UCSP-Module-2 (1) PDF

Module 2 Culture and Society Defining Culture & Society Lesson 1  Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: Define culture and society; Identify and differentiate the different components of...

Module 2 Culture and Society Defining Culture & Society Lesson 1  Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: Define culture and society; Identify and differentiate the different components of culture; Describe the characteristics of culture; Differentiate ethnocentrism, multiculturalism, and cultural relativism; Explain the different levels of development of Lenski’s sociocultural evolution; and Explain the different approaches in the study of society.  Key Concepts ❏ Culture - way of life, may be manifested through materials, beliefs or practices. ❏ Symbols - something with meaning that is understood by people within the same culture. ❏ Language - system of symbols that enables communication among people. ❏ Norms - expected behavior and established rules in society. ❏ Mores - significant norms being practiced among cultures. ❏ Taboo - strongly forbidden practices. ❏ Ethnocentrism - thinking that one’s own culture is superior compared to others. ❏ Cultural Relativism - acknowledging similarities between one’s culture and others, and accepting their validity. ❏ Multiculturalism - acknowledging different cultures and respecting them equally.  Sub-lesson 1: Basics of Culture  What is Culture? Substantive definition of culture “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Tylor, 1958) “Culture is the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life. Culture includes what we think, how we act, and what we own” (Macionis, 2016)  Types of Culture Material culture Nonmaterial culture physical things created by the ideas and other non-physical things members of the society created by the members of the society (Macionis, 2016). (Macionis, 2016).  What are the components of culture? Symbols anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture, e.g. the national flag represents our sovereign nationhood, the red cross is a recognized symbol of medical services, the Star and Crescent represents Islam. Culture Shock– inability to “read” the meaning of symbols in strange surroundings. Language is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic determinism)– holds that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language. Baybayin Image Source: PhilStarLife.com What are the components of culture? An example of Sapir-Whorf thesis manifesting how Filipinos define rice in its different form. (Image from the Powerpoint presentation of Mr. Patrick James Serra for UCSP in La Salle Greenhills) What are the components of culture? Values Beliefs culturally defined standards that specific thoughts or ideas that people use to decide what is people hold to be true (as supported desirable, good, and beautiful and by the values a person holds). that serve as broad guidelines for social living.  What are the components of culture? Norms rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. Mores are norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. (ex: Wedding as a religious sacrament that is highly regarded by Filipinos) Taboo is a strict prohibition of behavior that is strongly held by a society. (ex: Filipinos are prohibited to take home food from the wake of a dead person) Folkways - norms for routine or casual interaction. (ex: Pagmamano po) Could you give other examples of Filipino mores, taboos, and folkways?  What are the different kinds of culture? Dominant Culture/Mainstream Culture refers to the established language, religion, values, rituals, and social customs which are often the norm for society as a whole. Ex. Catholic Filipino speakers Photo from Paul Haring (CNS)  What are the different kinds of culture? Subculture refers to a smaller group of people who share their own norms, customs, values, etc. within the dominant culture of the society. Ex. Hypebeast Jejemon Residents from different Image Source: Kapuso Mo. Jessica Sojo Image Source: TeacherTwish provinces/regions (We the Public) The Datus Image Source: British Council  What are the different kinds of culture? Counterculture refers to a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society. It is often in opposition to mainstream cultural norms. Ex. “Woke” millennials protests and rallies advocating for Image Source: Geopolitika LGBTQ+ right Image Source: The New Yorker  What are the different kinds of culture? “High'' Culture Popular Culture refers to cultural patterns or refers to cultural patterns that behaviours that distinguish a are widespread among society’s elite. society’s population. Ex. Watching the opera; eating at high-end ex: Watching local TV shows; eating at fast restaurants; buying designer’s fashion food restaurants and carinderias; buying from ukay-ukay Image Source: Preview PH Image Source: Village Pipol  How do people view their culture? Multiculturalism Cultural Relativism recognizes cultural diversity in a Ethnocentrism group of people and promotes holds that a person’s beliefs, values and practices should be is a view that a particular group is equality