Cultural Awareness PDF

Cultural Awareness  Anthropocene Challenges on ontological level: nature - culture human - non-human biology - technology alive - not alive economy - ecology 9 barriers of Earth resilience Climate change Biosphere integrity Stratospheric ozone depletion Oce...

Cultural Awareness  Anthropocene Challenges on ontological level: nature - culture human - non-human biology - technology alive - not alive economy - ecology 9 barriers of Earth resilience Climate change Biosphere integrity Stratospheric ozone depletion Ocean acidification Biochemical flows (nitrogen and phosphorus flows to the biosphere and oceans Land system change Freshwater consumption Atmospheric aerosol loading Chemical pollution and release of novel entities Tipping points Ninie climate ’’tipping points” where rising global temperatures could push parts of the Earth system ino irreversible change Climate change Proofs: Rapid increase of CO2 level in the atmosphere (1950 - today) Greenhouse effect Increase of average temperatures Warming of ocean waters Decreasing size of glaciers Higher water level Extreme weather Ocean waters aciddation Climat change as an effect of 97% human activity Climate change Paris agreement - 2015 (196 countries agreed that the CO2 emissions will drop below 1,5C) China (29%) and USA(16%) are the biggest emissors of world (45% OF THE WHOLE WORLD) Most visible effect: Kiribati - 4m above sea level - ocean tides - water level and effects IPCC report IPCC - the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis Approved by 195 countries Main idea: changes introduced by humans affected climate Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change Main info: Extreme climate disruptions: floods, fires, hurricanes, droughts, higher level of oceans’ waters Changes impossible to reverse between 100 and 1000 years Necessity for stopping the changes Information for local governments COP 2021 Main aims: Finding the solution for keeping the temperature rise by 1,5C - Reducing use of fossil fuel - Stoping deforestation - Development of electric solutions in transport - Investing in renewable energy sources Protection of societies and nature Mobilising financing ($100bn) Common cooperation -Finalising Paris Rulebook (for operations purposes of Paris Agreement) -Cooperation between governments, business and societies COP 2022 UN Climate Change Conference Sharma El-Sheikh, 7-18 November 2022 Main topic: to agree on policies to limit global temperature rises and adapt to impacts associated with climate change. The conference led to the first loss and damage fund being created Issue: since 2015 majority of countries did not comply with emissions reduction plans Financing for poorer countries- unresolved Promise of stopping deforestation (100 countries) till 2030 Methane emissions - decreasing by 30% by 2030 (Issues with Russia, India, China) Promise of creating a market of new technologies Clean energy (Founds for coal abandonment) COP 2023 28th Conference of Parties on Climate Change Dubai, 30 November - 28 December 2023 Aims: -More inclusive conference -Push for mitigation solutions -Advances in operationalization of the loss and damage found -More equitable access to climate change Effects: -Loss and Damage Found -decision -Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty - less extraction of non-renewable resources -Food and Agriculture Declaration - sustainable food production -Declaration on climate, relief, recovery COP 2024 Baku, Azerbaijan, November 11-12 Idea: “In Solidarity For a Green World” Main finances Increasing Loss and Damage Found Adaptation to climate change Climate change mitigation Scale: Climate crisis - climate catastrophe Crisis of immigration - imagination catastrophe Actions: Knowledge and conscientiousness Activity in macro- and micro-scale Pressure on people with power for change Education Beyond Anthropocene The idea of Anthropocene as disorder in human and nature relations The idea of nature as something “beyond us”, “there” The need for different thinking about nature (as of active creation, for we are partially responsible) Humans as part of nature Widening of eco-centric thinking (deep ecology) Anthropology role: to remind that thing are - and should be - different Ecozoik (Thomas Berry, 2009: the beginning of understanding cosmos as ,,communion of subjects not a “collections of subjects”) - everything in the world is connected Waiting for other ideas and solutions Idea Anthropology - science about human in all times and all places Idea: human as cultural being Anthropology = science about culture Holistic approach: research on biological, social and cultural characteristics of humans Answer to the question: why people are doing what they are doing and why they are doing it this way? Sources of anthropology Geographic discoveries Research on "other" Research on "self" Place in science Division of science (fields and disciplines) Diffusion of disciplines Humanistic and social sciences Relations between sociology, cultural studies, psychology, history, economy, anthropology Sub-disciplines of anthropology Physical anthropology Cultural anthropology -applied anthropology -academic anthropology -social anthropology -historic anthropology  Anthropology is adapting New directions of research: Ethnology, ethnoarcheology, medical anthropology, ecological anthropology, anthropology of food, indigenous