UCSP Chapter 3 PDF

Jerome B. Angeles Subject Teacher  CHAPTER 3 Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution OBJECTIVE: - analyze key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural, and sociopolitical processes in human that can still be used and developed  HUMAN ORIGIN E...

Jerome B. Angeles Subject Teacher  CHAPTER 3 Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution OBJECTIVE: - analyze key features of interrelationships of biological, cultural, and sociopolitical processes in human that can still be used and developed  HUMAN ORIGIN Every living thing is dynamic and, as such, undergoes transformation. Likewise, man as the most important component of society, goes through evolutionary changes that help him adapt to his environment. Thus, his adaptation started the formation of society as well as cultural development which is essential for survival. Scientist became interested in studying the origin and evolution of man especially in analyzing man’s capacity to cope with the existing environment BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Any genetic change in a population inherited over several generations These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable. BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION this includes physical changes in the body of human like its shape, size of body organs, movement and the development of the feet in a straight posture Cultural Evolution also called as socio-cultural evolution. the development of one or more cultures from simplier to more complex forms.  Charles Darwin Postulated that human evolution has occurred through the process of natural selection. He showed that in the struggle for existence, those animal and plant species which have features to adapt to their environment survived, while those inefficient ones perished or were eliminated. The survival of the fittest and the elimination of the unfit is a natural process.  On the origins of species by means of Natural Selection (Charles Darwin) Survival of the fittest Man descended from some less highly organized form i.e. fish – like animals.  HOMoNIDS Are group of early humans and other humanlike creatures that can walk, erect, during the prehistoric times Varieties of HOMoNIDS TWO KINDS OF ARDIPITHECUS: ✓ KADABBA ✓ RAMIDUS  TWO KINDS OF AUSTRALOPITHECUS: ✓ GRACILE ✓ ROBUST  GRACILE AUSTRALOPITHECINE ✓ ANAMENSIS ✓ AFARENSIS ✓ AFRICANUS  ROBUST AUSTRALOPITHECUS ✓ AETHIOPICUS ✓ ROBUSTUS ✓ BOISEI  Genus Homo The word “HOMO” was derived from Latin which means “man” or as “Human”. In the Modern Taxonomy, Homo Sapiens is the only extant species of its genus. There are several species of HOMO. Pic  HOMO HABILIS Species with a brain of a Broca’s area which is associated with speech in modern humans and was the first to make stone tools. The ability to make and use tool is a unique quality to humans such that the species is recognized to be the first true human. The species names “HANDY MAN”. Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food.  Skilled Man, handy man, able man Earliest member of Homo group Inhabited in Sub Saharan Africa approximately 2 million years ago Mainly vegetarian The name Homo habilis was given by Raymond Dart Slightly larger brain, 610 cubic centimeters Skull is fuller and more rounded due to expansion of the brain, slight forehead, small face 110 centimeters Walking with legs  HOMO RUDOLFENSIS Species characterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information. The species lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago.  HOMO ERECTUS The species names means “UPRIGHT MAN” with body proportions similar to that of modern humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives, and were the first to produce fire.  Upright man Oldest known early humans to have possessed modern like body Loss of tree climbing activity Bigger brains and body Mainly carnivore The term was named by Eugene Dubois Ability to adapt into seasonally cold temperate zones Known to be bigger, smarter, faster Homo lineage  HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS Species with large brow ridge and shirt wide bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,00 years ago in Europe and Africa. They were first of early human species to live in colder climates, first to hunt large animals on routine basis usings spears, and first to construct human shelters  HOMO FLORESIENSIS Species nicknamed” HOBBIT” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal species  HOMO SAPIENS The species name means “WISE MAN” that appeared form 200,000 years ago. The present human race belongs to that species  HOMO SAPIENS NEANDERTHALENSIS Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapted to winter climates especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia. The subspecies, also known as “NEANDERTHAL MAN”, in the closest relative of modern humans. The first to practice burial of their dead, hunting and gathering food, and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles. They lives about 200,000 to 28,000 years ago.  HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS Subspecies known as “CRO-MAGNON” characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They were the first to produce art in cave painting and crafting decorated tools and accessories  Cro-magnon Found at Cro Magnon, France Likes to use ornaments and jewelries Robustly built and powerful. Heavy and solid with strong musculature. Skilled hunters, toolmakers and artist CULTURAL EVOLUTION this happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase CULTURAL EVOLUTION scientists studied this by analyzing the changes in the way of life reflected in the different man-made tools and equipment that they humans have used  THE THREE STONE AGE CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SOCIETY 1. It is a social system 2. A society is relatively large 3. A society recruits most of its members from within 4. A society sustain itself across generation 5. A society’s members share a culture 6. A society occupies a territory  Types of society 1. Hunting and Food Gathering Societies CHARACTERISTICS: The earliest form of human society People survived by foraging for vegetable foods and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals and collecting shellfish They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones 2. Horticultural Societies CHARACTERISTICS: People learned to use human muscle power and hand- held tools to cultivate fields. Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming SUBSISTENCE FARMING: Involves only producing enough food to feed the group The settlements are small Neighborhood is solid  Political organization is confined in the village Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system SURPLUS FARMING: Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlements There were occupational specializations with prestige differences Social stratification was well established The community tended to be structured by kinship relationships that are male dominated 3. Pastoral Societies CHARACTERISTICS: It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never-ending quest for pasture and water It was organized along male-centered kinship groups It was usually united under strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did not occur 4. Agricultural Societies CHARACTERISTICS: These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community Ever-growing populations came together in broad river valley system  Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political support By taxing the bulk of agriculture surplus, the political leaders could make bureaucracies implement their plans and armies to protect their privileges Social classes became entrenched, and the state evolved 5. Industrial Societies CHARACTERISTICS: It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity of specialized, highly skilled, and well-coordinated labor force Create a highly organized system of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers  Industrial societies are divided along class lines Industrialism bought about a tremendous shift of populations Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs Industrial societies are highly secularized The predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy 6. Post-Industrial Societies CHARACTERISTICS: It depends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology It is characterized by the spread of computer industries Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individual and the interaction between humans and the natural environment. 1. What makes human beings an important component in the development of early society? 2. How does early societies differ from one another? Explain.