UCSP Grade 12 First Term Midterms Review PDF

UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS 3. CULTURE IS SHARED CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Members share the same...

UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS 3. CULTURE IS SHARED CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Members share the same culture CULTURE Meanings connected to the sum of the total of the learned materials, ideas, and behavioral behavior of a group of people that patterns that makes life are generally considered to be the ambiguous and more tradition of that people and are predictable for members transmitted from generation to Knowledge and the processes generation. shared to the next generations 4. CULTURE IS SYMBOLIC Humans create meaning using symbols (object, word or action) Many symbols may look similar but mean differently in other cultures Symbols are ingrained in group’s understanding of their world The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects 5. CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE AND that together form a people’s way MALADAPTIVE of life​ Culture enables humans to adapt accordingly CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE Adaptation occurs through the 1. CULTURE IS LEARNED help of technology People acquire culture through It is maladaptive because it learning leaves carbon imprint that Learning comes from different harms the environment and senses culture The process of learning is called enculturation through SOCIETY participating and interacting A group of people sharing customs, within cultural environment laws, and organizations in a specific People learn and pass culture geographic location through language-verbal or non verbal, conscious or SOCIOLOGY nonconscious The science of society and the 2. CULTURE IS RELATIVE social interactions taking place No culture is the same within it Culture varies across the world It is concerned with social There is no universal standard to interactions involving social measure cultures by, and that acts, social relationships, social all cultural values and beliefs organizations, social structures must be understood relative to and processes their cultural context and not judged based on outside norms and values  UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY 9. Teaches Compare and Contrast 10. Encourages Data Analysis to obtain factual information 11. Combines The Science and about our society and different Humanities aspects of our social life 12. Enhances Communication to enable us to understand our 13. Can Affect the Economy society more objectively and to 14. Prepares Students for A Variety see our place in it of Careers to enable us to understand our 15. Is a Gateway to Other Disciplines society and to analyze the social factors causing problems FIELDWORK The results are useful to the practice of staying with community leaders, people over prolonged periods entrepreneurs, and government of time and writing about that officials in maintaining social shared experience order Discard our prejudices and ETHNOGRAPHY become more understanding of a hallmark of anthropology the customs of other people the in-depth study of others Enhance our broad-mindedness through participant observation, and tolerance of the ways of that is, being there and other people experiencing the field, engaging with others and understanding ANTHROPOLOGY the way they engage with the the study of humankind, with world around them. social or cultural anthropology focusing on culture and society CULTURAL RELATIVISM It is the scientific study of Idea that no one culture is better humans and their cultures in the than another. There exists no one way of living, thinking, past and present times. believing, et cetera, and that Telling other people's stories so Western thought and institutions that we can understand human are not universal. difference. Came from Greek words ETHNOCENTRISM Anthropos- man/human In social science and Logos-study, thought, reason anthropology—as well as in Franz Boas colloquial English Father of Modern Anthropology discourse—means to apply one's own culture or ethnicity as IMPORTANCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY a frame of reference to judge 1. Is a Holistic Approach other cultures, practices, 2. Is a Scientific Field behaviors, beliefs, and people, 3. Is a Global Discipline instead of using the standards 4. Has Many Perspectives of the particular culture 5. Offers Critical Thinking involved. 6. Enhances Problem Solving Skills 7. Teaches Cultural Awareness 8. Fosters Diversity  UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS - Individuals are seen as active DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY participants in this process, rather FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF than passive recipients of cultural ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY norms and values. ANTHROPOLOGICAL LENS 2. FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE - views them as interdependent and tries to take in a holistic picture working together to maintain social of a phenomenon with which equilibrium. anthropologists try to gather as - According to this perspective, much information as they can culture provides the norms and from as many perspectives as values that guide individuals' they can behavior, while society provides the EMIC PERSPECTIVE structure and organization that Insider perspective allows culture to function ETIC PERSPECTIVE effectively. Outsider perspective - functionalists would argue that the education system serves the APPROACHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY function of socializing individuals 1. CULTURAL RELATIVISM — The into the cultural norms and