anthropology, anthropology, anthropology of religion, urban anthropology, visual anthropology and other The idea of culture DEFINITON OF CULTURE Contemporary definition: culture - set of ideas, values and ways of perceiving the world shared by a given society, that is used for making order of experiences and generating behavior. Characteristics of culture Culture is shared Culture is taught Culture is based on symbols Culture is integrated Culture is dynamic  Characteristics of cultural events There is only one human species Human is understood in terminology of biology, origin, language, cultural differences and similarities People living in distant groups differ by culture and language but not by biology Human science rules: There is only one human species Human is understood in terminology of biology, origin, language, cultural differences and similarities People living in distant groups differ by culture and language but not by biology Contacts between cultures and cultural change Contacts: trades, projects, barter, communication, education, migration,tourism etc. 4 change models: -globalisation -macdonaldysation (everyone wants the same) -hybridisation -globalisation (globalisation + localisation) Anthropogenesis Idea of history (History (as science) starts when people invented writing ) EVOLUTION THROUGH ADAPTATION Evolution (Latin: evolution) - change over time Biology: genetic changes in population over generations Biological adaptation vs cultural adaptation (since 2,5 mln y.a.) Early and late adaptations Human in animal kingdom (Linnaeus, 1735) Class Mammalian - order Primates - family Hominidea - subfamily Hominiae - tribe Homini - genus Homo Homo sapiens Human ancestors Chronological order Australopithecus 4,2 mln till 1 mln y.a. — Australopitecus Homo habilis (producing first tools) 2,5 mln till 200000 ya. — Homo habilis Homo erectus (started to control fire) 2 mln till 110000 ya. — Homo erectus Other Homo species Hominidae vs Homininae  Homo sapiens Homo erectus ———-> Homo sapiens archaic Homo sapiens: - Neanderthal - ok. 125 do y.a. - other - Jawa, Africa, China - adaptations, cultural development, language, rituals - biologically modern human: upper Paleolithic (40000 y.a.) - settlements in Americas and Australia - adaptations diversification Origins of humans Multiregional theory “Out of Africa” theory Anthropogenesis - clarification Homo sapiens — about 300000 y.a. 40000 ya. (upper Paleolitic) — cultural "explosion" (paintings, tools etc.), and disappearing other archaic Homo species Homo sapiens contemporary in terms of biology - 40000 y.a. out of Africa") Anthropogenesis of Europe Settlement about 1mln years ago Theories: -migration out of Africa -migration out of Asia -Europe as one of three places of Homo sapiens evolution Palaeolithic times Neolithic (Basks, Ugro-Finnish group) Indo-European migration (5000 y.a.) Later authochtonic groups (Greeks, Celts, Slavic, Trak, Balts, Wenets, Germans, Normans) Psychical diversity Idea of race in biology Human species and race “Race” as a social construct: -history of anthropology -Johann Blumenbach (XVII - XIX century) -idea of race: ,,Caucasian”, Ethiopian, Mongoloid and Malaya - Consequences Diversity? All humans belong to the species Homo sapiens No human group is more related to animals than others There is no difference in intelligence between different groups People differ physically and these differences are the effect of adaptation to various environmental and social conditions Some physical differences are proof of human ability to adapt to the environment Some physical differences are an effect of cultural selection ”Race” in anthropology Description of changes in human groups (instead of description of research unit - race) Issues with race Neolithic revolution Independent from biological adaptations 8000 to 12000 y.a. Main idea: transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture Effects of Neolithisation: -Space and time -Social structure -Population -Specialization Neolisation in Europe, Asia and Americas Europe and part of Asia -settlements about 7000 years.a. -Jarmo, Jerycho -agriculture to Africa - 4000 y.a. agriculture and animal husbandry Americas Cultural development and environment Cultural basis: food water shelter adaptation Cultural adaptation - consists of complex ideas, activities and technologies that allow human to survive Role of the environment: set of possibilities and limitations Ecology and anthropology ecosystem Ecology Cultural ecology - reaserch on interactions of given cultural groups with their environment Cultural Adaptation People are adopting to their environment through their culture Types of cultural evolution: 1. Convergent evolution - the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different people with different ancestral cultures E.g. Comanche and Cheyenne tribes 2. Paralell evolution - the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environment conditions by people whose ancestral culture were somewhat alike E.g. Mezoamerica and South-east Asia Characteristics of food-foraging societies small groups Simple techniques and economy Social ties Lack of writing system Stability Ahistoricity Food-foraging economy Contemporary economy division -Absorptive (hunter-gatherers) -Productive (food producers) Types of primary economy: -Non-specialised gathering and hunting -Specialised gathering and hunting -Horticulture (Hoe-based farming) -Advanced