of cultural traditions. understood based on that the center of everything. It is also (ex: Recognition of Muslims and IPs in person’s own culture rather than the practice of judging another national lawsm, Cultural Festivals, be judged against the criteria of culture by the standards of one’s Representation in Media, Inclusive Policy another. own culture. Making, Preservation of Cultural Heritage (ex: Respect for the Ramadan practices (ex: Superiority of Tagalogs over other Sites ). of Filipino Muslims, Acceptance of ethnolinguistic groups in the Diverse Marriage Practices, Integration Philippines). of Indigenous Languages in Education (MTBL), Respect for Local Dietary Practices)  How do cultures change? Innovation improving on something that already exists. Invention (ex: development of smartphones into newer and better versions) Discovery recognizing and gaining a better process of creating new cultural understanding of something elements. (ex: creation of new musical instruments already in existence. or modes of transportation) (ex: discovery of new species of plants and animals) Cultures and societies change through a process called sociocultural change.  What is sociocultural change? Gerhard Lenski - argued that a society’s level of technology is crucial in determining what cultural ideas and artifacts emerge or are even possible (Nolan & Lenski, 2010; retrieved from Macionis, 2017). Lenski also pointed to the importance of sociocultural evolution: the historical changes in culture brought about by new technology, which unfolds in terms of four major levels of development: hunting and gathering, horticulture and pastoralism, agriculture, and industry (Macionis, 2017). Photo from Timenote  Sub-lesson 2: Characteristics of Filipino Culture  What are the characteristics of culture? Culture is social: Culture is seen as the product of social interaction and behavior. It does not exist in isolation - no man can acquire culture without the association of others. Culture varies from one society to another: The culture of a society is unique to itself. It is not uniform. The culture of a group varies from time to time as well. Culture is shared: Culture is not something that an individual alone can possess, it is shared with their co-members of society. Culture is learned: Culture is often called “learned ways of behavior”. Class 1 | Module 1 What are the characteristics of culture? Culture is transmitted among members of society: Cultural ways are learned by persons from persons. Older generations handed down cultural behaviors; younger generations also handed up behaviors to the elders. (Language, for example, is a vehicle of culture). Culture is cumulative and continuous: Culture is the “social heritage” of man. Culture is responsive (dynamic) to the changing conditions of the physical environment. Culture is gratifying and idealistic: Culture provides proper opportunities for the satisfaction of our needs and desires. It is the sum total of the ideal patterns of behavior for a group. What are some aspects of Filipino culture? Behavior and traits are among the many things that constitute the culture of a society. Filipino Historian Teodoro Agoncillo, in his book “The History of the Filipino People”, outlined the common traits that are prevalent among Filipinos Photo from Munting Nayon  Some aspects of Filipino culture Hospitality - Filipinos are welcoming to others (even strangers) and will definitely offer people comfort when they arrive at a Filipino house. Close Family Ties - Filipinos value their family (mother, father, grandparents, children) more than anyone and anything else. Respect for Elders - Filipinos recognize their eldery as figures of authority. It is unthinkable for a Filipino to do an important thing without consulting his parents, or grandparents, even. Fatalistic - Filipinos often believe that whatever happens to them is the work of Fate. This fatalism is best symbolized in the phrase “Bahala na”.  Some aspects of Filipino culture Loyalty - do a Filipino a little favor and they remember you to the end of their days, for to the Filipino, friendship is sacred and should be mutual under all circumstances. Sensitive - Filipinos would not tolerate anyone berating their fellow countrymen. They are easily piqued when a foreigner, for instance, makes a sweeping generalization that is not flattering to Filipinos. Pakikisama - may be translated loosely as the intensive signification of camaraderie or spirit of comradeship, the main elements of which are unselfishness and good faith. Becoming a Member of Society Lesson 2  Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to: Recognize the substantive definition of society; Define status, role, social groups, and networks; Define socialization as a process of becoming a member of a society; Differentiate enculturation, acculturation and assimilation; Identify agents of socialization in their own lives; Explain the concept of conformity & deviance; and Describe the different forms and mechanisms of social control.  