Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook PDF

52 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook Domain 2: Management Systems Techniques and analysis for...

52 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook Domain 2: Management Systems Techniques and analysis for nckjent investigatio easure, anal|Si| rafety, heaKht and improve jjiracontingen oroanizatlonal culture en^ronmental, an perfbrm indicators Show business through financial management calculatlor^ I Peribnn B Requirements for Bap anaf^ls Domain 2: plans, systems^ Management aluate and analyze systems Ianagemenl prlndples r document retention and susta^ safety, antf Techniques fw f^indples management. techniques for budgeting, flna and economic ana parison;; ^i^echniques wkJ comeptsfor Modified from C5M0 [tairination Blueotint. Boaid d Ceniliet Safely P(ofesst quarter. A. slack B. budget exception C. budget variance D. resource timing delivery 9. All the following are valid reasons for an accident (mishap) investigation except: A. prevent reoccurrence of similar events. B. establish causal factors. C. provide vehicle for discipline. D. provide data for trend analysis.  Domain 2: Management Systems 55 10. In formulating realistic predictions of performance, examples of leading and lagging data indicators include: A. trend analysis and operational history. B. benchmarking and trend analysis. C. historical trends and severity rates. D. benchmarking and gap analysis. 11. A new operations safety manager has been asked to develop an incident data collection system. The Jirst step in this process is to: A. identify existing data sources and codify the data. B. establish incident reporting procedures. C. define the subsequent use of the data. D. define investigation team parameters. 12. A manufacturing operation is experiencing above-average incident and accident occurrences at specific location. The^rst step for implementation of actions to reduce these occurrences is to: A. survey the facility to determine the probable cause of the injuries. B. bring a safety committee online to handle the problems. C. train all line supervisors in accident/incident prevention. D. schedule a meeting with upper management to discuss the situation. 13. The advantages of department level self-audits over corporate health and safety staff audits include: A. department auditors being more objective. B. department auditors being incentivized to reflect positively on their performance. C. department auditors better assessing problems they are most familiar with and develop feasible solutions. D. corporate staff deferring to department self-audits and recuse themselves minimizing corporate bias. 14. The best illustration of a safety performance benchmark is: A. a thorough root cause analysis. B. an incident rate below the industrial average, C. an increased injury trends. D. employee involvement. 13. The Critical Incident Technique method employed during an incident investigation is: A. a technique to identify mechanical reliability issues in chemical process machinery. B. an open-ended retrospective method of interviews that identify the critical aspects of an incident. C. a prescribed dialogue as part of pre-emergency planning exercises. D. a sampling of individual behaviors through observations. 16. A manufacturing business has purchased a machine that is belt driven. The machine presents a serious hazard if the belt is not guarded. There are four situations that could contribute to an accident or injury. Which Boolean expression could result in an injury to the machinist? A. B»D + C«D A = The belt guard is not in position, B. A«B-HA«C C. C»D + B*D B= The belt severs. D. (A 4- B) D (B + C) C=The belt is compromised by an external source. D = The belt guard will protect the machinist. 56 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 17. In assessing a company^s loss control performance, several key performance indicators (KPl) are collected and analyzed. One of these is "number of lost time cases experienced during the previous year." This dimension is an example of a/an: A. leading indicator. B. lagging indicator. C. optional indicator. D. occupational indicator. 18. How is a supervisorls safety performance activity measure best described? A. Reporting incidents to management B. Classifying the financial impacts of losses associated with incidents C. Initialing accident investigation on reported incidents D. Performing safe work observations of employees and discussing observations with them 19. If an organization^ occupational health and safety management system is to succeed, as described in ANSI/ASSE ZIO, there are two critical components—top management leadership and: A. supervisor accountability. B. employee participation. C. OHS written policy D. sustainable safety observation program. 20. Auditing conformance with ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 management systems is important for companies. Which of the following best provides minimally suitable verification that the company is reviewing proposed or new legal requirements as they apply to the organization? A. A document identifying the date of any review of new or proposed legal requirements and a statement determining applicability B. A certified letter from the legal department stating that the company complies with all legal requirements C. An electronic message from a legal update review service, signifying that newlegal requirements are routinely conveyed to the company D. A signed CSPs report outlining legal requirements applicable to the organization Domain 2 Quiz 1 Answers 1. Answer: A. LWD cases x 200,000 Rate = Total hours worked 90x200,000 Rate = ^ = 11.1 1,623,451 The incidence rate for lost workday cases is the most meaningful performance indicator for a safety program. 2. Answer: A. Step 1: Total the number of accidents for period in question. 119 118 122 359  Domain 2: Management Systems 57 Step 2: Total man-hours for same period. 1,129,565 1,623,451 1,834,225 4,587,241 Step 3; Apply formula and compute cumulative accident rate. Serious Cases x 200,000 Rate = : Total hours worked 119 1,129,565 118 1,623,451 122 1,834,225 ^ 4,587,241 359 x 200,000 Rale = ^ = 15.7 4,587,241 3. Answer: A. Calculating the present value of future benefits is useful when considering alternative projects on a limited budget. Present-value calculations compare the costof implementation against the dollar value of the benefit. Forexample, a safety manager isconsidering committing $10,000 to a project that will save approximately $17,000. However, the savings will not be realized for five years. Should the company commit? Can the safety managerconvince management that this is a worthwhile investment? If financial considerations are a primary concern, it must be determinedwhether the benefit the companywill receive later will be greater than the investment. 4. Answer: B. According to the Root Cause Analysis Handbook, 2005 Edition, to gather data from people, the analyst must be a skilled interviewer. During the interview the interviewer must ask open-ended questions that require the interviewee to respond with a long, descriptive answer. 5.Answer: B. Safety sampling measures the effectiveness of the line manager's safety activities, but not in terms ofaccidents. It measures effectiveness by conducting periodic samplings ofhow safely the employees are working. Safety sampling isbased on the quality control principle ofrandom sampling inspection. The degree of accuracy is dictated by the number of samples taken. 