Process Questions 1. What are the concepts that you have gained from this readings? 2. Write an outline of concepts gained from this reading on your notebook. LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT 1. Comprehension and Analysis. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 20  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Direction: Answer the following questions. Why is culture important in our society? How is culture and behaviour related? Give examples to prove your answers. 2. Transfer. Direction: Answer the following questions. If you were to “define” politics based on your own experience, what would it be? Is it possible to study politics more scientifically? How? INSTRUCTIONAL AUDIO AND VIDEO 1. https://www.slideshare.net/nevzat1975/lecture-2-culture-and-society 2. https://www.slideshare.net/cleisthenes19/significance-of-studying-culture-society-and-politics REFLECTION Write a brief reflection on your journal with the following guide questions: 1. What did you like most about this module, and why? 2. What do you think you learned from this module? 3. What was most challenging or least interesting about this module? REFERENCES: Baleña, Ederlina D., Lucero, Dolores M., and Peralta, Arnel M. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. Candelaria, Anne Lan, Ph.D., et. al. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Teacher’s Guide. First Edition, 2016. Pasig City: Lexicon Press, Inc. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/culture-and-society/ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politics Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 21  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEKS 3-4 Module 3 - Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Lesson 3 - ETHNOCENTRISM and CULTURAL RELATIVISM This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from SDO Laguna AP Department/ Humanist and Social Science Department. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 22  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) module for Philippine Politics and Governance has been designed to provide simplified, convenient and accessible to all types of learners, especially those who has inability to attend regular class due to personal family conflicts as well as for formal school. The content of the module has been validated by evaluators to ensure its alignment to the curriculum designed by the Department of Education for Senior High School. Moreover, the topics activities were designed interestingly and comprehensively to enhance learning ability for assessment of learning. There are formative and summative activities including the answer keys which can be seen at the last page of the module. Educators are encouraged to use the module as supplement and intervention for learners. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 23  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) INTRODUCTION Modue 3 is entitled “Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism” deals with the perspectives in/approaches to the study of culture and society (i.e., comparative, historical, structural, functional, interpretive, and critical). Its aim is to help the students demonstrate a holistic understanding of culture and society; and value cultural heritage and express pride of place without being ethnocentric. Weeks 3-4 Most Essential Learning Competency: *Explain the importance of cultural relativism in attaining cultural Understanding Lesson 3 - ETHNOCENTRISM and CULTURAL RELATIVISM "If anyone, no matter whom, were given the opportunity of choosing from amongst all the nations in the world the set of beliefs which he thought best, he would inevitably—after careful considerations of their relative merits— choose that of his own country. Everyone without exception believes his own native customs, and the religion he was brought up in, to be the best." - Herodotus Process Questions 1. How can you explain your idea about the quotation above? 2. Are you fond of your own culture? Why? READINGS As mentioned by Dean Champion and his associates, “the range of variations beween culture is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures ensemble one another in many ipotant ways”. Somehow cultural variation is affected by man’s geographical set-up and social experiences. Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another (www.ask.com). Response to Variation The study of variation in culture presents challenges to scieitists. Cultural variations are what make socieitis interesting to study. However, social scietiests must be careful to remain critical of biases in their observatios and conclusions. ETHNOCENTRISM Have you ever seen or eaten food from another country, such as dried squid or fried crickets and think of it as weird and gross? This is an example of ethnocentrism! That means you use your own culture as the center and evaluate other cultures based on it. You are judging, or making assumptions about the food of other countries based on your own norms, values, or beliefs. Thinking “dried squid is smelly” or “people shouldn’t eat insects” are examples of ethnocentrism in societies where people may not eat dried squid or insects. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 24  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Cartoon showing a person offering another man some deep fried crickets. The man who is being offered the crickets says "um, I think I'll pass." Is ethnocentrism bad or good? On the one hand, ethnocentrism can lead to negative judgments of the behaviors of groups or societies. It can also lead to discrimination against people who are different. For example, in many countries, religious minorities (religions that are not the dominant religion) often face discrimination. But on the other hand, ethnocentrism can create loyalty among the same social group or people in the same society. For example, during the World Cup or Olympics, you may tend to root for your own country and believe that the players or teams representing your country are much better. National pride is also part of ethnocentrism. To avoid judging the cultural practices of groups that are different to yours, we can use the cultural relativism approach. Cultural relativism refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context. For example, instead of thinking, “Fried crickets are disgusting! ” one should instead ask, “Why do some cultures eat fried insects?”