Transportation Management LECTURE PDF

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 1  TOURISM IS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM THEIR USUAL PLACE OF RESIDENCE TO ANOTHER (DESTINATION) FOR EITHER PLEASURE, RECREATION OR OTHER PURPOSE. THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVING PEOPLE, ANIMALS, AND GOODS FROM...

TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CHAPTER 1  TOURISM IS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM THEIR USUAL PLACE OF RESIDENCE TO ANOTHER (DESTINATION) FOR EITHER PLEASURE, RECREATION OR OTHER PURPOSE. THE TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MOVING PEOPLE, ANIMALS, AND GOODS FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER, WHETHER BY LAND, AIR, OR SEA. TRANSPORTATION HAS BEEN AN ESSENTIAL PIECE OF THE TRAVEL INDUSTRY. THERE IS A GENERAL UNDERSTANDING THAT TRAVEL INDUSTRY GROWS MORE WHEN THERE ARE BETTER TRANSPORTATION FRAMEWORKS.  WHAT IS TRASNPORTATION? TRANSPORTATION THROUGH ITS ROLE, IS THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND PEOPLE, DECISIVELY INFLUENCES THE OTHER BRANCHES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, INCLUDING LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISM. WITHOUT TRANSPORTATION THERE WON'T BE THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY, PEOPLE WON'T HAVE MEANS TO REACH ANOTHER PLACES THAT THEY DESIRE TO SEE. THEREFORE, THE DEVELOPMENT ON TRANSPORTATION IS LINKED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM, IF TRANSPORTATION GROWS, TOURISM ALSO GROWS. THUS, THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE OR GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER BY A MEANS OF TRANSPORT IS CALLED TRANSPORTATION. EACH TOURIST HAS TO MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE AND NEEDS TRANSPORTATION FOR HIS OR HER MOVEMENT. TRANSPORT HELPS PEOPLE TO MOVE FROM TOURIST GENERATING AREA TO TOURIST DESTINATION AREA.  ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IS COMPRISED OF SEVERAL ELEMENTS. ACCORDING TO SHARPLEY (2006), THESE ELEMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SYSTEM OF THESE DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORT: THE WAY IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS OPEN LIKE AIR AND SEA TRAVEL; IT IS FREE AND DOES NOT HAVE ANY COST. HOWEVER THERE ARE CHARGES FOR THE ARTIFICIAL WORKS FOR PORT AND INLAND WATERWAYS, OR IT CAN BE CONSTRUCTED LIKE ROADS, RAILS, AND CANALS. ACCORDING TO DILEEP (2019), “THE WAY” CAN BE ARTIFICIAL OR NATURAL MEDIA, ROADS AND RAILWAYS ARE EXAMPLES OF ARTIFICIAL MEDIA, WHILE AIRWAYS AND SEA ROUTES ARE NATURAL MEDIA.  