6.Answer: B. Benchmarking (also "best practice benchmarking" or "process benchmarking") is a process used in management and particularly strategic management, in which companies evaluate various aspects oftheir business processes in relation to best practice, usually within their own industry. Benchmarking is researching other organizations methods, selecting the best techniques and applying them to your organization. This then allows companies to develop plans on how to adopt suchbest practice. Benchmarking may be a one-off event but is often treated as a continuous process in which companies continually seek to challenge their practices. Asafety performance benchmark issimilar to a goal. An example would be one year with no lost time injuries or illnesses at a particular work site. Abenchmark is based on research conducted on other similar organizations and applied to your organization. Incident rates are lagging indicators (sometimes referred to as business metrics) ofsafety performance. Overall safety performance cannot be evaluated by historical data such as these rates andare typically poor performance indicators. 7. Answer: A. In the book Root Cause Analysis Handbook, An Effective Guide to Incident Investigation chain of custody procedures for photographs start with the photographer fully documenting the context, source, and relevant information related to the photograph. 8. Answer: C. This table is a type of budget variance report. 58 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 9. Answer: C. Accident investigation has as its primary purpose the prevention of similar occurrences and the discovery of hazards. The intent is not to place blame or administer discipline but rather to determine how responsibilities may be defined or clarified and to reduce error producing situations. Accident investigation should improve the safety of operations, if accident investigation is used for punitive measures, the tool has the reverse effect. Management system problems are unifying characteristics of root causes of incidents or accidents. Human errors and equipment malfunctions are the causal factors from which the root causes are derived. 10. Answer; B. A benchmark is defined as a standard or point of reference used for measuring or judging quality, value, efficiency, etc. Benchmarking takes into consideration what is the standard for the industry and compares the current status of your company in relation to reference point or data. Trend analysis is the process of examining past performance for trends and then using these trends, or tendencies, to make a prediction ofwhat will take place under certain circumstances (e.g., changes, modifications, presumed improvements). 11.Answer: C. In the book Safety Culture and Effective Safety Management, author Swartz (2000) explains that before collecting data and developing a system to collect and manipulate the data, it is essential to define how the data will be used. 12. Answer: A. You must always base your findings and recommendations on facts, which means that your first action should always be to survey the situation and collect the facts that may impact the situation. 13.Answer: C. The advantages of departmental auditing are involvement in the process and ownership of the solutions. Motivations for developing a management system audit program range from the desire to measure compliance with specific regulations, standards, or conformance with internal policies to thegoal of risk management. In practice auditing programs are designed to meet a broad range of objectives, depending on the needs of their various stakeholders. Companies have established auditing programs to: determine and document compliance status. improve overall safety, health, and environmental performance at operating facilities assist facility management. increase the overall level of safety, health, and environmental awareness. accelerate the overall development of S/H/E management control systems. improve the safety health, and environmental risk management system. protect the company from potential liabiUties. develop a basis for optimizing safety health, and environmental resources. assess facility management's ability to achieve OHS goals. 14. Answer: B. According to author Dan Peterson in Safety by Objectives, a safety performance benchmark is similar to a goal. Abenchmark is based on research conducted on other similar organizations and applied to one's own organization. 15.Answer: B. The Critical Incident Technique (or CIT) is a set of procedures used for collecting firsthand observations of human behavior that have critical significance and meet methodically defined criteria. Acritical incident can be described as one that makes a significant contribution—either positively or negatively—to an activity orphenomenon and to understand the relationship between competencies and reasons for accidents. Critical incidents can be gathered in various ways, but typically respondents are asked to tell a story about an experience they have had. Through the use ofthe critical incident technique, one may collect specific and significant behavioral facts, providing a sound basis for making inferences as to requirements for measures oftypical performance (criteria), measures ofproficiency (standard samples), training, selection and classification, job design, operating procedures, equipment design, motivation and leadership (attitudes), and individual behavior. Critical incidents can be gathered in various ways, but typically respondents are asked to tell a story about anexperience they have had. CIT isa flexible method that usually relies onfive major areas. The first is  Domain 2. Management Systems 59 determiningand reviewing the incident, then fact-finding, which involves collecting the details of the incident from the participants. When all facts are collected, the next step is to identify the issues. Afterwards a decision can be made on how to resolve the issues based on various possible solutions. The final and most important aspect is the evaluation, which will determine if the solution that was selected will solve the situation's root cause and will cause no further problems. 16. Answer; B, This may be easier to see in a small fault tree. Determine the condition that could result in an injury; in this case, A and B or A and C have to exist, and either situation will produce an injury—therefore an OR gate (Figure 13). 17. Answer; B. Lagging indicators (such as historical statistics) provide data on how well the loss control system has performed and is useful for understanding how well a management system change affected loss control performance. However, lagging indicators are not as useful for predicting future loss control performance. 18. Answer; D. Author Dan Petersen (2003) explains that activity measures are leading (proactive) measures a line supervisor should do as part of his or her normal responsibilities as being accountable for the safety of employees. Figure 13 Fault Tree Analysis. 19.Answer; B. According to ANSI/A55E ZIO, top management leadership and employee Question 16 participation are the main divisions in the scope of this standard. 20. Answer: A. A member of the management team must certify that such reviews were conducted and must include date of review and findings of applicabihty This type of written certification is common practice in auditing methods because it is not practical for auditors to observe and verify that all management processes were conducted. Domain 2 Quiz 2 Questions 1. British Standard OHSAS 18001 states that a successful management system should be based on all the following except: A. a generic occupational health and safety policy B. identification of occupational health and safety risks and legal requirements. C. objectives, targets, and programs that guarantee continuing improvement. D. management activities that manage occupational health and safety risks. 