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Social Control - Mechanisms by which the social behavior of people is controlled to maintain order or to re-establish order once rules have been broken Types of Social Sanctions - Informal (disapproval, gossip) - Formal (fine, imprisonment or death) Bronislaw Malinowski - A Polish A...

Social Control - Mechanisms by which the social behavior of people is controlled to maintain order or to re-establish order once rules have been broken Types of Social Sanctions - Informal (disapproval, gossip) - Formal (fine, imprisonment or death) Bronislaw Malinowski - A Polish Anthropologist - He argued that rules must be obeyed for multiple reasons Reasons to obey the rules by Bronislaw Malinowski - Social rules may be self-enforcing because of their practical utility. - Violating social rules has corresponding punishments - Following social rules brings more rewarding interactions with others. - Social rules (especially faith-based ones) are believed to be sacred. - Rules are matters of law enforced by the machinery of society. Deviance - Sociologists describe deviance as a violation of established norms Forms of Deviance by Robert Merton, 1938 - Innovation - Ritualism - Retreatism - Rebellion Innovation - This form of deviance refers to the use of unadvised or sometimes illegal methods to achieve social goals Ritualism - Ritualists strictly observe the norms set by the society. However, in trying to conform generally to the social rules, ritualists tend to forget the primary reason why they are conforming to it to achieve social goals. Retreatism - It is a complete rejection of norms. This term of deviance happens when individuals try to escape from achieving social goals because they cannot fulfill them Rebellion - This form of deviance is usually observed in minorities promoting change and introducing alternative values and institutions Conformity - It is the behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards  - It is the tendency to align our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those around us. Human Dignity, Rights, and the Common Good Human Dignity - An individual or group's sense of self-respect and self-worth, physical and psychological integrity and empowerment. Rights - are the entitlements a person must enjoy in the attainment and protection of his/her human dignity. Common Good - the benefit or interests of all. Richard Schaefer - American Sociologist - He defined “group” as a number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact with one another Group Variation - Primary Group - Secondary Group - In and Out Group - Reference Group Primary Group - It is a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation among the members Secondary Group - It refers to the formal and impersonal group wherein members have little social intimacy or mutual understanding In-Group and Out-Group - Within the “in-group”, people feel they belong in a close group. On the other hand, the members of “out-group” feel as though they should not have been in that specific group Reference Group - When people use a group as a standard by evaluating its members and their behavior Networks - It is the structure of connection of an individual with oneself, with another individual/s, and group/s (Faust, 1944). It can be small or vast, intrapersonal or interpersonal, emergent, and complex General Levels of Network Micro-level - These networks start from a single individual, expanding his/her contacts with other individuals (Kadushin, 2012). Meso level  - not only individual may be affiliated with their fellow individuals. Even groups can be linked with individuals and with each other. Macro-level - it is the most complex level of network where a high density of connections is present Crowd vs. Group Crowd - is very short lived or transitory in nature. in a crowd there is more physical interaction. Group - is more organized while a crowd is more disorganized. In a group there is more psychological and social interaction A group can any time turn to a crowd and a crowd can also any time turn to a group 1987 constitution preamble We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.