. You may learn that fried crickets or grasshoppers are full of protein and in Mexico, it is famous Oaxaca regional cuisine and have been eaten for thousands of years as a healthy food source! Cartoon showing a person offering another man some deep fried crickets. The man who is being offered the crickets asks to know more about them. Some people worry that the concept of culture can also be abused and misinterpreted. If one culture behaves one way, does that mean all cultures can behave that way as well? For example, many countries and international organizations oppose the act of whaling (the fishing of whales) for environmental reasons. These environmental organizations say that there are not many whales left and such fishing practices should be stopped. However, other countries argue that whaling is a cultural practice that has been around for thousands of years. Because it may be part of a country’s oceanic Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 25  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) culture, this country may say that such a cultural practice should not be opposed based on cultural differences, say, by an inland country that does not understand. Who gets to define what a moral cultural behavior is? Is whaling immoral? Two different cultures may have very different answers, as we saw in the above example. Another more extreme instance would be female genital cutting in some parts of the world. Locally, it is argued that the practice has cultural roots, but such a practice has raised concerns among many international human rights organizations. Anthropologists say that when we think about different cultures and societies, we should think about their customs in a way that helps us make sense of how their cultural practices fit within their overall cultural context. For example, having several wives perhaps makes economic sense among herders who move around frequently. Through such an understanding, polygamy makes cultural sense. Process Questions 1. How would you differentiate ethnocentrism to cultural relativism? 2. Why do you have to understand the concept of relativism? RELATED READINGS Ethnocentrism, a term coined by William Graham Sumner, is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of your own ethnic culture and the belief that that is in fact the “right” way to look at the world. This leads to making incorrect assumptions about others’ behavior based on your own norms, values, and beliefs. For instance, reluctance or aversion to trying another culture’s cuisine is ethnocentric. Social scientists strive to treat cultural differences as neither inferior nor superior. That way, they can understand their research topics within the appropriate cultural context and examine their own biases and assumptions at the same time. This approach is known as “cultural relativism.” Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture. A key component of cultural relativism is the concept that nobody, not even researchers, comes from a neutral position. The way to deal with our own assumptions is not to pretend that they don’t exist but rather to acknowledge them, and then use the awareness that we are not neutral to inform our conclusions. An example of cultural relativism might include slang words from specific languages (and even from particular dialects within a language). For instance, the word “tranquilo” in Spanish translates directly to “calm” in English. However, it can be used in many more ways than just as an adjective (e.g., the seas are calm). Tranquilo can be a command or suggestion encouraging another to calm down. It can also be used to ease tensions in an argument (e.g., everyone Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 26  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) relax) or to indicate a degree of self-composure (e.g., I’m calm). There is not a clear English translation of the word, and in order to fully comprehend its many possible uses, a cultural relativist would argue that it would be necessary to fully immerse oneself in cultures where the word is used. Key Points Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Within this ideology, individuals will judge other groups in relation to their own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. Cultural relativism is the belief that the concepts and values of a culture cannot be fully translated into, or fully understood in, other languages; that a specific cultural artifact (e.g., a ritual) has to be understood in terms of the larger symbolic system of which it is a part. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture. Key Terms ethnocentrism: The tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one’s own culture. cultural relativism: Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: “…civilization is not something absolute, but… is relative, and… our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes. “ Cultural context: Depending on your cultural background, this may or may not look delicious. Process Questions 1. What are the concepts that you have gained from this readings? 2. Write an outline of concepts gained from this reading on your notebook. LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT 1. Comprehension and Analysis. Answer the following questions. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 27  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Is there such superior and inferior culture? Explain. How is it possible to recognize the uniqueness of each society’s cultural traits and not from the stand point of one’s own society? 2. Transfer. In some parts of Europe and America, same sex marriage is considered as legal. Explain in your own words the applicability of same sex marriage in the Philippines. INSTRUCTIONAL AUDIO AND VIDEO 1. https://www.slideshare.net/JedLim1/ethnocentrism-and-relativism REFLECTION Write a brief reflection on your journal with the following guide questions: 1. What did you like most about this module, and why? 2. What do you think you learned from this module? 3. What was most challenging or least interesting about this module? REFERENCES: Baleña, Ederlina D., Lucero, Dolores M., and Peralta, Arnel M. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. Candelaria, Anne Lan, Ph.D., et. al. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Teacher’s Guide. First Edition, 2016. Pasig City: Lexicon Press, Inc. https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/culture/a/cultural-relativism-article https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/03%3A_Culture/3.01%3A_C ulture_and_Society/3.1E%3A_Ethnocentrism_and_Cultural_Relativism Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 28  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEKS 5-6 Module 4 – Social, Political and Economic Symbols and Practices Lesson 4 - LOOKING BACK at HUMAN BIOCULTURAL and SOCIAL EVOLUTION This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from SDO Laguna AP Department/ Humanist and Social Science Department. