Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

⤷ “Culture Universal” or pattern of similarity INTRODUCTION TO UCSP within the array of difference. ⤷ Equal but different CULTURE N...

⤷ “Culture Universal” or pattern of similarity INTRODUCTION TO UCSP within the array of difference. ⤷ Equal but different CULTURE NATIONALITY ⤷ They focus on “human diversity” and translate ⤷ As a group of people who share the same it into understanding between different history, customs, and traditions. cultures. ETHNIC GROUPS SOCIOLOGY ⤷ Examples are Igorots, Ilocano and Bicolano. ⤷ From the word “socius” meaning society in GENDER interaction ⤷ It refers to the socially constructed roles, ⤷ Scientific study of human society and social behaviors and attributes that a society interactions. considers appropriate for men and women. ⤷ Focus is the group not the individual. SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS ⤷ Study forces that mold individuals, shape their ⤷ Ideas associated with being poor and rich behavior and determine social events. based on collective experiences of individuals ⤷ Involves actions and interactions. EXCEPTIONALITY/NON-EXCEPTIONALITY ⤷ People with non-average capacity: geniuses. POLITICAL SCIENCE ⤷ People with disabilities and those physically ⤷ Study of the state in all its elements, aspects, challenged individuals. and relationships. CULTURE ⤷ The study of politics. ⤷ All that human beings learn to do, to us, to ⤷ Laswell mentioned that politics is the hows, produce, to know, and to believe as they grow whens and wheres of getting power and to maturity and live out their lives in the social influence. groups to which they belong. ⤷ Involves power relations. ⤷ It is the way of living. POWER ⤷ The ability to make a person do what he will SOCIETY not do otherwise. ⤷ The product of human interactions STATE ⤷ Symbolizes that group within which human ⤷ Territory, government, people and beings can live a total common life. sovereignty. ⤷ It involves Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science which can change the way we 5 DISCIPLINES OF ANTHROPOLOGY see things and perspectives. POLITICS ★ Archaeology ⤷ Arises whenever there are people living ⤷ Ancient and human population and how they together in associations, whenever they are adapt to their environment involved in conflicts and whenever they are ★ Cultural involved in conflicts and wherever they are ⤷ Society’s culture through their belief, subject to some kind of power, rulership or practices, and possessions. authority. ★ Linguistic ANTHROPOLOGY ⤷ Language and its relation to their culture. ⤷ From the 2 greek words namely: “anthropos” ★ Physical meaning humans and “logos” meaning word. ⤷ Biological development of humans and their ⤷ It is the study of human kind whose contemporary variations. concentration is on human and cultural ★ Applied evolution. ⤷ Solve contemporary problems through ⤷ Involves practices and traditions. applications of theories. ANTHROPOLOGIST ⤷ Used “diversity” to understand life in a community. 1  ⤷ People and groups that influence our SUB DISCIPLINES OF SOCIOLOGY self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior. ★ Social Organization ⤷ Also known as social structures. ⤷ Institutions, social groups, social PIONEERS OF SOCIOLOGY stratifications, social mobility and ethnic groups are examples of the said organization. ★ Social Psychology AUGUSTE COMTE 1798-1857 ⤷ Impact of group life to a person's nature and personality. ★ Belief ⤷ Need to understand society as it was, rather ★ Social Change and Disorganization what ought to be. ⤷ Social and cultural interactions and ★ Positivism interruptions. ⤷ Path to understanding the world based on science. ★ Demography ⤷ Inter relationship between population with ★ Used “sociology” economic, political and social system. ⤷ From the Greek or Latin which means study of society. ★ Applied ⤷ Solve contemporary problems. HARRIET MARTINEAU 1802-1876 ⤷ Mother of Sociology ⤷ Wrote “How to Observe Manners and Morals” POLITICAL SCIENCE SUB DISCIPLINES ⤷ Theory and practice wherein she compared the European Society to the American Society. ⤷ Believed that scholars should not simply offer ★ Political Theory observations but should also use their research ★ Comparative Politics to bring about social reform. ★ International Relations ★ Political Behavior HERBERT SPENCER 1820-1903 ★ Public Policy ⤷ Most of his works have been discredited. ★ Public Administration ★ Social Darwinism SOCIOLOGIST ⤷ Survival of the fittest. ⤷ A person intensively, endlessly, shamelessly ⤷ Most ambitious, most intelligent rise to the interested in the doings of men and society. top. SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION KARL MARX 1818-1883 ⤷ The means of production or the economic ⤷ Charles Wright Mills 1959 sector is most important in any society. ⤷ The relationship between individual ⤷ Historical change occurs through class conflict experiences and forces in the larger society between owners and workers. that shape our actions. ⤷ Focuses on every aspect of society and every EMILE DURKHEIM relationship among individuals. ⤷ Father of Sociology ⤷ Bonds or functions hold society together. SOCIALIZATION ⤷ Suicide: social forces impact lives ⤷ Society is held together by mechanical solidarity or a social moral consensus and by 2  organic solidarity; a dependency of roles among people. POLITICAL SCIENTISTS MAX WEBER 1864-1920 ★ Alfred Boyer ⤷ Verstehen or insight is important to ⤷ Politics is the interaction between civil