2. In 3 years, $400,000 will be required for EPA modifications to your plant. How much money should you invest at 10% to have the required amount when needed? A. $310,789 B. $300,526 C. $287,565 F = P(l + i)" P = F(l + i)'" D. $293,824 3. It is anticipated that in 5 years from now a new piece of instrumentation will be needed. Assuming that the device can be purchased for $30,000 and that money is worth 13%, how much must be deposited yearly in an investment account to have the required amount? A. $5449 B. $4549 (1 + i)" -1 F = A A = F C. $3957 (l + i)"-lj D. $4449 60 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 4. What is the uniform annual payment that will amortize a loan of $400,000 in 8 years with a 14% interest rate? A. $84,356 /..vn , \ B. $86,228 ^^p id-nr P = A (1 + !)"-! C. $87,459 (1 + \ r - i i(l + i)" D. $85,765 3. Professionals dedicated to the science that studies harmful, or toxic, properties of substances are: A. industrial hygienists. B. industrial toxicologists. C. health physicists. D. medical pathologists. 6. To ensure the safety and health of employees, an employer must: A. maintain the workplace in a cost-effective way. B. ensure that external fire doors are held open always. C. maintain the workplace in a safe condition. D. ensure that fire doors are kept locked. 7. The primary purpose of ISO 19011 is to provide guidance on: A. designing and developing S&H systems. B. improving environmental control systems. C. implementation of an SH&E management system. D. managing and conducting quality and environmental management system audits. 8. Which of the following is the least important purpose of a Safety, Health, and Environmental audit? A. Gathering data for manager's performance reports B. Determining and document compliance status C. Developing a basis for optimizing SH&E resources D. Improving overall SH&E performance 9. In the history of chemical and petroleum Industries, causal factors for major events have often related to inadequacies in these four management processes: A. maintenance of mechanical integrity, action items follow-up, management of change, process safety training and competency B. near-miss reports, accident trends analysis, incident investigation reports, management ofchange. C. training assessment, near miss reports, leadingindicators, lagging indicators. D. leadingindicators, accident reports, balanced score cards, behavior-based observations. 10. The OHSAS 18001 specification requires only minimal documentation. It is important that documented OH&S procedures are developed and adequately controlled. A compilation of documents that form the basis for the management system is normally called a: A. list of documents. B. safety policy manual. C. master list. D. document inventory index. 11. A determination of the extent to which program operations have contributed to achieving an objective related to accident or injury reduction is called a(n): A. effectiveness evaluation. B. general evaluation. C. procedural evaluation. D. administrative evaluation.  Domain 2: Management Systems 61 12. When implementing a JSA program, which of the following is the first item to be analyzed? A. Order of jobs according to product flow moving through each department B. Jobs generating most complaints from supervisors C. Jobs contributing to highest incident rates D. Jobs exposing most workers 13. A characteristic of a root cause for an event or incident is: A. human error. B. a management system problem. C. an error made by a manager or supervisor. D. intentional unsafe act performed by an employee or work team. 14. Which of the following would be most unsuitable for a supervisor when evaluating a subordinate during an annual employee performance report cycle? A. Offering advice about safety performance B. Counseling about personal hygiene habits that affect job performance C. Rating performance based on measurable objective criteria D. Pro\'iding definitive commentsabout the worker's potential to fail in industry or business 15. One key to success when implementing a safety change initiative in a global organization is: A. frequent auditsto ensure conformance with corporate policies and procedures. B. document all conversations in case of disputes during the implementation. C. focus more on outcomes and less on processes used to achieve them. D. embed senior corporate managers in all foreign facilities. 16. A company operating as a machine shop performs contract jobs for their customers. The company has 67 employees with an average salary of $41,500. These data place the company in worker's compensation Class 3650 with a manual rate of $12.50. The company has a current experience modification factor on workers' compensation insurance of 1.2. Next year it will drop to 0.80. What is the company's estimated worker's compensation premium for next year? A. $195,643 B. $278,100 C. $103,700 D. $118,678 17. To effectivelyoversee a safety & health management system, safety directors should as many levels of management as possible. A. report to B. acquire access to C. cite violations of standards to D. have budgets approved by 18. All the following are included in ANSI/ASSE ZIO except: A. S&H policy development. B. employee participation. C. management review. D. evaluation and corrective action. 62 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 19. Which of the following is the least accurate description of change analysis? A. Cliange analysis in safety should reflect the multiple succession realities rather than rely on possibly one- dimensional detection-correction of a single contributory change. B. If a system has been operating in a stable manner but is now experiencing difficulties, change is probably not the basis of the problem. C. Sensitivity to approaching or plausible change is a key component in the work of a good, experienced manager or safely professional. D. In multifaceted systems, consideration must be given to accumulation of change, for example adjustments made two years ago combined with a modification made a month ago may produce the undesired event. 20. When ANSI standards are developed or revised, what must be identified? A. The stakeholders that are impacted by the standard B. The cost of implementation on the stakeholders C. The impact of the environmental life cycle D. The regulatory requirements for compliance with the standard Domain 2 Quiz 2 Answers 1. Answer; A. OHSAS 18001 is an Occupation Health andSafety Assessment Series for health and safety management systems. It is intended to help an organization to control occupational health and safety risks. It was developed in response to widespread demand for a recognized standard against which to be certified and assessed. OHSAS 18001 will measure a company'smanagements system regardingseveral dimensions. The extent of application will depend on such factors as the occupational health and safety pohcy of the organization, the nature of its activities, and conditions under which it operates. Asuccessful management system should be based on the following: An occupational health and safety policyappropriate for the company Identification of occupational health and safety risks and legal requirements. Objectives, targets, and programs that ensure continual improvements. Management activities that control the occupational health and safety risks. Monitoring of the occupational health and safety system performance. Continual reviews, evaluation, and system improvement. Ten OHSMS Strategies 1. Define safety responsibilities for all levels of the organization (e.g., safety is a line management function). 