agriculture -Pastoralism Hunter-gatherer communities - Hunter-gatherer communities: Contemporary - approximately 1 million people; marginalized regions Historically - all groups used this mode of subsistence until the Neolithic revolution Characteristics: - Mobility - Small population Influence on the community: = Emphasis on peaceful relations - Division of labor, culfural adaptations, technology, food-sharing Division of labor Male work Female work Time required for work Energy expenditure Food sharing -Access to various food sources -Principles of food distribution -Socialisation Cultural adaptations and technology Mobility in harmony with natural resources (e.g. water, fruits, nuts) Diversity of hunting techniques Impact on the community Egalitarianism Few possessions (due to mobility) Small status differences (only based on gender or age) Equal status for women and men Lack of food surplus storage Importance of family ties Food producing communities Originating from the Neolithic revolution Sedentary life in settlements Changes in social organization and structure Extensive cultivation Intensive cultivation Mixed cultivation Development of cultivation depending on climate - Southwest Asia (seasonal changes) - wheat, buckwheat, flax, rice, millet - Southeast Asia (wetlands) - rice, yams, taro -America (dry areas) - maize, potatoes, pumpkin -America (tropics) - cassava Pastoralism Adaptation to specific environments (mainly in Africa and southwest Asia) Animal husbandry and grazing 21 million people involved Transhumance (seasonal Pastoralism) Development of cities Development of settlements Advancement of crafts Emergence of new social orders (inequalities) Urbanisation (writing,trade,exchange, metallurgy, etc.) Around 4000 BCE, Mesopotamia, Uruk (Sumerian Unug) Sumerians and their city-states City features: defensive walls, temples, streets, squares Centres for trade, worship, and administration Development of civilisation Main elements: significant population, hierarchical structure, role specialization, state organization Civilizations as distinct entities geographically, socially, and culfurally Examples: Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese, Mayan, Aztec, Inca, etc. Marriage Definition: culturally sanctioned union of two or more people that establishes rights and obligations between these individuals, between them and their children, and between them and their families Rights and obligations: work,sex,property, raising children, exchange, status etc. Brak notatek Globalisation Global range of ideas, influences and changes Common inevitable process Importance of technology Destabilisation of center-perifery system Transculturality Beginnings: start of XX century 1995: intensification of economic, social and cultural ralations beyond borders (Hans H. Holm i Georg Sorensen) Growing connections and interdependence between nations and countries Aspects of globalisation: -political -economic -cultural Personal dimension Global corporations 1602-1799 Dutch East India Company -Verenigde Oost-Indische Compaigne - VOC -Power -Trade -Significance Modern corporations - main economic and political power Structural model: many smaller corporations with common administration International character Leader in technological revolution Property in hands of a small group Economic power over political power 100 biggest corporations control 33% of world capital Search for cheap labor Influence on life of individuals and societies Ideas induced on culture Supply and demand chain Creating needs Economy Example: engagement ring Example: food marketing Corporate Greed Appropriation of ideas, resources and lands for profit example: Coca Cola and water in Mexico: -Corporate need for profit -Lack of drinking water -Coca Cola plant: 300000 L of water per day -influence of marketing on cultural practices -Government: help through, WWF, opening water intake -Way to privatisation of water intakes  Glyphosate, 1950, Monsanto from 1974 Non-selective herbicide Use in agriculture Glyphosate in water, soil and food Unknown risks Production and distribution of seeds ,,Keeping seeds in people’s hands” Corporative food production Global cities The global city as a place for corporations Global cities characteristics (Saskia Sassen) -International working class = Interational business -International labor market - Ethnic economy (migrants) -Divided labor market -Division on finance and non-finance sectors - Polarisation in wealth -Division on center and peryphery -Transnational identity -Corporate culture 10 main global cities 1. New York 2. London 3. Singapur 4. Hong Kong 5. Paris 6. Beijing 7. Tokyo 8. Shanghai 9. Dubai Antiglobalism Arguments: -Monopol -Profits over wellbeing -Poor labour conditions -Environmental issues -Wealth polarisation Minimal impact Antiglobalists from Global South -Revealing double standards -Lack of ideas to change status quo Middle East -Globalism as a thread for culture Alterglobalism Proposed changes in current globalisation processes Jan Aart Scholte: -improvement of public safety (human rights, arms control, environmental protection) -eradication of social injustice -strengthening democracy Expected outcome: NEW GLOBALISATION Future of the global world Political, military and economy powers - USA, China, India, EU, Brazil Knowledge, technology and education Probable leadership change World Economic Forum - Future councils