values idea that no one culture is better of society, while also preparing than another. There exists no them for their future roles in the one way of living, thinking, workforce. believing, et cetera. Western - religion serves the function of thought and institutions are not providing individuals with a sense universal. of purpose and meaning, while also 2. ETHNOCENTRISM — The process of promoting social cohesion and judging another culture by the solidarity. standards of one's own culture 3. CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE 3. MULTICULTURALISM — a - views society as a competition for perspective recognizing the cultural limited resources. diversity and promoting equal - It emphasizes the role of power, standing for all cultural traditions inequality, and social change in APPROACHES OF SOCIOLOGY shaping cultural norms and values. - sees society as a collection of 1. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM groups competing for power and - emphasizes the importance of resources symbols and meanings in shaping - argues that cultural norms and human behavior. values are not universal or - Individuals interact with each other objective, but rather reflect the based on shared meanings and interests of dominant groups in interpretations of symbols, which society can include language, gestures, and other forms of communication. - views culture as a dynamic process that is constantly being created and recreated through social interactions.  UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS Organisms that can survive their environment can pass their traits to the next generation. NATURAL SELECTION PRINCIPLES 1. Variation Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND adapted to their SOCIAL EVOLUTION environments compared to others. In understanding the origins of 2. Heritability humans, biological and cultural Organisms produce progeny evolutions are the key concepts to with different sets of traits dwell on. that can be inherited. 3. Differential Reproductive Success BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Organisms that have traits Refers to change, modifications, most suitable to their and variations in the genetics and environment will survive and inherited traits of the biological transfer these variations to population from one generation to their offspring in subsequent another. generations. Can occur in the level of species or organisms and even in the molecular level. Scientists study the change in physical body of humans: shape and size of their bones, brain, dentition, and fingers. Also the study of the changes in HOMINID posture, movement, and the 7 MYA , early humans are mostly development of bipedalism suited for living in forests. However, (walking on 2 feet in an upright due to climate change (East Africa) position). forests became woodlands and Biological evolution is based on the savannas. Hence, our ancestors theory of evolution introduced by were forced to run from predators Charles Darwin. He hypothesized instead of climbing trees. that evolution of species occurred 7 Hominids are divided into four through natural selection. categories based on the age of Natural selection is the outcome of fossils and artifacts found: processes that affect the Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, frequencies of traits in a particular Australopithecus, and Homo. environment. Traits that enhance 1 3 2 feet in height. survival and reproductive success Upright increase in frequency over time. Brain is ⅓ size of modern human brain Biped, largely herbivores  UCSP REVIEWER GRADE 12 FIRST TERM | MIDTERMS Teeth for grinding fruits and leaves. Tool users, not tool makers. NEANDERTHALS Neanderthals developed the first systematic use and control of fire. They also made and used sophisticated tools (blade tools, wooden spears) to help them in hunting. HOMO HABILIS Their bodies are shorter and are much more intelligent than stockier which helped them adapt hominids. They are classified as to colder climates. humans because they had bigger Evidence supports that brains and were bipedal. Neanderthals bury their dead and considered as "handy man" even marked their graves with because of their ability to produce offerings. tools. Hence, they are considered as Shorter and more muscular the direct ancestor of modern Brain size is larger than human human brain 3 to 4 feet in height 5 feet in height Brain is 1/2 size of modern human HOMOSAPIENS brain have physical anatomy similar to Made tools called Oldowan modern humans. They gathered (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania) out of and hunt for food. Eventually, they volcanic stones Used tools for collected and cooked shellfish and hunting and gathering began making special fishing tools HOMO ERECTUS first specie to have the capability to think. Hence, they are also known as lived 1.8 MYA. They are taller and thinking man. more intelligent to adapt to They have also developed different environments compared sophisticated and smoothened to homo habilis. tools. They were able to make stone Known for making complex tools tools, harpoons, bows and arrows, used for digging, cutting, and spear throwers, and sewing scraping making them skillful needles. hunters. 40.000 YA, art was also present Based on the artifacts excavated, through cave images, decorative they are the first specie to use fire beads and even jewelry. and live in caves and small houses. used fire to cook meat and protect HOMOSAPIEN SAPIENS themselves from the wild animals. Considered as modern humans. They are also the first homo to have spoken language helping them to exchange ideas or plan END OF REVIEWER! cooperative hunting. Brain is ⅔ size of modern human brain Around 5 feet in height. Walk upright.