THE VEHICLES THEY SERVE AS MEDIA OR UNITS THAT CARRY PEOPLE TO THEIR DESTINATION. THEY CAN BE AN AIRCRAFT, TRAINS, SHIPS, OR MOTOR COACHES. THIS ELEMENT IS ALSO CALLED THE “CALLING UNIT”, WHICH IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM (DILEEP, 2019) TERMINAL IT IS A BUILT STRUCTURE THAT PROVIDES PASSENGERS WITH SMOOTH TRANSFERS FROM AND TO MAJOR MODES OF TRANSPORTATION SUCH AS AIRLINES BUSES, AND FERRIES. ACCORDING TO RODRIGUE AND SLACK (N.D), A TERMINAL MAY ALSO BE CONSIDERED A POINT OF INTERCHANGE WITHIN THAT SAME MODE OF TRANSPORT. FOR EXAMPLE, A PASSENGER FROM MANILA WHO OPTS TO TRAVEL TO CHICAGO VIA AIR TRANSPORT MAY HAVE TO CHANGE PLANES IN NARITA, JAPAN. ALSO TERMINALS CAN BE A “POINT OF TRANSFER” BETWEEN DIFFERENT MODES. INSTANCE, A PASSENGER ARRIVING AT THE AIRPORT BY CAR CAN CHANGE TO AIR TRANSPORT AT THE AIRPORT TERMINAL (DILEEP, 2019)  CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS THESE SYSTEMS ARE WAYS TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF THE PASSENGERS BY MONITORING THE TAKE-OFF AND LANDING OF THE AIRCRAFT. FOR LAND TRANSPORT, RAILWAYS USE OF SIGNALS AS THEIR CONTROL SYSTEMS, WHILE ROAD TRANSPORTATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO SIGNS SUCH AS TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND SIGNS FOR SPEED LIMITS AS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM. WATER TRANSPORTS, LIKE SHIPS OR FERRIES, HAVE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS TO ENSURE A SAFE AND SMOOTH VOYAGE. MANAGEMENT AND STAFF WITH THESE VARIOUS MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, IT IS NOTICEABLE THAT A NUMBER OF STAFF ARE REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT. THUS, IT INVOLVES ALL THE USUAL MANAGEMENT JOBS FOR AN EFFICIENT OPERATION. HISTORY  EARLY BOATS THE FIRST MODE OF TRANSPORTATION WAS CREATED IN THE EFFORT TO TRAVERSE WATER: BOATS. THOSE WHO COLONIZED AUSTRALIA ROUGHLY 60,000–40,000 YEARS AGO HAVE BEEN CREDITED AS THE FIRST PEOPLE TO CROSS THE SEA, THOUGH THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT SEAFARING TRIPS WERE CARRIED OUT AS FAR BACK AS 900,000 YEARS AGO. THE EARLIEST KNOWN BOATS WERE SIMPLE LOGBOATS, ALSO REFERRED TO AS DUGOUTS, WHICH WERE MADE BY HOLLOWING OUT A TREE TRUNK. EVIDENCE FOR THESE FLOATING VEHICLES COMES FROM ARTIFACTS THAT DATE BACK TO AROUND 10,000–7,000 YEARS AGO. THE PESSE CANOE—A LOGBOAT—IS THE OLDEST BOAT UNEARTHED AND DATES AS FAR BACK AS 7600 BCE. RAFTS HAVE BEEN AROUND NEARLY AS LONG, WITH ARTIFACTS SHOWING THEM IN USE FOR AT LEAST 8,000 YEARS.  HORSES AND WHEELED VEHICLES NEXT, CAME HORSES. WHILE IT’S DIFFICULT TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHEN HUMANS FIRST BEGAN DOMESTICATING THEM AS A MEANS OF GETTING AROUND AND TRANSPORTING GOODS, EXPERTS GENERALLY GO BY THE EMERGENCE OF CERTAIN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL MARKERS THAT INDICATE WHEN SUCH PRACTICES STARTED TO TAKE PLACE. BASED ON CHANGES IN TEETH RECORDS, BUTCHERING ACTIVITIES, SHIFTS IN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS, AND HISTORIC DEPICTIONS, EXPERTS BELIEVE THAT DOMESTICATION TOOK PLACE AROUND 4000 BCE. GENETIC EVIDENCE FROM HORSES, INCLUDING CHANGES IN MUSCULATURE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION, SUPPORT THIS. IT WAS ALSO ROUGHLY AROUND THIS PERIOD THAT THE WHEEL WAS INVENTED. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS SHOW THAT THE FIRST WHEELED VEHICLES WERE IN USE AROUND 3500 BCE, WITH EVIDENCE OF THE EXISTENCE OF SUCH CONTRAPTIONS FOUND IN MESOPOTAMIA, THE NORTHERN CAUCUSES, AND CENTRAL EUROPE. THE EARLIEST WELL- DATED ARTIFACT FROM THAT TIME PERIOD IS THE "BRONOCICE POT," A CERAMIC VASE THAT DEPICTS A FOUR-WHEELED WAGON THAT FEATURED TWO AXLES. IT WAS UNEARTHED IN SOUTHERN POLAND. THE PUFFING DEVIL THE SALAMANCA THE BLUCHER  STEAM ENGINES IN 1769, THE WATT STEAM ENGINE CHANGED EVERYTHING. BOATS WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF STEAM-GENERATED POWER; IN 1783, A FRENCH INVENTOR BY THE NAME OF CLAUDE DE JOUFFROY BUILT THE "PYROSCAPHE," THE WORLD’S FIRST STEAMSHIP. BUT DESPITE SUCCESSFULLY MAKING TRIPS UP AND DOWN THE RIVER AND CARRYING PASSENGERS AS PART OF A DEMONSTRATION, THERE WASN’T ENOUGH INTEREST TO FUND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT. WHILE OTHER INVENTORS TRIED TO MAKE STEAMSHIPS THAT WERE PRACTICAL ENOUGH FOR MASS TRANSPORT, IT WAS AMERICAN ROBERT FULTON WHO FURTHERED THE TECHNOLOGY TO WHERE IT WAS COMMERCIALLY VIABLE. IN 1807, THE CLERMONT COMPLETED A 150-MILE TRIP FROM NEW YORK CITY TO ALBANY THAT TOOK 32 HOURS, WITH THE AVERAGE SPEED CLOCKING IN AT ABOUT FIVE MILES PER HOUR. WITHIN A FEW YEARS, FULTON AND COMPANY WOULD OFFER REGULAR PASSENGER AND FREIGHT SERVICE BETWEEN NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, AND NATCHEZ, MISSISSIPPI.  BACK IN 1769, ANOTHER FRENCHMAN NAMED NICOLAS JOSEPH CUGNOT ATTEMPTED TO ADAPT STEAM ENGINE TECHNOLOGY TO A ROAD VEHICLE—THE RESULT WAS THE INVENTION OF THE FIRST AUTOMOBILE. HOWEVER, THE HEAVY ENGINE ADDED SO MUCH WEIGHT TO THE VEHICLE THAT IT WASN'T PRACTICAL. IT HAD A TOP SPEED OF 2.5 MILES PER HOUR. ANOTHER EFFORT TO REPURPOSE THE STEAM ENGINE FOR A DIFFERENT MEANS OF PERSONAL TRANSPORT RESULTED IN THE "ROPER STEAM VELOCIPEDE." DEVELOPED IN 1867, THE TWO-WHEELED STEAM-POWERED BICYCLE IS CONSIDERED BY MANY HISTORIANS TO BE THE WORLD’S FIRST MOTORCYCLE. PYROSCAPHE THE CLERMONT ROPER STEAM VELOCIPEDE  SUBMARINES TECHNICALLY SPEAKING, THE FIRST NAVIGABLE SUBMARINE WAS INVENTED IN 1620 BY DUTCHMAN CORNELIS DREBBEL. BUILT FOR THE ENGLISH ROYAL NAVY, DREBBEL’S SUBMARINE COULD STAY SUBMERGED FOR UP TO THREE HOURS AND WAS PROPELLED BY OARS. HOWEVER, THE SUBMARINE WAS NEVER USED IN COMBAT, AND IT WASN’T UNTIL THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY THAT DESIGNS LEADING TO PRACTICAL AND WIDELY USED SUBMERSIBLE VEHICLES WERE REALIZED. ALONG THE WAY, THERE WERE IMPORTANT MILESTONES SUCH AS THE LAUNCH OF THE HAND-POWERED, EGG-SHAPED "TURTLE" IN 1776, THE FIRST MILITARY SUBMARINE USED IN COMBAT. THERE WAS ALSO THE FRENCH