2. Develop upstream measures (e.g., number of reports ofhazards/suggestions, numberof committee projects/successes, etc.). 3. Align management and supervisors by estabhshing a shared vision of safety and health goals and objectives vs. production. 4. Implement a process that holds managers and supervisors accountable for visibly being involved, setting the proper example, and leading a positive safety and health culture. 5. Evaluate effectiveness of recognition and disciplinary systems for safety and health. 6. Ensure the safety committee is functioning appropriately (e.g., membership, responsibilities/functions, authority, meeting management skills). 7. Provide multiple paths for employees to bring forward suggestions, concerns, or problems. One mechanism should use the chain of command and ensure no repercussions. Hold supervisors and middle managers accountable for being responsive. 8. Develop a system that tracks and ensures timeliness in hazard correction. Many sites have been successful in building this in with an already existing work order system.  Domain 2: Management Systems 63 9. Ensure reporting of injuries, first aid cases, and the near misses. Educate employees about the accident pyramid and importance of reporting minor incidents. Prepare management for an initial increase in incidents and a rise in rates. This will occur if underreportingexists in the organi2ation. It willlevel off, then decline as the system changes take hold. 10. Evaluate and rebuild the incident investigation system as necessary to ensure that investigations are timely, complete, and effective. Theyshould get to the root causes and avoid blamingworkers. 2. Answer: B. i = 0.10 n = 3 F = $400,000 P = ? P = F (1 + i)'" P = 400,000 X(1.1)"^ P = $300,526 Keystrokes for the TI-30X IIScalculator: 400 000 x 1/1.10'^3 = 300,526 Keystrokes for the HPIOBII 1. 400000 (FV KEY) 2. lO(IAT^KEY) 3. 3(NKEY) 4. (PV KEY) for the answer i =.15 n = 5 F = $30,000 A = ? A = F ,(l + i)"-l.15 A = 30,000 X = $4449 (1 +.15)^-1 3. Answer: D. Keystrokes for the TI-30X IIS: 30 000 x. 15/(1.15^5-1) = 4449 Keystrokes for the HPIOBII 1. 30 000 (FV KEY) 2. 15{I/YRKEY) 3. 5(NKEY) 4. (PMT KEY) for the answer 4. Answer; B. i =.14 n = 8 P = $400,000 A = ? A = P ' iCl + i)" ^ (l + i)"-l.14x1.14^ A = 400,000 X = $86,228 {(IMT-l Keystrokes for the TI-30X IIS calculator: 400 000 x (.14 x 1.14^8)7(1.-1) = 86 228 Keystrokes for the HPIOBII 1. 400000 (PV KEY) 2. 14(IATIKEY) 3. 8(NKEY) 4. (PMT KEY) for the answer 64 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 5. Answer; B. According to the Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene, an industrial toxicologist is one who studies the harmful, or toxic, properties of substances and determines dose thresholds. An industrial hygienist is one devoted to the art and science of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors in the workplace that may cause sickness, impaired health, and well-being. A health physicist studies the field of science concerned with radiation physics and radiationbiology with the goalof providingtechnical information and proper techniques regarding safe use of ionizing radiation. Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies or bodily fluid. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. 6. Answer; C. According to ANSI/ASSE/IEC/ISO 31010 (Z690.3-2011) Risk Assessment Techniques National Adoption of; lEC/lSO 31010:2009, the purpose of risk assessment is to provide evidence-based information and analysis to make informed decisions on how to treat particular risks and how to select between options. Some of the principal benefits of performing risk assessment include; understanding the risk and its potential impact upon objectives; providing information for decision-makers; contributing to the understandingof risks, in order to assist in selection of treatment options; identifying the important contributors to risks and weak links in systems and organizations; comparingof risks in alternative systems, technologies, or approaches; communicating risks and uncertainties; assisting with establishing priorities; contributing towards incident preventionbased upon postincident investigation; selecting different forms of risk treatment; meeting regulatory requirements; providing information that will helpevaluate whether the risk should be accepted when compared with predefined criteria; and assessingrisks for end-of-life disposal. These processes are what keep the employees and workplace safe. 7. Answer; D. ISO 19011 is an international standard that sets forth guidelines for: quality management systems auditing. environmental management systems auditing. 8. Answer; A. According to the National Safety Council, SH&E audits are performed for the following reasons (listed in order of importance): determine and document compliance status; improve overall SH&E performance; assist facility management; increase the overall level of SH62'E awareness; accelerate overall development of SH&E management control systems; improve SH&E risk management system; protect company from potential liabilities; develop a basis for optimizing SH&E resources; and assess facihty management's ability to achieve SH&E goals Answer: A. The publication Process Safety Leading and Lagging Metrics, published by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (2007) gives specifically related guidance on determining and applying leadingand lagging indicators in the practice of safety. Three types of process safety performance metrics are described and the text on their selection and application is extensive. The metrics are lagging metrics, leadingmetrics, and near miss and other internal lagging metrics. The metrics pertain only to chemical process incidents and near misses to the exclusion of types of incidents that are not process related. The leading process safety metrics given particular attention are maintenance of mechanical integrity; action items follow-up; management of  Domain 2: Management Systems 65 change; process safety training and competency (and training competency assessment). Companies should identify which of these components are most important for ensuring the safety of their facilities and should select the most meaningful leading metrics from the examples [above], and where significant performance improvement potentially exists. Other leading metrics may be defined as well if applicable. 10. Answer: C. According to author Joe Kausek of OHSAS 18001 Designing and Implementing an Effective Health andSafety Management System, clause 4.4.4 requires electronic or hard copy of the information that provides an overall description of the main elements of the HSMS, how these elements interact, and reference to any documents that describe these activities in more detail. Normally, the first step in establishing control is to develop a master listing of the procedures, instructions, forms, and other documents that form the basis for the management system. This is normally called the Master List. A Safety Policy Manual may serve as the master list but is not specifically mentioned nor therefore required. 11. Answer: A. An effectiveness evaluation is defined as "a determination ofthe extent to which program operations have contributed to achieving an objective related to accident or injury reduction. It involves (a) determining die change achieved in accident or injury involvement, (b) relating program operations to the achieved change, and (c) relating the program cost to the benefit derived from what the program accomplished. 