Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1414 A.D) PDF

ABOUT : I have done my Engineering from Pune university. I have been associated with field of UPSC for past 7 years. I have an experience of UPSC CSE Exam, CDS Exam. (Appeared for SSB twice), UPPSC. 5 year experience of teaching for UPSC Mr. Alok Ojha Exams. Topic AKOUS AKO...

ABOUT : I have done my Engineering from Pune university. I have been associated with field of UPSC for past 7 years. I have an experience of UPSC CSE Exam, CDS Exam. (Appeared for SSB twice), UPPSC. 5 year experience of teaching for UPSC Mr. Alok Ojha Exams. Topic AKOUS AKOUS AKOUS TUGHLUQ DYNASTY 1320-1414 A.D Ghiyasuddin Tughluq / Ghazi Malik ↓ Juna Khan / Muhammad bin Tughluq. ↓ Firoz Shah Tughluq ↓ Muhammad Khan ↓ Ghiyasuddin Tughluq –II  ↓ Abu Bakr Shah ↓ Nasiruddin Muhammad ↓ Daulat Khan  He was founder of Tughluq dynasty and first Sultan to assume the title “Ghazi Malik” i.e slayer of infidels. He was a man of humble origin. His mother was a Jat women from Punjab, his father was a Turkish slave of Balban. On account of his parentage, Ghazi Malik typified in his character the salient features of two races i.e the modesty and mildness of Hindu and virility and vigour of Turks. During the reign of Allaudin Khilji, he was appointed as “warden of marches” and Governor of Dipalpur (Punjab, Pak). He fought against Mongols on 29 occasions and chased them out of India. Assisted by his son, Juna Khan, he marched against Khursau Shah, defeated him and got him executed.  Domestic Policy -: Supporters of Khusrau Shah were ruthlessly exterminated but other nobles and officers were leniently treated. He ordered a secret enquiry of all unlawful grants made by previous rulers. Many Shaikh's, who had received large sum of money from Khusrau Shah, returned the same. However, Nizam-ud-din Auliya, who had received 5 Lakh Tankas refused to refund the amount as it was a part of charity. This was not liked by Ghazi Malik but he could do nothing on account of his popularity. To prevent corruption and embezzlement, Ghazi Malik paid his officers well.  He also took steps to bring more area under cultivation. Canals were excavated for irrigation works (first Sultan to do so). Garden was planted. Postal service was restored.post were carried by runners and horsemen who were stationed at distance of 7 to 8 miles respectively all over the kingdom. In the words of Amir Khusrau “He never did anything that was not replete with wisdom and sense. He might be said to wear a hundred doctors hood under his crown”.  Foreign Policy -: 1. Warangal – Telangana In pursuance of his policy. He sent his son Juna Khan (1320 A.D) to subdue Pratap Rudr Deva –II of Warangal who had increased his power during period of disorder following the death of Allaudin Khilji and had also refused to pay usual tribute to Delhi government. The Kakatiyas kingdom of Warangal though not formally annexed by Ghazi Malik, was divided into many districts which were allotted to various Turkish nobles and officers. The city of Warangal was named Sultanpur.  2. Orissa -: When prince Juna Khan was on his way back to Delhi, he attacked the kingdom of Utkala in Orissa. He was able to capture 50 elephants and many other valuable articles.  3. Bengal -: There was a war of succession among 3 sons of Shamsuddin Firuz Shah and their names were Ghiyas-ud-din, Shihab-ud- din and Nasir-ud-din. Ghiyas-ud-din, who was governor of East Bengal overthrew Shihab-ud-din and occupied the throne of Lakhnauti. This was coveted by Nasir-ud-din, who asked Sultan for help. Sultan personally marched to Bengal. On the way Ghazi Malik was joined by Nasir-ud-din. Ghiyasuddin was defeated and made a prisoner. Nasiruddin was put on the throne of West Bengal as a vassal of Delhi and East Bengal was put under a Governor.  Death -: When Ghazi Malik was in Bengal, received information about the activities of his son, Juna Khan. Juna Khan was increasing the number of his followers in order to have a powerful party of his own. He became disciple of Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya who was on bad terms with his father. The Shaikh is said to have made a prophecy that Juna Khan would become king of Delhi very soon likewise; the astrologers said that Ghazi Malik would not come back to Delhi.  