NAVY SUBMARINE "PLONGEUR," THE FIRST MECHANICALLY POWERED SUBMARINE. FINALLY, IN 1888, THE SPANISH NAVY LAUNCHED THE "PERAL," THE FIRST ELECTRIC, BATTERY-POWERED SUBMARINE, WHICH ALSO SO HAPPENED TO BE THE FIRST FULLY CAPABLE MILITARY SUBMARINE. BUILT BY A SPANISH ENGINEER AND SAILOR NAMED ISAAC PERAL, IT WAS EQUIPPED WITH A TORPEDO TUBE, TWO TORPEDOES, AN AIR REGENERATION SYSTEM, AND THE FIRST FULLY RELIABLE UNDERWATER NAVIGATION SYSTEM, AND IT POSTED AN UNDERWATER SPEED OF 3.5 MILES PER HOUR. THE TURTLE THE PLONGEUR SUBMARINE THE PERAL SUBMARINE  AIRCRAFT THE START OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY WAS TRULY THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA IN THE HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION AS TWO AMERICAN BROTHERS, ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT, PULLED OFF THE FIRST OFFICIAL POWERED FLIGHT IN 1903. IN ESSENCE, THEY INVENTED THE WORLD’S FIRST AIRPLANE. TRANSPORT VIA AIRCRAFT TOOK OFF FROM THERE WITH AIRPLANES BEING PUT INTO SERVICE WITHIN A FEW SHORT YEARS DURING WORLD WAR I. IN 1919, BRITISH AVIATORS JOHN ALCOCK AND ARTHUR BROWN COMPLETED THE FIRST TRANSATLANTIC FLIGHT, CROSSING FROM CANADA TO IRELAND. THE SAME YEAR, PASSENGERS WERE ABLE TO FLY INTERNATIONALLY FOR THE FIRST TIME. AROUND THE SAME TIME THAT THE WRIGHT BROTHERS WERE TAKING FLIGHT, FRENCH INVENTOR PAUL CORNU STARTED DEVELOPING A ROTORCRAFT. AND ON NOVEMBER 13, 1907, HIS "CORNU" HELICOPTER, MADE OF LITTLE MORE THAN SOME TUBING, AN ENGINE, AND ROTARY WINGS, ACHIEVED A LIFT HEIGHT OF ABOUT ONE FOOT WHILE STAYING AIRBORNE FOR ABOUT 20 SECONDS. WITH THAT, CORNU WOULD LAY CLAIM TO HAVING PILOTED THE FIRST HELICOPTER FLIGHT. CORNU ROTORCRAFT  SPACECRAFT AND THE SPACE RACE IT DIDN’T TAKE LONG AFTER AIR TRAVEL TOOK OFF FOR HUMANS TO START SERIOUSLY CONSIDERING THE POSSIBILITY OF GOING FURTHER UP AND TOWARD THE HEAVENS. THE SOVIET UNION SURPRISED MUCH OF THE WESTERN WORLD IN 1957 WITH ITS SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK, THE FIRST SATELLITE TO REACH OUTER SPACE. FOUR YEARS LATER, THE RUSSIANS FOLLOWED THAT BY SENDING THE FIRST HUMAN, PILOT YURI GAGARIN, INTO OUTER SPACE ABOARD THE VOSTOK 1. THESE ACHIEVEMENTS WOULD SPARK A “SPACE RACE” BETWEEN THE SOVIET UNION AND THE UNITED STATES THAT CULMINATED IN THE AMERICANS TAKING WHAT WAS PERHAPS THE BIGGEST VICTORY LAP AMONG NATIONAL RIVALS. ON JULY 20, 1969, THE LUNAR MODULE OF THE APOLLO SPACECRAFT, CARRYING ASTRONAUTS NEIL ARMSTRONG AND BUZZ ALDRIN, TOUCHED DOWN ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. THE EVENT, WHICH WAS BROADCAST ON LIVE TV TO THE REST OF THE WORLD, ALLOWED MILLIONS TO WITNESS THE MOMENT ARMSTRONG BECAME THE FIRST MAN TO EVER STEP FOOT ON THE MOON, A MOMENT HE HERALDED AS “ONE SMALL VOSTOK 1 YURI GAGARIN NEIL ARMSTRONG AND BUZZ ALDRIN, TOUCHED DOWN ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON. APOLLO 11 SPUTNIK