12. Answer: C. In the NSC Accident Prevention Manualfor Business and Industry: Administration and Programs, 12thEdition, thejobsselected for job safety analyses should not be selected at random. The order ofanalysis should be guided by the following factors: frequency of incidents; rate of disabling injuries; severity potential; and new jobs 13.Answer: B. As described in Roof Cause Analysis Handbook, An Effective Guide to Incident Investigation. 2005 Edition, management system problems are unifying characteristics of root causes of incidents. Human errors and equipment malfunction are example of causal factors drivingthe root causes. 14.Answer: D. The annual performance evaluation provides an excellent opportunity to train, counsel, and encourage employees. However, correcting employee shortcomings or encouraging superior performance should occur during normal daily supervision. The employee annual performance evaluations should always be based onsound, measurable objective criteria that isfully understood by both the supervisor and employee. The meeting should never be used as a way for the supervisor to express his or her personal feelings about the lackof potential of a worker. Providing negative comments about the potential for success or failure is an extremely poor practice and is, in the authors' opinion, the most inappropriate, 15. Answer: C, Implementing a safety change initiative in a global organization can be difficult because of how different cultures view safety and risk management. It isimportant to incorporate cultural elements into the management system (Global Solutions, Inc. 2011). A successful strategy for assessing the management of risk at local in-country facilities is to: focus on outcomes: Whatis the risk? How is it managed? Is the risk adequately controlled? allow for cultural, technological, legal, regulatory, health care, social system, and other differences in developing solutions to risk control challenges, findings, and other implementation strategies, ask a lot of questions before mandating risk-control solutions for yourglobal facilities, which is the best advice. 16. Answer: B. Estimated premium is calculated in this case by determining the estimated payroll, dividing it by $100 (since rates are based on $100 of payroll), multiplying that number by the rate for machine shops and the experience modifier for the new year. Estimated Premium = [(#Employees x Average Salary)/$100I x Manual Rate x Experience Modifier EP = [(67 X $41,500)/$100] x $12,50 x 0.80 EP = $278,050 66 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 17. Answer: B. Access to managers throughout an organization will assist the safety director in developing an accepted, consistent, effective safely management system. It is critical that top management understand and support the safety & health management system. If the safety function reports at a high level in a company that does not value safety, the level of reporting is irrelevant. 18. Answer; A. ANSI/ASSE ZIO provides the blueprint for vwdespread benefits in health and safety, as well as in productivity, financial, performance, quaUty. and other organizational and business objectives. The seven sections include Management Leadership, Employee Participation, Planning, Implementation and Operation, Evaluation, Corrective Action, and Management Review (American Industrial HygieneAssociation ANSI/AIHA ZlO-2005. Fairfax, VA: American Industrial Hygiene Association, 2005 Aug;l-66). 19. Answer: B. In William G. Johnson's book MORT Safety Assurance Systems, he states that "change is the mother of trouble," referencing the following areas of concern: Change analysis in safety should reflect the multiple sequence realities rather than rely on possibly simplistic detection-correction of a single causative change. If a system has been operating in a stable manner but now experiencing difficulties, change is probably the cause of the problem. Sensitivity to impending or probable change is a key component in the work of a good, experienced manage or safetyprofessional. In complex systems, attention must be given to the compounding of change. For example, a change made two years ago combined with a change made a month ago may produce the undesired event. 20. Answer: A. According to ANSI Essential Requirements: Due process requirements for American National Standards (2019) protocols section 2.5.1 Project Initiation Notification (PINS), at the initiation of a project to develop or revise an American National Standard, notification shall be transmitted to ANSI using the Project Initiation Notification System (PINS) form, or its equivalent, for announcement in Standards Action. A statement shall be submitted and published as part of the PINS announcement that shall include: a. an explanation of the need for the project, including, ifit is the case, a statement of intent to submit the standard for consideration as an ISO, lEC, or ISO/lEC JTC-1 standard; and b. identification of the stakeholders (e.g., telecom, consumer, medical, environmental, etc.) likely to be direcdy impacted by the standard. Domain 2 Quiz 3 Questions 1. A company has adopted OHSAS 18001 to maintain continuous improvement in their safety and health management system. Based on the OHSAS 18001 guidehnes that the management system should be suitable, adequate, and effective, which of the following should indicate that a management appraisal should be performed? A. Earnings are down from the preceding year. B. SH&S Director position has been held by three different individuals during the past 18 months. C. A company's environmental performance has been questioned by the local"green" group. D. The safety performance of a companyis 43% lower than the previous year. 2. Which of the following is wot integral to the development of an effectivesafety culture? A. Safety managers must directly control worker behavior. B. Front-line supervisors initiate corrective measures for unsafe behaviors. C. Employees' desire to be safe and work as a team D. Unions take responsibility for ensuring safety as part of their role in protecting members.  Domain 2: Management Systems 67 3. In project management, work that must be performed to deliver a product, service, or result with the specified features and functions is called the: A. project schedule. B. project scope. C. project scope statement. D. project scope management plan. 4. The Management Grid® by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton, illustrates management styles by drawing a grid that has on the "Y" axis Concern for People and the "X" axis Concern for Production. Thus a 9,1 supervisor could be called a: A. country club manager. B. dictator. C. workaholic. D. company man. 3. According to current safety philosophy, which would have the most impact on modifying safety performance? A. A sign stating, "Wear Your Eye Protection." B. Turning off all machines when finished. C. Complimenting an employee for wearing eye protection. D. A free meal for a safe month on the plant floor. 6. Which of the following factors is a hygiene factor as opposed to a motivation factor, according to the work of Frederick Herzberg? A. Money B. Recognition C. Responsibihty D. Achievement 7. A new safety director was hired by a company that traditionally has had a "paper safety program." The director has a staff of three and reports to one of three vice presidents. The rates for the company are much higher than the industrial average. The initial assessment is that there is very little interest in safety at any level. The safety director has been given authority to increase the safety staff and a sizable increase in department budget. After having hired new staff and reorganizing the department, the next step should be to: A. increase the safety training effort for all employees. B. organize a safety committee and get management to appoint members. C. start an inspection program to identify areas that need attention. D. integrate safety accountability into job descriptions, appraisals, and objectives. 