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 29  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) module for Philippine Politics and Governance has been designed to provide simplified, convenient and accessible to all types of learners, especially those who has inability to attend regular class due to personal family conflicts as well as for formal school. The content of the module has been validated by evaluators to ensure its alignment to the curriculum designed by the Department of Education for Senior High School. Moreover, the topics activities were designed interestingly and comprehensively to enhance learning ability for assessment of learning. There are formative and summative activities including the answer keys which can be seen at the last page of the module. Educators are encouraged to use the module as supplement and intervention for learners. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 30  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) INTRODUCTION Module 4 is entitled “Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution” deals with the human origins and the capacity for culture; the role of culture in human adaptation; and processes of cultural and socio-political evolution. Its aim is to help the students analyze key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural and socio-political processes in human evolution that can still be used and developed. Weeks 5-6 Most Essential Learning Competency: *Analyze the significance of cultural, social, political and economic symbols and practices. Lesson 4 – LOOKING BACK at HUMAN BIOCULTURAL and SOCIAL EVOLUTION Examine the picture. Process Questions 1. What does it represent? 2. How does it explain man’s development? READINGS Human Origins It is a common understanding that change is the only permanent thing in this world. Every living thing is dynamic and, as such, undergoes tranformation. Likewise, man as the most important component of society, goes through evolutionary changes that help him adapt to his environment. Thus, his adaptation started the formation of society as well as cultural development which is essential for survival. Looking at evolution as man’s linear progression. Evolution is a natural process of biologial changes occuring in a population across successive generations (Banaag, 2012, p. 31). It helps us identify and analyze man’s physiological development which is important in his subsistence. The evolution of man became an important concern in the emergence of different socieities. Early man’s development serves as an avenue in analyzing the progress of our society. For two million years, man in the form of early hominid, was a herd/tribal animal,/warrior. All of the human’s social drives developed long before he developed intelectually. They are, therefore, instinctive. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 31  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Species Characteristics Homo Habilis >> Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in modern humans and was the first to make stoe tools. The ability to make and use tools is a unique quality of humans such that the species is recognized to be the first true human. The species name means “Handy Man”. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scaveging for food. Homo Rudolfensis >>Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information. The species lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago. Homo Erectus >>The species name means “Upright Man” with body proportions similar to that of modern humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire. Homo >>Species with large brow ridge and short wide bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,000 Heidelbergenesis years ago in Europe and Africa.They were the first of early human species to live in colder climates, first to hunt large animals on routine basis using spears, and first to construct human shelters. Homo Floresiensis >>Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the island of Flores, Indonesia with other dwarfed animal species. Homo Sapiens >>The species name means “Wise Man” that appeared from 200,000 years ago. The present human race belongs to this species. Homo Sapiens >>subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climates especially in icy Neanderthalensis cold places in Europe and Asia. It also known as “Neanderthal Man”, is the closest relative of modern humans. Homo Sapiens >>Subspecies known as “Cro-Magnon characterized to be anatomically modern humans and Sapiens lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They were the first to produce art in cave and crafting decorated tools and accessories. A. Man’s Cultural Evolution Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development Paleolithic Age (Old Traditionally coincided with the first >>Use of simple peeble tools Stone Age) evidence of tool construction and use by >>Learned to live in caves Homosome 2.5 million years ago >>Discovered the use of fire >>Developed small sculptures; and monumental painting, incised designs, and reliefs on the walls of caves. >>”Food-collecting cultures” Neolithic Age (New Occurred sometime about 10,000 BCE >>Stone tools were shaped by polishing or Stone Age) grinding >>Settlement in permanent villages >>Dependence on domesticated animals or plants >>Appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving >>”Food producing cultures” Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 32  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Simple Differentiation of the Cultural Evolution B. Characteristics of Human Society Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 33  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) C. Types of Socieities Types of Human Societies Characteristics 1.Hunting and Food Gathering >>The earliest form of human soiety. Services >>People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and small game, fishing, huntinglargerwild animals, and collecting shellfish. >>They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available. >>They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones. 2.Horticultural societies >> People learned to use human muscle power and handheld tools to cultivate fields. >>Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming. SUBSISTENCE FARMING: >>Involves only producing enough food to feed the group. >>The settlements are small. >>Neightborhood is solid. >>Political organization is confined in the village. >>Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system. SURPLUS FARMING: >>Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements. >>There was occupational specialization with prestige differences. >>Social stratification was well established. >>The community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated. 3.Pastoral Societies >>It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group. >>Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending quest for pasture and water. >>It was organized along male-centered kinship groups. >>It wwas usually united under strong politicalfigures. However, centralized political leadershipdid not occur. 