Key Concepts ❏ Society - groups of people within the same location, who have the same cultural identity. ❏ Status - position in society assigned to people. ❏ Role - expected performance or behavior based on one’s status. ❏ Networks - social connections. ❏ Social Control - regulation of certain behavior by society. ❏ Socialization - process of shaping identity through lived experience. ❏ Social Groups - more than two people interacting with one another. ❏ Acculturation - exchange of cultures among groups, through which groups remain distinct ❏ Assimilation - absorbing a cultural minority into a dominant culture. ❏ Enculturation - gaining elements of a culture through observation. ❏ Conformity - complying with or following rules in society. ❏ Deviance - going against cultural norms. ❏ Strain Theory - deviant people are a product of pressures to fit in society, and attempts to fit in are met by obstacles in the environment.  Sub-lesson 1: Approaches to the Study of Society (Sociological Frameworks) What is the meaning of society? Substantive definition of society “Society refers to people who live in a defined territory and share a way of life or culture” (Macionis, 2017) Structural-Functional Approach (Macro-level) Theorists: Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer Society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability (Macionis, 2017). Explores how social structures work together to help society operate (Macionis, 2017). Key Concepts ❏ Social structure - a group of different social groups and/or institutions and how they interact and are interwoven into each other’s affair. ❏ Social function - consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society. ❏ Manifest function - intended or obvious consequences (ex. School - students to get passing grades in order to graduate and obtain a diploma). Ex. Media, hospital ❏ Latent function - unintended or unrecognized consequences (ex. School - to join clubs, organizations and other extracurricular activities, which are not really required).  Social Conflict Approach (Macro-level) Theorists: Karl Marx, W. E. B. Dubois, Harriet Martineau Society as an arena of inequality between different classes based on their relationship to the means of production (Macionis, 2017). Society is composed of different social groups that struggle over scarce resources (money, land, food status, opportunities), thus creating conflict and causing changes (Macionis, 2017). Artist(s) unknown, Pyramide à Renverser (1885), Belgium. Pyramid of Capitalist System The Pyramid of Capitalist System is a common name of a 1911 American cartoon caricature critical of capitalism, copied from a Russian flyer of c. 1901. The graphic focus is on stratification by social class and economic inequality.  Types of conflict analysis Class conflict theory (studies conflict among different social classes) This may be understood through observing how certain phenomena or how conditions in the environment are conducive for people from high-income households compared to how people from low-income households have to struggle just to attain the bare minimum of their needs, and of public welfare. Example 1: Public Space and Example 2: Police Brutality and Transportation Extrajudicial Killings (Photo source: Michael Varcas) (Photo source: Ezra Acayan)  Types of conflict analysis Gender conflict theory (studies conflict between genders, usually men and women) In order to understand gender conflict, one should recognize that women and the LGBTQIA+ are affected differently by systemic problems such as poverty, human rights violations, lack of access to education, economic empowerment and political participation, and more (Plan International, 2019). Example 1. Burden of Women’s Example 2. Violence Against Multiple Roles Women (Illustration source: Illustration: Ratna (Illustration from: @penciledcelebrities) Sagar Shrestha/THT)  Types of conflict analysis Race-conflict theory (studies conflict between racial and ethnic groups) In the Philippine context, this type of conflict may be observed in: Example 1. Imposition of Western Example 2. Marginalization and Oppression of Standards Ethnic and Cultural Minorities (Illustration source: Manila Times) (Illustration from: Angelo Lopez, 2022) Symbolic Interactionism Approach (Micro-level) Theorists: Max Weber, George Mead, Erving Goffman Society as the product of the everyday social interactions of individuals (Macionis, 2017). Studies how people, in everyday interactions, construct reality (Macionis, 2017). Ex. When a person changes his self concept and his values in relation to another person he meets, Labelling, smokers, femininity.  Sub-lesson 2: Social Structure and Social Functions What are the components of society? STATUS - the social position that a person holds. (i.e.: doctor, professor, president, son, mother, etc). Generally refers to prestige (Macionis, 2017). ROLE - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: student studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). - two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Groups contain people with SOCIAL GROUP shared experiences, loyalties, and interests. Members of social groups think of themselves as a special “we” (Macionis, 2017). NETWORKS a web of weak social ties. It includes people we know of—or who know us—but with whom we interact rarely, if at all.  - the social position that a person holds. (i.e.: doctor, professor, president, son, STATUS mother, etc). Generally refers to prestige (Macionis, 2017). ❏ Status Set: all statuses a person holds at a given time. (i.e. a student of a particular school, a son/daughter to one's parents, a friend to a fellow friend, etc). ❏ Ascribed Status: a social position that a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life. (i.e.: a prince, later crowned king; an heir to a massive wealth or fortune). (height, blood type, birth order, race) ❏ Achieved Status: a social position that a person takes on voluntarily that reflects a personal ability and effort. (i.e.: a student earning their bachelor’s degree; an employee being promoted into a higher position). ❏ Master Status: a status has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life. (i.e.: Jose Rizal was a doctor, novelist, polyglot, propagandist, etc. but he is most well known by many as a national hero and a martyr who died for his country). /Sibika.ph  - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: ROLE student studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). ❏ Role Set: a number of roles attached to a single status (a student’s roles include fulfilling requirements for their subjects, joining extracurricular activities, following the rules and regulations of the school, among others). ❏ Role Conflict: conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses. ❏ Role Strain: tension among the roles connected to a single status. ❏ Role Exit: disengage from social roles (ie: ex-lawyer, ex-convict, former president, former CEO, former employee, etc.).  - two or more people who identify and interact with one another. Groups contain SOCIAL GROUP people with shared experiences, loyalties, and interests. Members of social groups think of themselves as a special “we” (Macionis, 2017). (Illustration source: Retired Analyst) Not every collection of Crowd - a loosely formed individuals forms a collection of people. The right group. People with a circumstances can quickly turn status in common are not a crowd into a group. (i.e.: the a group but a Category. People Power Revolutions)  - the behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status. (i.e.: ROLE student studying to achieve passing or higher grades; a person being a caring son to his parents) (Macionis, 2017). Image Retrieved from (PDF) Organisational Behaviour - T1 MBA - KTU Syllabus  Types of Social Groups Primary Group Secondary Group small social group whose members share a large and impersonal social group personal and lasting relationship. Has whose members pursue a specific goal primary importance (personal orientation) or activity (goal orientation) (i.e.: (i.e.: family, barkadas). classmates, officemates) In-group Out-group a social group toward which a person a social group toward which a member feels a sense of competition or feels respect and loyalty. opposition.  a web of weak social ties. It includes people we know of—or who know us—but NETWORKS with whom we interact rarely, if at all. Though ties are weak, it can be a powerful resource. Social Capital refers to the networks of relationships between people or groups who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Social capital is measured through the value of resources (both tangible and intangible) that an individual or group has, which is impacted by their networks. Class 1 | Module 1 Sub-lesson 3: Socialization  How do we become members of society? Socialization refers to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. (Macionis 2017). Our concept of self is a product of socialization. According to George Herbert Mead, one of the main proponents of symbolic interactionism, “The self is something which has development; it is not there, at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity, that is, develops in the given individual as a result of his or her relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process.” (Retrieved from Lanuza & Raymundo, p.154). Class 1 | Module 1  Processes of Socialization Enculturation Acculturation Assimilation process by which individuals process of exchange of process of cultural absorption of learn their group’s culture values and customs from a minority group into the main through experience, one group to another by cultural body, eventually leading observation and instruction. individuals. The groups to the disappearance of the remain distinct even though culture of the minority group. the two groups exchange This can be done through cultural features. individuals or larger groups.  