8. When applying TQM techniques, the concept of empowering the worker frequently surfaces as a foundational issue. Which of the following is not considered to be a strategy of empowerment? A. Allow employees ownership of a tasking. B. Demand teams own the problem. C. Delegate authority to the lowest possible level. D. Develop rigorous procedure for multilevel review of team recommendations. 68 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 9. The behavioral management safety concept is often criticized as dealing exclusively with behavioral modification. The major flav^ in this view of behavioral based safety management is that it overlooks the fact that behavioral safety also plays a key role in: A. securing management involvement. B. establishing employee participation in the planning process. C. identifying behavioral aspects of design and engineering for facilities, tools, and equipment. D. establishing a response loop for observers to report the status of safe and unsafe actions. 10. Recently, numerous tools have been left behind after maintenance has been completed. What is the best way to increase tool accountability and improve or eliminate the problem? A. Associate employee number to tool usage. B. Develop a remotely monitored system. C. Implement an automated bar-coding system. D. Install a computerized system. 11. A "standard bureaucratic model" has all the following attributes except: A. specialized jobs. B. homogenous departments, C. decentralized authority D. narrow span of control. 12. Which ISO standard series covers environmental management? A. 45001 B. 19011 C. 31001 D. 14001 13. The steps for the continuous improvement safety process are the same as in the continuous quality improvement process. These include all the following except: A. specify standards. B. measure compliance. C. track procedures. D. provide feedback on improvement. 14. In project management, a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of work to be executed by the project team to accomplish project objectives and create the required deliverables is called the: A. work authorization scheme. B. work package. C. WBS dictionary. D. work breakdovm structure, 13. A staff safety engineer is given authority by the general manager to stop operations on a construction site whenever an imminent danger situation becomes evident. Which of the following correctly identifies the authority granted by the general manager? A. Staffauthority B. Staffto line authority C. Authority of delegation D. Functional authority  Domain 2; Management Systems 69 16. Which of the following needs are at the lowest level in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs? A. Esteem B. Social C. Physiological D. Safely 17. When calculating the total case incident rate, the numerator of the formula is: A. the number of lost workdays multiphed by 100 employees working 200 hours per year. B. the number of cases involving days away from work, transfer, and work restriction multiplied by 200,000. C. the actual hours worked multiplied by the total number of cases. D. the number of cases multiplied by 100 employees working 2000 hours per year, 18. Organizations with effective safety management systems firmly assign accountability for safety to: A. hourly worker level. B. line managers at every level. C. the senior executive level. D. the company owner level. 19. Leadership styles can be dependent on the situation or team being led. In a situation where the leader is highly accountable for a task but has a distant relationship with the team performing the task, the BEST situational leadership style is: A. selling. B. participating. C. telling. D. delegating. 20. A safety culture is: A. the common and generallyaccepted way people behave in the workplace as it relates to safe practices. B. defined by printed safety rules and posted signs. C. described in negotiated agreements between unionized workers and management. D. determined by the attitude that workers display each day 21. Which of the following is the correct interpretation of this Pareto diagram? A. Backs represent 20% of injuries. B. The combined number of hand and arm injuries equals 30. C. Knee injuries account for 10% of injuries. other D. Back and hand injuries account for 70% of all injuries, 22. During an incident investigation, chain-of-custody evidence collection protocols is least likely to include: A. procedures for restocking medical supplies. B. evidence tracking procedures. C. documentation of evidence possession. D. methods for collectingand preserving evidence. 70 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook Domain 2 Quiz 3 Answers 1. Answer; D. The purpose of adopting OHSAS 18001 health and safety management system is to maintain continuous improvement. If the management system finds a significant reduction in the company's safety performance, it should indicate a comprehensive management review of specified items causing the reduction. 2. Answer; A. According to the National Safety Council, some of the elements of an effective safety culture are: The CEO has to express support for safety and show it by their actions and decisions. The management team has to consistently support safe work conditions and obtain safer materials/machines. The front-line supervisors need to correct behaviors as well as obtain the right equipment. The workers must want to be safe and work as a team. The union must make safety part of its role in protecting the members. A total safety culture requires continual attention in the domains of environment, person factors, and behavior. In an effective organization, line management is responsible and accountable for enforcing SH&Epolicies. 3. Answer: B. This is the definition of a project scope. Specific Scope of Work Objectives Objectives should meet targets, ANSI Z-10 using the example of "SMART" criteria; Specific—Clearlydefined desired outcome Measurable—Concrete metric for success Actionable—Written as a concrete action plan Realistic—Practical in its scope Time-bounded—A specific timeframe is set Plan through the project life cycle Leadership types 4. Answer: B. The 9, 1 supervisor would be one who is interested more in production than in the interests of their employees and thus would be labeled a dictator or organizational manager. Conversely, a 1, 9 manager might Country club Team leader manager be referred to as a country club manager (Figure 14). 5. Answer; C. Most experts agree that there are two primary Middle of the road 5,5 actions that influence behavior change the most; positive reinforcement and reinforcing the behavior as close to time of action as possible. The first step in improving behavior in Impoverished Authontart^ an organization is to establish an ethics program to address the organization's culture issues. 4 6. Answer; A. Frederick Herzberg in his book Work and the Nature ofMan develops a motivation-hygiene theory. The 3 4 5 6 7 High theory attempts to explain how persons are satisfied by Concern for Results certain job factors while being motivated by other factors Figure 14 The Management Grid'^ by Robert that are quite peripheral to the job being performed. Blake and Jane Mouton Two-factor theory distinguishes between; Satisfaction is influenced by: Motivation is influenced by: Money Achievement Status Recognition Relationships with boss Enjoyment of work Company policies Possibility of promotion Work rules Responsibility Working conditions Chance for growth Modified Iroin Heuberg. F. (tortsitiltheUstmolHgn. Wortd Piii.Co., 1964.  