4.Agricultural Societies >>These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming. >>Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community. >>Ever-growing population came together in broad river-valley system. >>Those who controled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political support. >>by taxing the bulk of agricultural surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans and armies to protect their privileges. >>Social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved. 5.Industrial Societies >>It is characterize by more than just the use of mechanical means of production. >>It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well-coordinated labor force. >>Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers. >>Industrial societies are divided along class lines. >>Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift of populations. >>Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. >>Industrial societies are highly secularized. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 34  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) >>The predominant form of social and political organization is industrial societies is the bureaucracy. 6.Post-industrial Societies >>Itdepends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology. >>It is characterized by the spread of computer industries. >>Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society. >>It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individuals and the interaction between humans and the natural environment. Process Questions 1. What makes human beings an important component in the development of early society? 2. How do early societies differe from another? Explain. RELATED READINGS Cultural Symbols A cultural symbol is a physical manifestation that signifies the ideology of a particular culture or that merely has meaning within a culture. What is culture, you may ask? Culture is an accumulation of the beliefs, traditions, language and values of a particular group of people. The Christian culture has the cultural symbol of the cross, where the Jewish culture has the cultural symbol of the Star of David. Cultural symbols don't have to be actual symbols or signs; they can also be gestures such as handshakes and hand signals. Additionally, the same symbol can mean different things in different cultures. Americans should be careful in Greece, for example. The thumbs up, which symbolizes that everything is great in American culture, is just like giving the middle finger in Greek culture. Examples of Cultural Symbols Cultural symbols can represent any aspect of the culture, including nationalism, belief systems, traditions, language and values. Symbols are the basis of culture. A symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined. Everything one does throughout their life is based and organized through cultural symbolism. Symbolism is when something represents abstract ideas or concepts. Cultural Practices There are thousands of diverse groups that practise many different customs, traditions and religious acts. Some of the customs define the culture that performs them and makes the group what they are. Cultural practice can be defined as the manifestation of a tradition or custom within a particular culture, such a Morris Dancing in England and the wearing of the kimonos by Geishas in Japan. Cultural customs are often considered strange by the majority of people; these people would be the people who do not perform such customs. The people who perform such customs usually have been brought up with these practices or customs and would not see them as being different in any way. The same goes for religious acts or traditions, as individuals who perform such religious acts or traditions would have learnt from parents or peers within their own social network. Cultural practices performed in cultures in society. The world is full of cultural practices, traditions, customs or activities that are defined as outwith the norm. These activities would be considered cultural practice. Role of Symbols in Culture Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 35  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) A symbol carries meaning to the people who share a culture because it is created and maintained by the members of the culture. A symbol, something that carries meaning to people who share a culture, is broadly understood and used so frequently that it does not require explanation. Language, which is both an element and a reflection of culture, is a system of symbols that allows members of a culture to communicate with one another. Words symbolize objects, ideas, and actions. However, sometimes these meanings vary by culture. For example, English is a language used by many cultures, but some English words have different meanings in different cultural contexts. The word call in American culture means to contact someone by telephone. In Britain, however, call is used to express paying a visit to someone, while the word ring means to contact via phone. The meaning of the words call and ring is dependent on culture. These words symbolize different actions to English speakers in different cultures. Communication is based upon the use of mutually understood symbols. Language and other systems of communication are deeply embedded in the culture that creates them. Communication can be verbal or nonverbal. Verbal communication can occur through both writing and speaking. Nonverbal communication also includes written communication, body language and gestures, and alternative systems of communication such as