Processes of Socialization FAMILY SCHOOL PEER/FRIEND Anticipatory Socialization - the process of learning that helps a person achieve a desired position. (i.e.: copying the styles and slang of a group to get accepted into the group or win the approval of the group). MASS MEDIA OTHERS  Processes of Socialization Family - considered as the first and most influential agent of socialization. Through family, children learn the type of environment that adults create. Family gives/designates their children the social position (race, religion, ethnicity, social class, etc.) as part of their self concept. School - provides formal education, both in knowledge and skills. School enlarges children’s social world, as it includes other people from different backgrounds. The school is where children first experience bureaucracy (i.e.: strict time schedule, proper wearing of uniforms, proper haircut and hairdo, etc.). Class 1 | Module 1  Processes of Socialization Peer/Friend - is a social group whose members have interests, social positions, and ages in common. A peer/friend allows children to escape the direct supervision of adults (i.e.: parents, guardians, teachers, etc). A peer/friend then offers opportunities to discuss interests that adults may not share or permit. Peers may guide short-term choices of a person but, in most cases, parents still shape the children’s long term goals (i.e.: college plans). Anticipatory Socialization - the process of learning that helps a person achieve a desired position. (i.e.: copying the styles and slang of a group to get accepted into the group or win the approval of the group). Mass Media - a means to deliver impersonal communication to a vast audience. Mass media has an enormous effect on individual’s attitudes and behavior. It introduces people to ideas and images that reflect the larger society and the entire world. Others (officemates/colleagues, clubs, organizations, religious groups, advocacy groups, etc). Class 1 | Module 1 How do we socialize as members of society? ❏ Conformity refers to obedience of norms, which makes a person acceptable to a particular society, group, or setting. It is the acceptance of cultural goals and the legitimate/approved ways and means of achieving them. ❏ Deviance refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms (i.e.: crime - violation of a society’s formally enacted criminal law). It is socially-constructed, as “what is a deviant choice or action?” is determined by the members of the society. ❏ Social Control - attempts by society to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviors. Deviance is checked through social control to ensure that norms and conventions are safeguarded and preserved.  Types of Social Control (accdg. To Karl Mannheim retrieved from Diala-Jimenez, 2017) Direct Indirect regulates and controls the regulates and controls the behavior of the individual behavior of the individual directly, which includes the indirectly by secondary family, neighbourhood, play- groups through customs, groups, and other types of traditions, rationalized primary social group. behavior, and public opinion.  Mechanisms of Social Control ❏ Labelling theory - states how members of society label others, whether they are deviant or not (Newman, 2012). After a group of people has labelled an individual as a deviant, members of a community or society often treat the individual negatively and with feelings of hate, mistrust, or fear. (Cohen, 1996 in Newman, 2012). ❏ Gossip - often practiced in small-scale communities where people know each other personally. By gossiping or talking behind someone’s back and spreading rumors about them, society reinforces what norms should be followed and punishes the deviants by shaming them. ❏ Laws - formal codes of conduct that are met with negative sanctions (i.e. punishments) when violated (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and Mcbride, 2008). Only those who exercise authority are recognized by the members of society to practice coercion in the exercise of sanctions (Ibid.). Laws do not always constitute what is right/moral. In other words, legality does not equate to morality. Class 1 | Module 1  Why do members of society become deviant? Strain Theory States that deviant behavior occurs when people experience strain or tension when culture imposes goals that individuals should achieve, but the social environment makes it hard or challenging for individuals to meet such goals through a legitimate manner. Advanced by sociologist Robert Merton. Class 1 | Module 1 Why do members of society become deviant? Strain Theory Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin expanded the study by pointing out that the criminal type of deviance can result not only from the lack of culturally approved means to achieve success but also from the availability of unconventional means to do so. Members of society react to strains in 5 different ways: ❏ Conformity - individuals still accept cultural goals and try to achieve them through culturally approved methods. ❏ Innovation - individuals still accept cultural goals but go about in achieving it in a culturally disapproved way. ❏ Ritualism - individuals still live in society and follow its culturally approved ways, but they no longer try to achieve goals. ❏ Retreat - Individuals no longer desire to achieve cultural goals and have abandoned the culturally approved ways of achieving those goals. ❏ Rebellion - individuals challenge the existing culturally accepted goals by coming up with new ones and also challenge the prescribed means in achieving cultural goals. Image retrieved from : Merton's Strain Theory of Deviance – ReviseSociology