Ghazi Malik came back to Delhi from Bengal hurriedly. Prince Juna Khan erected a wooden pavilion at Afghanpur, a village about 6 miles from Delhi too give reception to his father. The building was so designed as to fall when touch in a certain part by elephants. Ghazi Malik was entertained under the pavilion. Tughluq are also referred as “Quranuah Turks” His rule lasted for 5 years.  Introduction Muhammad 5 Experiments Tughluq Other works and more about him  He was son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq. Tughluq was a strict Muslim, maintaining his five times prayers in daily basis. According to Historian Barani ,Tughluq wanted the tradition of “Nubwwah”i.e ideal human behaviour to be followed in his kingdom. Even though he did not believe in Mysticism, he respected the Sufi Saints, which is evident from he built the Mausoleum of Saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah. Ibn-Batuta mentions that king of China (Yuan emperor) had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of sacked temple at Sambhal (U.P). In the words of Ibn-i-Batutah a Moroccan traveler “His gateway was never free from a beggar whom he has relieved and never free from a corpse he had slain”. He is considered as ill-fated idealist owing to his over ambitious schemes and novel experiments. 1. Transfer of Capital -: He shifted the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. The new capital had its strategic value. It was safe from Mongol invasion, which threatened Delhi. The Sultan also did his best to make Daulatabad a suitable place for his officers and people. All facilities were made for migrating people. A broad road was constructed for their convenience. Shady trees were planted on both the sides of road.  A regular postal service was established b/w Delhi & Daulatabad. However, when people of Delhi hesitated to shift to Daulatabad, the Sultan got annoyed and ordered all the people of Delhi to precede to Daulatabad with their belongings. According to Ibn-Batuta “A blind man was dragged to Daulatabad”. The distance b/w the two places was almost around 1500kms. Many people died during rigorous journey in summer. Also there was lack of water supply in the new capital Daulatabad. Sultan realised the folly of his experiment and ordered a return march of his people. According to Historian Lane-Poole “Daulatabad was monument of mis-directed energy.” 2. Khorasan Expedition-: Muhammad bin-Taghluq had a vision of universal conquest. He decided to conquer khursan & Iraq due to turmoil in this region. He mobilized a huge army for this purpose. He was encouraged to do so by Khurasani nobles who had taken shelter in his court. They had their own axe to grind. As many as 370000 men were enrolled in “Diwan-i-Arz” and were paid for full 1 year by state. Due to turmoil in the region he could have certainly taken advantage but he failed to realise that his position in India was highly unstable and it was foolish on his part to conquer foreign lands.  Moreover he did not take into consideration the problem of transport. The difficulties of geography were also ignored. It was completely forgotten that it was not easy to send such a huge army through passes of Himalayas and Hindukush and also to provide for their food and other necessities in such a distant land. Moreover, Muslim soldiers of India could not have been a match to hardy hordes of central Asia. Meanwhile, the situation in Iraq got stabilized and so the plan was abandoned. 3. Increase of taxes in doab-: In order to overcome financial difficulties, he increased the land revenue by 10 to 20 times on peasants of doab (b/w Ganga & Yamuna river). It was an excessive and arbitrary step on the farmers. This measure proved to be ill-timed as doab was passing through famine followed by plague. The peasantry left their homes and shifted to other places. The Sultan was very much annoyed and adopted very harsh measures to bring back the peasants. Sultan, later created a new department of agriculture “Diwan-i-Kohi”. The main object was to bring more land under cultivation by giving direct help to peasants.  