Braille and sign language. Both verbal and nonverbal communication depends on a broader cultural context. People create and interpret the meaning of all symbols solely through shared cultural understanding. Communication can occur only if people know how to use and interpret a shared set of symbols. The ability to communicate is thus rooted in culture. A culture's shared set of symbols is produced and maintained through shared cultural beliefs, practices, traditions, and expectations. Many symbols are visual. For example, in some cultures particular colors are associated with gender, such as pink for girls and blue for boys. Another example is traffic signage such as stop signs or symbols used on highways to indicate where to stop for gas, food, or lodging. In some cultures, accents on letters tell people how words are pronounced. Gestures also have symbolic meaning. For instance, in American culture a kiss on the cheek symbolizes love and close ties or feelings of intimacy. In other cultures, such as French culture and Mexican culture, a kiss on the cheek is understood as a basic greeting. A symbol has meaning within a culture, because of a shared understanding of what the symbol signifies. Stories, traditions, history, and cultural norms contribute to the meaning of a symbol. Social Practices Social practices refer to everyday practices and the way these are typically and habitually performed in (much of) a society. Such practices – going to work, cooking, showering – are meaningful to people as parts of their everyday life activities. These activities are routinely performed and integrate different types of elements, such as bodily and mental activities, material artefacts, knowledge, emotions, skills, and so on (Reckwitz 2002). Practices are social because they are similar for different individuals at different points of time and locations (Reckwitz 2002). Social practices involve Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 36  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) consumption as performing the respective activities requires the usage of material artefacts as well as resources such as energy and water. Hence social practices such as showering (almost) every day or doing the laundry according to a specific standard of cleanness (Shove 2004) have a large impact on a society's resource use. Understanding social practices better would hence enhance the possibilities to stimulate behavioural change towards reduced resource use. Political Symbols and Practices Political symbolism is symbolism that is used to represent a political standpoint. The symbolism can occur in various media including banners, acronyms, pictures, flags, mottos, and countless more. Symbols are used by parties in their campaigning, and printed on ballot papers where a voter must make a mark to vote for the associated party. Their purpose is to facilitate voting by illiterate people, who cannot read parties' names on ballot papers. Filipino Customs and Traditions Our culture is a big reflection of our great and complex history. It is influenced by most of the people we have interacted with. A blend of the Malayo-Polynesian and Hispanic culture with the influence from Chinese, Indians Arabs, and other Asian cultures really contribute to the customs and traditions of the Filipinos. Filipino culture is unique compared to other Asian countries, and beliefs apply every day in the life of the Filipinos and reveal how rich and blessed the culture the people have. Let’s review some of the popular Filipino traditions and find the similarities that bind Filipinos to each other. First on the list is Mano Po. When children or young people greet or say goodbye to their elders they typically do so by taking the right hand of the elder with their right hand and touch the back the elder's hand lightly on their forehead. It is a way of giving respect to the elders and I believe that is also a way of receiving blessing to the elders. Mano is a Spanish word for “hand” while Po is used in the end of the sentence when addressing elders or superiors. Next is that Filipinos are one of the most hospitable people you may find anywhere. Foreign visitors in the country are treated with the utmost respect. This trait is usually seen during fiestas and holidays where many Filipinos are giving their best to entertain their visitors well. It is amazing to see that even the simplest home along the road opens their home to a stranger. For Filipinos, to be able to serve others gives them honor of showing true friendship. Filipino Hospitality is a trait you can't take away from them. Having Close Family Ties is also one of their unique traits. It is one of the outstanding cultural values that Filipinos have. The family takes care of each other and are taught to be loyal to family and elders by simply obeying their authorities. This is one of the unique characteristics of Filipinos. Having fondness for family reunions during secular and religious holidays such as Christmas, New Year’s eve, All Saints’ Day, Holy Week, Fiestas, homecomings, birthdays, weddings, graduations, baptisms, funerals etc. is evidence that Filipino people valued not only our cultural tradition but the spirit of our family. As Filipinos, we are blessed to have been brought up with strong family ties. Bayanihan Have you ever experienced the bayanihan in our country? It is the spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. A famous example of this is the neighbors carrying a hut or house to a new location. People nowadays use it to describe an outpouring of community spirit-as people give their all to the common good, without expecting recognition or personal gain. Courtship Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 37  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) We Filipinos are very romantic when it comes to heart affairs. Serenading or Harana in Tagalog is one of the most popular forms of courtship to show that a man is very serious with his intentions to a woman. A serenade would require the young man to sing a love song in front of the young lady's house. Normally, he is accompanied by his male friends who act as back-up singers. The man himself or his friend played the instrument, usually a guitar, which provides the background music to his song. They would have to wait until the young lady opened a window to listen. It would be up to her if she wanted to invite them in for some refreshment and to chat after the song. Even if they had been asked to come in, the suitor would not expect that he could have the chance of a private