Understanding Culture, Society and Politics PDF

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS QUARTER 1- WEEK 4 Teacher:VIRGINIA U. PAGUIGAN  LESSON OBJECTIVES: The students will demonstrate an understanding of: 1. the human origins and the capacity for culture 2. the role of culture in human adaptation 3. processes of cul...

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS QUARTER 1- WEEK 4 Teacher:VIRGINIA U. PAGUIGAN  LESSON OBJECTIVES: The students will demonstrate an understanding of: 1. the human origins and the capacity for culture 2. the role of culture in human adaptation 3. processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution  HUMAN BIO-CULTURAL EVOLUTION In both anthropology and Baleña (2016) sociology, it is significant to study evolution. Everything that people have at parent is a product of millions of year’s drastic changes in earth. AUSTRALOPITHECUS According to Baleña (2016), the fossil which assumes to be the intermediate between Man and Ape was discovered in Pleistocene cave deposited of South Africa in 1924 by Dart  KINDS OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS  1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS one of the most well-known early hominin species and is famous for the discovery of the fossil named "Lucy."  AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS Time Period Location - lived between The fossils of have approximately been found in East 3.9 and 2.9 Africa, specifically million years in Ethiopia and ago. Tanzania.  1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS Body Size: small body size, males averaging around 1.5 meters (5 feet) tall females averaging around 1.3 meters (4 feet 3 inches) tall.  1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS Cranial Capacity estimated to be around 430 cubic centimeters, which is similar to that of a chimpanzee  1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS Dental Features They had relatively large, robust jaws and teeth, indicating a diet that included tough, fibrous foods.  1. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFERENSIS Dental Features and Cranial Capacity  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS another well-known early hominin species  AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Location Time Period have been found lived between in South Africa, approximately 3 specifically in the and 2 million Sterkfontein and years ago Makapansgat caves.  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Body Size had a similar body size to Australopithecus afarensis with males and females averaging around 1.3 to 1.5 meters (4 feet 3 inches to 5 feet) tall.  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Cranial Capacity The average is estimated to be around 450 to 550 cubic centimeters, slightly larger than that of Australopithecus afarensis.  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Dental Features: had smaller jaws and teeth compared to Australopithecus afarensis, suggesting a diet that included a wider range of foods.  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Dental Features and Cranial Capacity  2. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS Bipedalism also exhibited bipedal locomotion, although it may have spent some time in trees as well.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS is a species that is characterized by its robust cranial and dental features.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Location Time Period have been found lived between in South Africa, approximately specifically in the 2 and 1.2 Swartkrans, million years Kromdraai, and ago. Drimolen caves.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Body Size had a similar body size to Australopithecus africanus with males and females averaging around 1.3 to 1.5 meters (4 feet 3 inches to 5 feet) tall.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Cranial Capacity The average is estimated to be around 500 to 550 cubic centimeters, similar to that of Australopithecus africanus.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Dental Features -had large, robust jaws and teeth, indicating a diet that included tough, fibrous foods.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Dental Features -had large, robust jaws and teeth, indicating a diet that included tough, fibrous foods.  3. AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS Bipedalism is also believed to have been bipedal, although it may have had some adaptations for chewing tough foods.  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI also known as "Nutcracker Man," is a species that is characterized by its robust cranial and dental features  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Location Time Period have been found in lived between East Africa, approximately 2.3 specifically in and 1.2 million Tanzania, Kenya, years ago. and Ethiopia.  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Body Size had a similar body size to Australopithecus robustus and Australopithecus africanus, with males and females averaging around 1.3 to 1.5 meters (4 feet 3 inches to 5 feet) tall.  