Domain 2; Management Systems 71 Motivators (e.g., challenging work, recognition, responsibility) that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal grovrth. Hygiene factors (e.g., status, job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions) that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary. 7. Answer: D. According to Dr. Roger L. Brauer (2006), making safety part of a supervisor's or manager's daily responsibilities and including it in their appraisals, job descriptions, and applying it to possible promotions and salary increases is the primary requirement for a successful safety program. When determining the staffing level at given locations, areas to consider are the injury rate, the number of recognized hazards, and the workers' compensation costs per employee. The number of employees will impact the final decision but is not as important as the previous three considerations. 8. Answer: D. The key concepts in empowerment strategies generally include; Ownership, which implies trust and should come with delegation of authority commensurate with the tasking. No self-directed work team is truly productive until the team members hold themselves mutually accountable. All contributions are valuable. It is important to value all input and, in many cases, a "try it you will like it" attitude is in order. Every idea is important to the originator. Everyone has value. Alljobs have dignity; treat everyone with respect. Listen to the smallest voice. Contributions come from all corners; often the greatest offering will come from the lowest stature employee. Delegate authority to the lowest possible level. If employees are competent, then let them do their job. No one knows more about the particulars of a job than the person doing it. Teams must own the problem. Teams must be given autonomy. If management does not trust the team, then management is the problem. Management, within reason, cannot change recommendations that come from teams. A typical bureaucratic review process that will kill the initiative of a team because it burdens them with extensive justification at many levels. Ownership is a simple concept but hard to accomplish. Any attempt at nitpicking, over supervision, rephrasing, rearranging, etc. v^ll undermine the empowerment through ownership strategy 9. Answer: C. Some safety engineering professionals question the lack of design and engineering influence on the accident causation model advanced by management theorists (based on behavioral aspects). However, understanding motivations for people's actions, as well as realizinghow they act, affords the ability to design better and safer facilities, equipment, and tools. 10. Answer: C. The bar-coding system would be the best choice for tool accountability. In this type of system, tools entering an area would be scanned prior to an employee entering. When work was completed, tools would be scanned as the employee left the area. If a tool were left inside, the final scan list would show that a tool had entered and was not scanned as having left the area. This type of system is widely used in industries where an errant tool left in an area could cause damage or result in other severe consequences. Associating employee numbers to tools checked out from a tool crib would aid in accounting for who was using certain tools. However, just checking out the tool would not be sufficient for accounting as to the location of the tool (i.e., tool bag, left behind). 11. Answer: C. Bureaucratic organizations, formally, are defined by these main features: Hierarchy of control (i.e., decisions are made one or more levels above where the work is done) Specialization of function (resulting in some efficiencies but also in noncommunicating subcultures within their "silos" or "chimneys") Centralization of information and control (resulting in undemtilizing the knowledge and creativityof most workers and managers) Formal rules, policies, and procedures govern behavior (resulting in greater consistencybut creating structures that are very hard to change when it becomes necessary Strict separation of the private life from official role of all employees 72 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook The OHS manager should give attention to outside influences such as the external environment, community interests, and other external concerns. The Contingency Management Style is the primary style that reacts to outside influences. When choosing an appropriate organizational model, a manager should understand that there are multiple arrangements that will produce the best result with minimum difficulty in the situation in which the organization operates. Given individual discretion and the fact that some configurationsappear to influence employee performance and satisfaction, managers should consider carefully the behavioral implications when making structural decisions. 12. Answer: D. ISO 45001 "Health & Safety management systems" ISO 31001 "Risk management systems" ISO 9001 "Quality management systems" ISO 14001 "Environmental management systems" ISO 19011 "Auditing management systems" 13. Answer: C. Most of the Behavior Based Safety experts define the "continuous improvement safety process as consisting of: specifyingstandards. measuring compliance. providing feedback on improvements. 14. Answer: D. This is the definition of a work breakdown structure (WBS). The WBS also organizes and defines the total scope of the project. Each descending level represents an increasingly detailed definition of project work. The WBS is decomposed into work packages. The deliverable orientation of the hierarchy includes both internal and external deliverables. 15. Answer: D. The operational control delegated the safety engineer to shut dovm dangerous jobs by the general manager is functional or line authority This authority, or lack of it, is hotly debated by safety and health professionals. One position calls the delegation of such power urmecessary This opinion states that even the threat of a shutdovm is most certainly going to be a confrontational issue. This is an issue that will eventually have to be resolved by higher authority and that often leads to long-lasting negative relations between staffand operations. The other side of this debate believes they need the reserve strength over line managers because of the conflict between organizational demands and safety concerns. They further advance the argument by noting that the act of delegation of authority is in itself a strong commitment by senior management to the safety process. In many studies the authority of the safety professional has been linked to accident experience. Since the job is usually of a staffnature, the authority is often subtle. It is most effectively derived if the safety professional enjoys the confidence of a major executive. Another term that is used is "extensio," which is Latin for the state of being extended or the general manager's authority has been extended to the safetyprofessional. 