moment with his object of affection. It was highly likely that the parents would also be there to entertain the man and his friends. Religion The Philippines is one of two predominantly Roman Catholic nations in Asia-Pacific. Their habit of going to church and often praying reflects that Filipinos have a deep faith and belief when it comes to religion. They are very devoted to religions that sometimes many take the risk of their lives just to touch the Black Nazarine (in Quiapo Manila). For many, it is just a choice between their faith and fears. Filipinos believe that having a strong devotion may lead to a better life and their guidance to face everyday life. Superstition In the Philippines, superstitious beliefs have grown throughout the country. These beliefs have come from the different sayings and beliefs of our ancestors that aim to prevent danger from happening or to make a person refrain from doing something in particular. These beliefs are part of our culture, for one derives their beliefs from the influences of what their customs, traditions and culture have dictated to explain certain phenomena or to scare people. Some are practiced primarily because Filipinos believe that there is nothing to lose if they will comply with these beliefs. Marriage and Wedding Customs In the country, marriage is a sacred union of man and women after a period of courtship and engagement. It is a sacrament between two people who love each others. For many Filipinos, the eternal quality of dedication to God pervades a truly sacred marriage. A sacred marriage is a covenant between two who love each other in God and with God, whose joining becomes an expression of the desire of each to love and serve God together. Death Death in the Philippines is one of the most important occasions in family life. For many Filipinos, a death of relatives is an opportunity to strengthen ties in the Family. To pay respect and honor the relationship to the deceased, long lost relatives, friends, and even relatives working abroad are reunited. The Philippines is the home of some unique death rituals that are partly religious and mostly superstitious. The mourning and the weeping are still present, but a happy and welcoming atmosphere would usually envelop the place to help the deceased on his journey to the afterlife. After the death of a person, a nine-day period of having a novena of prayers and Masses offered up to the deceased is held, although the beginning of the "Siyam na araw" varies, but usually ends the week after the death. Another period follows after death, the 40-day mourning period. Family members indicate their state of bereavement by wearing a small, black rectangular plastic pin on their left breast or breast pocket area. A ceremonial mass is held at the end of Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 38  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) this 40-day period. Common belief states that the soul goes to Heaven after these 40 days, following the belief that Jesus Christ ascended to Heaven after the said period of days. Society The primary ancestors of Filipinos are Malays who came from the southeastern Asian country which is now called Indonesia. The Philippines is a combined society, both singular and plural in form. It is singular as one nation, but plural in that it is fragmented geographically and culturally. The nation is divided between Christians, Muslims, and other religious-ethno-linguistic groups; between urban and rural people; between upland and lowland people; and between the rich and the poor. Although different in numerous ways, the Filipinos are very hospitable and give appropriate respect to everybody regardless of race, culture and belief. Christmas in the Philippines Christmas in the Philippines is considered as one of the biggest holidays in the archipelago. We earned the distinction of celebrating the world’s longest Christmas season with Christmas carols heard as early as September and lasting until Epiphany, the feast of the Black Nazarene on January 9 or the Feast of the Santo Niño de Cebú on the third Sunday of January. In one’s article, Archbishop Cruz told in his Christmas message that "the essence of Christmas is God made flesh, God who has come among us" in an act of love "that joins humankind to the Living God through our Lord Jesus Christ". For many Filipinos, the true essence of Christmas for is not gift giving but sharing this special holy day with family. Fiestas Every town and city in the Philippines has a fiesta of its own; whatever time of the year it is, there's sure to be a fiesta going on somewhere. Fiestas in the Philippines are held to celebrate a patron saint. It is part and parcel of Filipino culture through good times and bad times, it must go on. The biggest and most elaborate festival of all is Christmas, a season celebrated with all the pomp and pageantry where the whole country breaks out in celebrations that can begin long before December. For individual Filipinos, fiestas can be a way of supplicating the heavens or to make amends for past wrongs. It is a way to celebrate their blessings, commemorate their past and observe solemn religious rituals. Celebrations may take the form of music, dancing, feasting, beauty contests, balls, processions, sports challenges or a host of other events. Spanish influence is evident in the elaborate masks, makeup, headdresses and costumes worn by the revelers; outfits which often take months of preparation. Living with Parents Filipino traditional that make them exceptional. Unlike in the United States where children leave the home after finishing high school or college, many Filipinos continue living with parents until they get married. Eating with Hands (Kamayan) In addition to the use of the fork and spoon, eating with your hands or kamayan is another common Filipino tradition. For many Filipinos, kamayan gives full taste to the food instead of using utensils. Gather a small portion of meat or fish and a bite-sized portion of rice on your plate. Then use all your fingers to gather the food into a small mountain or mound. Pick up the little mound and put it in your mouth using your thumb to gently push the food in. Filipinos usually eat rice that has a slightly sticky consistency so making the little mounds is easier than if you were to use a jasmine or basmati rice. Of course, this method of eating doesn't work with soup/stew or noodles and other kinds Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 39  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) of food but for your basic plate of rice, meat/fish and vegetables it works quite well! Next time you make dinner try eating kamayan. Process Questions 1. What does cultural symbols and cultural practices mean? 2. Why are these cultural symbols and practices important to human society? LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT 1. Comprehension and Analysis. Answer the following questions. Discuss how society sustains itself across generations. How do industrial and post-industrial societies affect man’s cultural development? 