A large tract of land measuring 60 miles square was chosen for that purpose. Land was cultivated and different crops were grown in rotation. In 2years, government spent more than 70 Lakh. Land was given to those who were in need of it. Unfortunately the experiment proved to be a failure. The land chosen for experiment was not fertile. The money was not properly spent and a large part of it was merely wasted. 4. Introduction of Token currency-: In 1329-1330, Sultan issued token currency in copper coins. There were already examples of such currencies in China & Persia. Kublai Khan the Mongol emperor of China had introduced a paper currency in China towards ends of 13th century. Gai Khatu, the ruler of Persia made similar experiment in 1294 A.D. Muhammad bin-Tughluq issued a decree that in all transactions ,copper token should be accepted as legal tender like gold and silver coins. The edict turned the house of every Hindu into a mint as the coins were easy to forge. Later on he repealed his verdict and all the coins were redeemed in gold & silver making the treasury empty. Gold coin was referred as “Dinar” and silver coin was referred as “Adl”. 5. Qarachil expedition-: This expedition was launched in Kumaon hills of Himalayas. Reason -: To counter Chinese incursion. Directed against some refractory tribes in Kumaon Garhwal region in order to bring them under Delhi Sultanate. The first attack was successful but with onset of rainy season, invaders suffered terribly.  Revolt from various parts-: 1. Nagarkot-: Nagarkot was situated on a hill in kangra district of Punjab. It had defied every Turkish army since the time of Mahmud Ghazni. It had not been conquered during reign of Allaudin Khilji. In 1337 A.D ,Muhammad bin Tughluq led an expedition against Nagarkot. Hindu Raja offered resistance but was forced to submit. However, fort was restored to him.  2. Bengal Bengal had never been loyal to Delhi Sultanate. Fakhr-ud-din armour barer of Bairam Khan, Governor of Bengal killed his master and usurped his territory. Qadar Khan, Governor of Lakhnauti marched against him but was killed. Fakhr-ud-din took advantage of difficulties of Muhammad- bin Tughluq and declared himself independent ruler of Bengal. He got coins struck in his name. As there was no interference from Delhi. Fakhr-ud-din became prosperous.  3. Oudh Ain-ul- Mulk Multani was governor of Oudh. He was a loyal officers a great soldier and man of words. When there was famine in Oudh, he dispatched 70 to 80 Lakh Tankas of Grains. In spite of these services, he was ordered to go to Daulatabad in 1340- 1341 to put down disturbances there. Ain-ul-Mulk considered as a diplomatic move to waken his prestige and position in Oudh. Initially Ain-ul-Mulk requested Sultan to not to send him to Deccan but when Sultan was resilient he revolted. However, he was defeated and taken as a prisoner. As Sultan was convinced that Ain-ul-Mulk was half hearted rebel,his life was spared and he was made keeper of royal gardens at Delhi. 4. Foundation of Vijaynagara Empire-: Harihara ,an enterprising Hindu leader founded kingdom of Vijaynagara in 1336 A.D. He also gave help to Krishna Naik, Son of Pratapruda Kakatiya when he revolted against Muhammad-bin Tughluq. Warangal was captured and its Muslim governor Imad-ul-Mulk ran away to Daulatabad.  5. Malwa & Dhar -: Azir Khummar had been appointed Governor of Malwa & Dhar by Muhammad Tughluq. His attitude towards nobles was objectionable and consequently they revolted. The governor caught hold of 80 such nobles and got them beheaded in front of his place in order to deter others. This was a derogatory step and there was chaos everywhere. Azir Khummar was captured and put to an ignomious death.  6. Sagar and Sindh -: Bahaudin Gurchap rebelled in Sagar. Royal army defeated him and burnt him alive in Delhi. Kishlu Khan, Subedar of Uchch, Sindh & Multan also rebelled. Tughluq attacked Multan via Delhi and defeated Kishlu Khan in field of Abrohar (Pakistan).  