16. Answer: C. In the basic study of behavioral science, the theory of human needs by Abraham Maslow is often cited. In Maslow's theory, a need is a deficiency a person feels the compulsion to satisfy. Central to this theory is the progressive principle, that is, the needs are arrangedin a hierarchy whereby only after a lower-level need is satisfied can the next highest level become active. At the bottom of Maslow's "Hierarchy of Human Needs" are the physiological or survival needs of food, water, and physical well-being. According to the progression principle, as soon as these survival needs are met, one attempts to satisfy the next level of needs; those of, security, protection, and stabihty in day-to-day life activities. If these are met, one moves on to social needs. The first three needs in the model are called lower-order needs and are concerns for a person's desire for social and physical well-being. The top two needs in the pyramid are the high-order needs that satisfy psychological development and growth. Maslow's needs are often used as the most elementary model in the complex study of man's needs and desires. The chart (Figure 15) shows how needs are satisfied in life and in business.  Domain 2: Management Systems 73 Transcendence ^ Helping others toself-act^l^ Self-actualization. Personal growth self-fulfillmerif" 1 Aesthetic needs Beauty, balance, form Cognitive needs Knowledge, meaning, self-awareness z- Esteem needs Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation Belonglngness and love needs Family, affection, relationships, work greui Safety needi^ Protection, security, order, law^J Biological and physiolo' Basic life needs-air, food, water, shelter. FigurelS MasLow's Hierarchy of Human Needs Modiliedticm Maslo* AiheoijolHiimHoiinlim. Easllotil. C1 Martiiw Fine Bocks. 2DI3 17. Answer: D. An incidence rate of injuries and illnesses may be computed from the following formula: # of Incidents x 200,000 Incident Rate - Total Hours Worked The 200,000 hours in the formula represents the equivalent of 100 employees working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per year, and provides the standard base for the incidence rates. You can use the same formula to compute incidence rates for: Injury and illness cases with days away from work Injury and illness cases with job transfer or restriction Injury and illness cases with days away from work, job transfer or restriction, or both (DART) Other recordable injury and illness cases Injury-only cases Illness-only cases "Hours worked" should not include any nonwork time, even though paid, such as vacation, sick leave, holidays, etc. If actual hours worked are not available for employees paid on commission, by salary, or by the mile, etc., hours worked may be estimated on the basis of scheduled hours or 8 hours per workday Vehicle accidents are generallymeasured per million miles, whereas injury rates are figured per 200,000 work hours or 100 workers working one year. # of Incidents x 1,000,000 Fleet Incident Rate = Miles Driven # of Incidents x 1,600,000 Fleet Incident Rate = Kilometers Driven 74 Certified Safety Professional Exam Study Workbook 18. Answer; B. Accountability for safety performance in the superior performing companies is clearly established with line management at every level. Safety performance is one of the elements scored in the overall performance measurement system. Favorable or unfavorable results influence salaries, bonuses, and promotion potential. One of the principal indicators of management commitment to safety is the inclusion of safety performance in the performance review system. Management commitment to safety is questionable if the accountability system does not include safety performance measures that impact financially and on the promotion potential of those responsible for results (Swartz 2000). 19. Answer: C. The concept of situational leadership is leaders changing and adjusting their style to fit the situation and the people involved. Situationalleadership is a well-established model built around the concept that each situation requires the application of a combination of two possible behavior dimensions-task or directive behavior and relationship or supportive behavior. In each case, a leader has to determine which combination is required by the situation and then correctly apply the appropriate behavior to properly manage the situation. They use four situations to describe the fundamentals of their model: Situation 1 (SI): High task, low relationship leader assumes telling role Situation 2 (S2): High task, high relationship leader assumes selling role Situation 3 (S3): High relationship, low task leader assumes participating role Situation 4 (S4): Low relationship, low task leader assumes delegating role In an SI situation, subordinates are usually new to a task and do not know how to do it. At this stage they don't know what they don't know. They need to be told what the task is and how to do it. They don't necessarily need a close relationship with the leader. In an S2 situation, workers are thought to be developingsome competence, and now at least they know what they don't know. Because of this, they begin to develop more of an interest but still must rely on the leader for guidance, so the need for a closer relationship is there. Developing workers want to know what the leader knows. In an S3 situation, workers have developed confidence and competence. They can handle the situation or task without input (task direction is not necessary); however, it is, figuratively speaking, the first time on their ovm, so they would like input and feedback about their performance and need a close (or high) relationship with the leader. In S4 situations, workers are fully developed and know how to handle the situation or perform the task without input and do not need feedback. Task-direction need and relationshipwith the leader are both low A leader must be able to constantly assess this very dynamic process and correctly determine in which of these four categories workers or situations are (Haight 2012a). 20. Answer; A. Making a safety culture successfiil is a real challenge for which the safety professional will need to invest timeand energy A cultureis the waya groupof people ordinarily behave, a commonpractice, like a culture of wearing casual clothes or dresses and suits. A safety culturemeans, in simplest terms, the commonand generally accepted way people behavein the workplace, as it relates to safebehavior. The culture is a group's feeling that everyone has to cooperate forsafety and that everyone in the groupwill try to behave in a waythat protects the safety of eachother. If the workers believe in safety for themselves and othersand then theyact like safety matters in their everyday work, that is a workplace that has an active "safety culture" (Hagan, Montgomery, and O'Reilly 2009). 21. Answer; D. The analysis of a Pareto diagram evaluates categories that represent the greatest frequency of cases. It evaluates the greatest number of incidents, not necessarily severity In this example from Safety Metrics: Tools and Techniques for Measuring Safety Performance 2nd Edition, the frequency of injuries was classified according to the body part afTected. Over this period, backs accounted for 40% of all injuries, hands 30%, arms 20%, and all others were 10%. To construct a Pareto diagram, the category that accounted for the greatest percentage of cases is placed to the left of the diagram and remaining categories are arranged in descending order of overall percentage of injuries. A line is constructed that indicates the cumulative injuries. In this chart, back and hand injuries account for 70%, while back, hand, and arm account for 90%. 22. Answer; A. As a link in the chain of custody, that is a person with a duty to preserve and protect evidence or someone with a vested interestin the outcome of the accident investigation, it is essential that from the moment the event occurs you identify, track, and log movement of your evidence. An example of chain of custody would be taking photos, printing photos, makingnotes, describing the angles that the photo was taken, lighting, date/time, and any other information that could be helpful later in the process.