society understanding behavior and the government in governance. ⤷ Religion powerful in creating in economic ★ Max Weber system ⤷ Politics is the exercise of power within the ⤷ Rationality is more pervasive through state. development of bureaucratic structures ★ David Easton ⤷ Politics is the authoritative allocation of scarce value PIONEERS OF ANTHROPOLOGY ★ Thomas Hobbes ⤷ Regardless of who we put in position, they will still be greedy. JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK ★ Jean-Jacque ⤷ The Father of revolution. ★ Theory of Inheritance of acquired characteristics ⤷ Species change was influenced by TERMS environmental change. CHARLES DARWIN CULTURE ⤷ Totality of learned, socially transmitted ★ Theory of Natural Selection customs, knowledge, material objects, and ⤷ “Survival of the fittest.” behavior. ★ Theory of Evolution ⤷ Includes ideas, values, customs, and artifacts ⤷ Transmutation is the change of one species to of groups of people. another. THEODORE ADORNO FRANZ BOAS ⤷ Said that the worldwide culture industry limits ⤷ Father of modern American Anthropology people's choices. ⤷ Anti-evolutionary. ★ Historical Particularism CULTURE AND SOCIETY ⤷ Each society has a unique culture that cannot ★ Society be subsumed under an overall definition of ⤷ Large numbers of people. general culture ⤷ Same territory. ⤷ Independence of people outside the area. BRIONISLAW KASPER MALINOWSKI ⤷ Common culture. ★ Culture ★ Participant Observation ⤷ Is like an iceberg. ⤷ Requires anthropologists to participate and blend with the group of life of a given group. ★ Ethnography ELEMENTS OF CULTURE ⤷ It is the practice of writing about people ALFRED REGINALD RADCLIFFE-BROWN A. 2 TYPES OF CULTURE ⤷ “Individuals are mere products of structures” ★ Material ⤷ STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST PARADIGM ★ Non-Material 3  B. LANGUAGE PROCESS OF CULTURAL CHANGES AND ⤷ An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. EXPANSION ⤷ It includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and non-verbal gestures INNOVATION and expressions. ⤷ Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION ★ Discovery ⤷ Uses gestures, facial expressions, and other ⤷ Making known or sharing the existence of an visual images to communicate. aspect of reality. ★ Invention NORMS ⤷ Existing cultural items combined into form that ⤷ Established standards of behavior maintained did not exist before. by society. ★ Formal Norms DIFFUSION ⤷ Generally written and specifies strict ⤷ Process by which cultural items spread from punishments. group to group. ★ Informal Norms ⤷ Can be variety of means, among them ⤷ Generally understood but not precisely exploration, military conquest, missionary recorded. work, and the influence of the mass media, tourism, and the Internet TERMS TECHNOLOGY ⤷ Information about how to use material MORES (Formal) resources of the environment to satisfy human ⤷ Norms deemed highly necessary to the needs and desires. welfare of a society. CULTURAL LAG FOLKWAYS (Informal) ⤷ Period of maladjustment when nonmaterial ⤷ Norms governing everyday behavior. culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions. SANCTIONS ⤷ Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning VIRTUAL CULTURE social norms. ⤷ Today’s children are bombarded with virtual ★ Positive culture, images that spring from the minds of ⤷ Pay raises, medals, and words of gratitude. contemporary culture-makers and that reach ★ Negative them via a screen. ⤷ Fines, threats, imprisonment, and stares of ⤷ Some of these cultural icons embody values contempt. that shape our way of life. But few of them have any historical reality and almost all have STATUS come into being to make money. ⤷ Describes the position a person occupies in a particular setting. SUBCULTURE ⤷ Cultures that exist within a dominant culture ROLE that exist within a dominant culture that follow ⤷ Role is the set of norms, values, behaviors, and the dominant cultures norms and values while personality characteristics attached to a still following a different set of norms and status. values. 4 COUNTER CULTURE or within the same generation in an endless ⤷ Exist within a culture with different norms and number of ways through: values, just like subcultures. ★ Conditioning ⤷ Oppose the dominant culture, forming from a ★ Imitation conflict a social group may have with the ★ Suggest dominant culture. ★ Identification ★ Reward and punishment POPULAR CULTURE ★ Formal instruction ★ Mass communication HIGH CULTURE ⤷ Associated with wealth. CULTURE IS SHARED ⤷ Museum, art gallery, opera, etc. ⤷ Permanent Culture CULTURE IS ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE ⤷ Also known as a classic culture. ⤷ No culture is static and each individual or generation makes adjustments. CULTURE SHOCK ⤷ Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or CULTURE IS DIVERSE fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture. ATTITUDES TOWARD CULTURAL VARIATION CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM ⤷ Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represents the norm or superior. CULTURAL RELATIVISM ⤷ Views people from the perspective or their own culture. CULTURAL DIVERSITY CULTURAL UNIVERSAL ⤷ Certain common practices and beliefs that all societies have developed. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE CULTURE IS LEARNED CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED ⤷ Orally and by writing, as well as consciously or unconsciously from one generation to another 5