7. Deogiri & Gujarat-: News came of a rebellion in Deogiri and Muhammad-bin Tughluq marched towards Deogiri. There Afghans, Turks & Hindu had made common cause against Sultan but Tughluq was able to recover Deogiri from rebels. While in Daulatabad Tughluq heard of another revolt in Gujarat. The leader of revolt was Taghi, a common shoe-maker and slave of Muslim nobleman. He was able to bring under his command all discontended elements. He was successful in occupying Nehrwala, Cambay & Broach. However, Muhammad-bin Tughluq was successful in driving out Taghi from Gujarat, who took refuge in Sindh.  8. Bahamani ruler -: Hasan Gangu besieged the fort of Deogiri. Imad-ul-Mulk was defeated by Hasan Gangu and occupied Daulatabad. Hasan Gangu took the title of “Allaudin Bahaman Shah” and laid the foundation of Bahamani kingdom.  Started “Diwan-i-Kohi” department for agriculture. Raised Takkavi loans for peasants. A model farm under state was created in an area of 84 sq-miles, for which government spent 70 Lakh Tankas. He was only Delhi Sultan, who had received a comprehensive education. He knew about Arabic and Persian languages, was expert in philosophy, astronomy, logic and mathematics and was also a good calligrapher. He was very tolerant in each matter. He maintained diplomatic relations with far off countries like Egypt, China & Iran. During his reign famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Batuta (author of “Safarnama Rihla”) came to India and acted as a Qazi for 8 years.  He built the fort of Adilabad(Telengana) and city of Jahapanah. “Wali-ul- Kharaj” for collection of revenue was created. Taghi had taken refuge in Sindh and Taghluq decided to proceed against him. However on the way Sultan fell ill at Gondal and was obliged to halt for some time. After partial recovery he proceeded towards Thatta in Sindh. When he was about 3-4 days march from Thatta his condition became grave and he died on the way. In the words of Badauni “Sultan was free from his people and people from his Sultan”. According to Zia-ud-din Barani “Muhammad bin Tughluq was mixture of opposites” we come to knew about Tughluq from works of Barani- “Tarikh-i- Firozshahi” and “Fatwa-i-Jahanduri”. In the words of Ibn Batutah “His gateway was never free from beggar whom he was relieved and never free from corpse he has slain. His tomb is located at Tughluqabad fort, Delhi.  Introduction Issues of Firoz Shah Tughluq Bengal, Jaijnagar, Sindh, Nagarkot. more about him Death  1. INTRODUCTION He was son of Rajab, Younger brother of Ghiyasuddin Tughluq. His mother was a Bhatti Rajput girl (Bibi Nala) who agreed to marry Rajab to save the kingdom of her father from destruction at the hands of Muslims. When Muhammad-bin-Tughluq died there was confusion and chaos. It was at this time, Firuz was approached to assume the throne. He hesitated but when nobles,Sheikh and ulemas put pressure on him he agreed to become Sultan. It was under these circumstances Firuz was coronated in a camp near Thatta Later on Firoz had to meet another difficulty. Khwaja-i-Jahan, deputy of Late Sultan proclaimed at Delhi a boy as a Son of Muhammad-bin-Tughluq and also put him on the throne.  The situation was serious and consequently Firoz consulted nobles and Muslim jurists. The nobles contended that Muhammad bin Tughluq had no son. The jurist maintained that candidate of Khwaja-I-Jahan was disqualified on the ground that he was minor and not fit for the throne. It was also contended that there was no inherited right of succession under Muslim law. Circumstances demanded that there should be powerful ruler on throne of Delhi. When Khawaja-i-Jahan found his position weak, he surrendered. His administration was looked by “Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul”.  Firuz pardoned him in consideration of his past services and allowed him to retire to Samana. However, he was beheaded on the way. Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul was originally a Hindu of Telangana. His original name was kuttu or Kunnu.He became a Muslim during time of Muhammad-bin Tughluq. When Firuz became Sultan he made Maqbul as his prime-minister. Sultan conferred upon him the title of Khan-i-Jahan i.e. “Lord of the world”. Sultan came to have so much confidence in him that whenever he went out of Delhi, the affairs of state were left into hands of Maqbul.  Issues of Bengal, Jaijnagar, Nagarkot, Sindh-: 1. Bengal-: After his accession, Firuz had to face the problem of preventing disintegration of Delhi Sultanate. Instead of re-asserting his authority tried to safeguard his authority over north India. He led two unsuccessful campaign to Bengal, which as a result became free from control of Delhi Sultanate.  2. Jaijnagar (Orissa)-: While coming back to Delhi from Bengal, Sultan decided to conquer Jaijnagar. It is difficult to state that real motive of Sultan was waging war against Jaijnagar. Sultan wanted to capture Puri which was famous for temple of Jagananth. The ruler of Jaijnagar ran away as Sultan approached and took shelter in Telangana. The Sultan destroyed the Hindu temples there. After that ruler of Jaijnagar was called back and his territories were restored to him on the condition of payment of tributes and elephants.  3. Nagarkot-: The fort of Nagarkot had been conquered in 1337 A.D by Muhammad bin Tughluq but towards the end of the reign became independent. Furz Tughluq decided it to conquer once again. The fort was besieged for 6 months and ultimately its ruler submitted. The Sultan entered Jwalamukhi temple(H.P) During his campaign Sultan collected 1300 manuscripts from Jwalamukhi temple library and got them translated into Persian by Ariz- ud-din Khan (“Dalail-i-Firuzshahi”).  4. Sindh-: Muhammad bin Tughluq died in Sindh and Firuz Tughluq himself was coronated in a camp at Sindh. It was considered necessary to reconquer Sindh. Firoz Tughluq marched towards Thatta, capital of Sindh with 90000 cavalry, 480 elephant, 500 boats and numerous infantry. Jam Babaniya the ruler of Sindh decided to oppose the Sultan with an infantry of 4,00,000 and cavalry of 20,000. The army of Firuz suffered due to outbreak of famine and epizootic disease.  About ¾ Delhi army was destroyed in this manner. In these circumstances Sultan decided to retreat to Gujarat unfortunately he lost his way. For about 6months nothing was known about whereabout of Sultan and his army. However, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, his able minister sent fresh troops to Sultan and it was with help of these troops he re-attacked Sindh. It agreed to pay an annual tribute to Sultan. Jam Babaniya was taken to Delhi and his brother was appointed in his place. Kangra Fort (Himachal Pradesh) In 1337, fort was attacked by Muhammad bin Tughluq and in 1357 by Firoz Tughluq though both the Sultan remained unsuccessful in capturing it.  He founded new department Diwan-e-Ishtiaq (department of pensions). He strictly followed the advice of ulemas in running the administration. As per Islamic law, he levied the taxes.“Jaziya” was strictly imposed on non-Muslims. He treated Hindus as second grade citizens and adopted very harsh attitude towards them. For instance, a Brahmin was publicly burnt for questioning the Quran. The special tax was abolished by him since they were against Islamic laws. E.g. Chungi / Octroi Tax.  He also prohibited Muslim women from going to worship at grave of Saints and also persecuted a number of Heretical Muslim sects (Shia Muslims and Sufis). He had great regard for caliph of Egypt and twice received robes of honor from him. He revived iqtadari and also made it hereditary. Principle of Heredity was followed in army. The soldiers were not paid in cash but by assignment of land revenue of villages known as “wajah”. He was first Sultan to impose “Hakk-i-Sharb” (irrigation tax) and first to introduce canal irrigation in India. At the same time, he built no of canals and also setup separate department of public works. According to Farishta, 845 public works were done by Sultan.  