2. Study your own community. Discuss the socio-economic changes that occur in your community. INSTRUCTIONAL AUDIO AND VIDEO 1. https://www.slideshare.net/JedLim1/ethnocentrism-and-relativism REFLECTION Write a brief reflection on your journal with the following guide questions: 1. What did you like most about this module, and why? 2. What do you think you learned from this module? 3. What was most challenging or least interesting about this module? REFERENCES: Baleña, Ederlina D., Lucero, Dolores M., and Peralta, Arnel M. Understanding Culture, Society and Politics. Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_practice https://www.coursehero.com/sg/introduction-to-sociology/cultural-symbols-values-and-norms/ www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Filipino-Customs-and-Traditions SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 40  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS WEEK 7 Module 5 – Socialization and Enculturation Lesson 5 - BECOMING a MEMBER of SOCIETY This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from SDO Laguna AP Department/ Humanist and Social Science Department. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at [email protected]. We value your feedback and recommendations. Introductory Message Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 41  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) This Self-Learning Module (SLM) module for Philippine Politics and Governance has been designed to provide simplified, convenient and accessible to all types of learners, especially those who has inability to attend regular class due to personal family conflicts as well as for formal school. The content of the module has been validated by evaluators to ensure its alignment to the curriculum designed by the Department of Education for Senior High School. Moreover, the topics activities were designed interestingly and comprehensively to enhance learning ability for assessment of learning. There are formative and summative activities including the answer keys which can be seen at the last page of the module. Educators are encouraged to use the module as supplement and intervention for learners. INTRODUCTION Module 5 is entitled “Becoming a Member of Society” deals with how individuals learn culture and become competent members of society how individuals learn culture and become competent members of society; and how individuals Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 42  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) should behave as part of a political community. Its aim is to help the students identify norms and values to be observed in interacting with others in society, and the consequences of ignoring these rules. Week 7 Most Essential Learning Competency - *Explain the context, content, processes, and consequences of socialization. Lesson 5 – BECOMING a MEMBER of SOCIETY ACTIVITY: DOS AND DON’TS Directions: Revisit your past experiences and research on the norms and values of your family, community, municipality and country. Answers should be limited to the Dos and Don’ts of your age. Discussion in your family member could include norms on overspending for a fiesta and other festivities, homecoming celebration of an overseas Filipino worker, or weddings. Social Environment DOs DON’Ts Family Community Neighbourhood Country Ask someone from your family or household to share his/her story using the questions as guide. Process Questions 1. Did you have any difficulty in answering the activity? If yes, why? If no, why not? 2. Are there similarities between your experiences and observations and those of your family or household? 3. In your family, who gives guidance on proper decorum and other “family traditions”? 4. In your community or neighbourhood, who defines standard of what is acceptable or not? 5. In your municipality and the country, who determines what is moral and immoral, and what is legal and illegal? 6. Was there an instance when you did what shouldn’t as prescribed by “authorities”? How did they react? Note: The term “authorities” pertain to parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and elder siblings in the family; neighbours, elders and leaders in the community and neighbourhood; and the agents of the local and national governments in municipality/ city and country. READING SOCIALIZATION is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his and her social position. The process of socialization is very essential because it teaches us how to behave and act within our society. Hence it is a continuous process n life. SOCIALIZATION can be described from two points of view: objectively and subjectively (Palispis, 2007). Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 43  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) This perspective on socialization helps identity formation of individuals which essential in establishing his/her role. Likewise, it includes the following functions: Importance of Socialization The process of socialization enables the individual to grow and functions socially (Medina, 1991 p.47). Hence, the change in man’s social reality modifies his culture. Sociologists say that the culture becomes “internalized”, that the individual ïmbibes”it, and that in this way, “from the inside”, it continues to influence his conduct. The importance of socialization is very vital in man’s daily life. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 44  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Agents of Socialization Socialization will not be take place without the agents of socialization. These refer to the various social groups or social institutions that play a significant role in introducing and integrating the individual as an accepted and functioning member of society (Banaag, 2012 p.138). The agents of socialization guide every individual in understanding what is happening in our society. People learn to determine what is proper, right or wrong, appropriate and inappropriate. Social norms were formed in order to control individual behaviour in a given society. They are usually in a form of rules or prescriptions followed by people who obey certain standards or roles in a society. The norms include society’s standards of morality, good manners, legality, and integrity. The following are forms of social norms. Values Concept Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 45  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) According to Peter Worsley, values are general conceptions of “the good”, ideas about the kind of ends that people pursue throughout the many different activities in which they engage. Values such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our behaviour in many. Hence, values are relative depending on its context. Robert William attempted to identify the major value orientations of many societies. (Please refer to the diagram). In a study about Filipino values, Jaime Bulatao, SJ, discovered the following values held highly by the Filipinos. (Please refer to the diagram). Social Statuses Socialization as a continuous process serves an avenue for developing self-concept which is essential in role identification. The self-responds to categories called social statuses. (Clark and Roboy, 1986 p.65). Social status refers to the position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of rights and duties (Linton, 1936 p.113). Related to status in a social role which involves the pattern of expected behavior in social relationship with one or more persons occupying other statuses. (Panopio, 1994 p.97) Social status can be classified into two. (Please see the diagram). Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 46  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Individuals learn their roles through the different ages of socialization. This avenue for socialization molds the individuals in relation to the expected behavior patterns. The essential in role playing are (Lindesmith, Strauss, and Denzin, 1975 p.400): 1. A definition of the role and an identification of self. 2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to the role. 3. A background of related acts by others (counter roles) which serves as cues to guide specific performances. 4. An evaluation by the individual and by others of the performance of the role. Conformity and Deviance The identification of oneself in society is always relatively to his/her existing environment. Erving Goffman tried to show how certain social processes modify the presentation of self and the impact of role expectations on the behavior of an individual. According to Goffman, everyone is consciously playing a role. When persons present themselves to others in everyday interaction, they organize their overt behavior in such a way as to guide and control the impressions others form of them to elicit role-taking response. More so, it is a process of conformity where individuals attempt to change his/her behavior because of the desire to conform to defined social norm. Kelman (1958) distinguished different types of conformity: Compliance (or group acceptance). This occurs when an individual accepts influence because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from another person or group. He adopts the induced behavior because he expects to gain specific rewards or approval and avoids specific punishment. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms) This occurs when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior- the ideas and the actions of which it is composed- is intrinsically rewarding. He adopts the induced behavior because it is congruent or consistent with his value system. Identification (or group membership). This occurs when an individual accepts influence because he wants to established or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship to another person or group. Ingratiation. This is when a person conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to normative influence, but is motivated by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection. On the other hand nonconformity of an individual would mean deviation from acceptable social norms which is known as social deviance. Social deviance refers to any behavior that differs or diverges from established social norms. The concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across group, times and places. In other words, what one group may consider acceptable, another may consider deviant. Functions of Deviance Ronald W. Smith and Federick W.Peterson outlined some functions which deviance performs to support the social system in the following: Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 47  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Sociological Theories of Deviance 1. Functionalist Theory According to Emile Durkheim, deviance can serve a number of functions for society. He asserted that there is nothing abnormal in deviance. He gave four major functions of deviance: a. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms b. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary c. Responding to deviance promotes social unity d. Deviance encourages social change 2. Strain Theory Robert Merton argued that in an unequal society the tension or strain between socially approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject the goals, the means, or both. Merton gave the following forms of deviance that emerge from the strain: a. Conformity – It involves accepting both the cultural goals of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving the goal. b. Innovation – This responds involves accepting the goals of success but rejecting the use of socially accepted means of achieving it, turning instead to unconventional, illegitimate means. c. Ritualism – This occurs when people deemphasize or reject the importance of success once they realize they will never achieve it and instead concentrate on following or enforcing these rules than ever was intended. d. Retreatism – This means withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working. e. Rebellion – This occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the means approved by society. 3. Control Theory Travis Hirschi assumed that the family, school, and other social institutions can greatly contribute to social order by controlling deviant tendencies in very individual. Marilou A. Gapaz, T III - DNIHS Page 48  MODULES in Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP) Social Control of Deviance Social control, within sociology, refers to the many ways in which our behavior, thoughts, and appearance are regulated by