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Cranial Capacity estimated to be around 500 to 550 cubic centimeters, similar to that of Australopithecus robustus and Australopithecus africanus.  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Dental Features Australopithecus boisei had large, robust jaws and teeth, similar to Australopithecus robustus, indicating a diet that included tough, fibrous foods.  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Dental Features and Cranial Capacity  4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI Bipedalism is believed to have been bipedal, although it may have had some adaptations for chewing tough foods. For humans, history started Baleña (2016) at homonization the evolutionary of human characteristics that differentiate homonids (organisms belonging in the Homo genus) distinct from their primate ancestors.  HOMONIDS they were the first to use stone stools for survival. beings in the genus Homo have expanded brains enlarged bodies, less sexual dimorphism, narrower limb proportions, reduce size of cheek, teeth and crania. Baleña (2016)  1. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS -first homonid is homo rudolfensis discovered by anthropologists Richard Leakey and Meave Leakey in Kenya in 1972 Baleña (2016)  1. HOMO RUDOLFENSIS Time Period: Lived around 2. in the early million years ago Pleistocene epoch. Distinctive Features: Skull features that suggest a brain size between Habilis and Erectus, large brow ridges, receding forehead and large teeth. Possible Ancestor to: Some evidence suggests Homo rudolfensis may have given rise to Homo habilis.  2. HOMO HABILIS Time Period: Lived between 2.1 to 1.5 million years ago. Distinctive Features: Small brain size averaging 620 to 825cc, first evidence of stone tool use. Possible Ancestor to: Considered a possible ancestor of Homo erectus.  3. HOMO ERECTUS Time Period: Emerged around 1.9 million years ago and survived until around 143,000 years ago. Distinctive Features: Larger brains averaging 900cc, manufacture of complex stone tools, use of fire and possible control of fire. Possible Ancestor to: Possible common ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans.  4. HOMO FLORESIENSIS "Hobbit species" - due to their small structure with a height of more or less 3 feet, discovery on island of Flores in 2003. Time Period: Lived between 94,000 and 17,000 years ago.  4. HOMO FLORESIENSIS Small body and brain size, similar to Homo habilis. Still debated whether a distinct species.  5. HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Time Period: Lived between approximately 700,000 and 200,000 years ago. Distribution: Fossils of Homo heidelbergensis have been found in Africa, Europe, and possibly Asia.  5. HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Distinctive Features: Larger brain size than earlier hominins, robust facial features, and a more advanced tool-making capability. Relationship to Other Species: is considered a possible ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans. It is believed to have given rise to these two lineages.  6. HOMO SAPIENS Time Period: refers to modern humans and includes both early forms and the present-day population. Distinctive Features: Modern humans have a high forehead, a small face with a reduced brow ridge, a prominent chin, and a relatively large brain size.  6. HOMO SAPIENS Distribution: originated in Africa and later migrated to other parts of the world, replacing other hominin species. Relationship to Other Species: the only surviving species of the genus Homo. It is believed to have evolved from Homo heidelbergensis in Africa and eventually replaced other hominin species, including Neanderthals.  7. HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS Time Period: Lived between approximately 400,000 and 40,000 years ago. Distinctive Features: Neanderthals had a robust build, a prominent brow ridge, a large nose, and a stocky body adapted to cold environments.  7. HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS Distribution: inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia. Relationship to Other Species: considered a separate species from Homo sapiens. They shared a common ancestor with Homo sapiens, and there is evidence of interbreeding between the two groups.  8. HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS Time Period: Refers to anatomically modern humans, Global Distribution: which includes the present-day Modern humans are the only population. surviving species of the genus Homo. They have successfully Distinctive Features: migrated and populated nearly Anatomically modern humans every corner of the globe, have a high forehead, a small face adapting to various climates, with a reduced brow ridge, a environments, and prominent chin, and a relatively ecosystems. large brain size.  PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCES According to Abulencia & Parernal (2016) gives four prime important factors in determining the evolutionary trend of man from ape-like primate  FOUR PRIME IMPORTANT FACTORS 1. The growth and elaboration of the brain 2. The perfection of the erect posture 3. A slowing down of post-natal development 4. The growth in human population