Canals were referred as “Rajwahas” in Persian texts. Canal 1 – Sirsa to Hansi. Canal 2- Sutlej to Hansi (Longest canal ,200 km). Canal 3- Yamuna to Hisar (later repaired by Akbar). During his reign there were about 1200 fruits gardens in and around Delhi yielding Good revenue. Kharaj- 10% of produce. Zakat – 2% Charity/ Alms. Khum – 20 % spoils of war. Introduced 2 new coins: Adha (50% Jital) and Bith (23% Jital). He also developed royal factories called “Karkhanas” in which thousands of slaves were employed, organized under “Diwan-i-Bandagan” (department of slaves). The officer’s incharge was “Wakil-i-Dar”.  He increased the no of slaves by capturing defeated soldiers and young person. About 300 new towns were built during this reign. Famous among them was Firozabad near Red Fort in Delhi now called as Firoz Shah Kotla, Hisar, Jaunpur (Shiraz of east). When his Son Fateh Khan was born on his march to Delhi, he founded city Fatehabad in Haryana. Qutub Minar which was struck by lightning was repaired. Ashoka pillars from Topara & Meerut were brought to Delhi.  A new department called as “Diwan-i- Khairat” (department of charity) was created to care for orphans and windows. Free hospitals like “Dar-ul-Shafa” and marriage bureaus for poor Muslims were also established. Hospitals (Shifa khana). Firuz patronized scholars like Barani, famous historian who wrote “Tarik-i-Firoz- Shahi” and “Futwa—Jahandari”. He also patronized Khwaja Abdul Malik Islami who wrote “Futuh-us-Sultan” – Sultan laid out 1200 gardens in and around Delhi. Firoz himself wrote “Futuhat-e-Firuzshah. Established towns of Firozabad, Jaunpur & Hissar.  The last days of Sultan were not peaceful. He received a severe shock when his eldest Son Fateh Khan died in 1374. He committed a mistake by handing over the administration to his son Muhammad Khan. Instead of running administration the prince devoted all his time to pleasure. Being disappointed the nobles organized a rebellion against Muhammad Khan. Muhammad Khan was on verge of victory when nobles brought Sultan into the field. The result was Muhammad Khan was defeated and he fled for his life to Sirmur hills. (Himachal Pradesh).  Firuz then appointed his grandson Giyasud-din- Tughluq-II as his heir and also conferred upon him the royal title. Firuz died at the age of 80. He ruled for 37 years. Uncle of Ghiyasuddin ,Nasir-ud-din- Muhammad opposed his succession but was defeated and ran away to Kangra. Ghiyasuddin tried to strengthen his position by deposing all his rivals. He imprisoned his brother Salar Shah. Abu Bakr his cousin became a conspirator and was also supported by Ruknuddin. Ghiyasuddin ran away from his place and was killed on the way by body of household troops. It was under this circumstance Abu-Bakr Shah became the king and appointed Ruknuddin as his minister. Ruknuddin was later put to death when he was party to a conspiracy.  Nasiruddin marched from Kangra to Samana(Punjab) where he declared himself as Sultan. He then marched to Delhi. Ultimately, Abu-Bakr Shah was able to inflict on Nasir-ud-din Muhammad an crushing defeat. Nasir-ud-din once again marched towards Delhi. However, he was defeated once again and was forced to retire to Jalesar (U.P). Inspite of his defeat for second time Nasiruddin was acknowledged in Multan Lahore, Samana, Hisar, Hansi and other district to north of Delhi. Abu-Bakr Shah left deal to deal with Nasiruddin but when he reached Jalesar Nasiruddin eluded and reached Delhi. Nasiruddin entered the capital and was enthroned in palace of Firozabad.  Nasiruddin Muhammad-: In the following years, Delhi Sultanate had distengrated further. Many provinces like Gujarat & Malwa declared their independence. Timur, Mongal leader of central Asia, head of Chagatai Turks whose vast kingdom stretched from lower Volga kingdom to river Indus, incorporating modern Turkey, Iran, Transoxiana, Afghanistan invaded India in 1398 A.D which further worsened the situation. When Timur entered Delhi there was no opposition and he sacked Delhi for 3 days Murdering thousands of people and looting enormous wealth. He withdrew from India in 1399 A.D and his invasion delivered a death blow to Tughluq dynasty.  Daulat Khan-: He was defeated by Khizir Khan who founded Sayyid dynasty.