Transportation Engineering PDF

CHAPTER 1: IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION, MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, Branches of Transportation Engineering SCOPE OF HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING  HIGHWAY ENGINEERING...

CHAPTER 1: IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION, MODES OF TRANSPORTATION, Branches of Transportation Engineering SCOPE OF HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING  HIGHWAY ENGINEERING  Handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, What is Transportation Engineering? and other vehicular facilities as well as their related bicycle and pedestrian Transportation is defined as the movement of people and goods from one point realms  to another.  Estimate the transportation needs of the public.  Engineering is the application of mathematics and sciences in designing, testing  Analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and and building of machines, structures and processes capacity  Transportation Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that is involved in the  Use engineering principles to improve the transportation system planning, design, operation, and maintenance of safe and efficient transportation  Utilize the three design controls, which are the drivers, the vehicles, and the systems. roadways themselves Different Modes of Transportation  PORTS AND HARBOR ENGINEERING  LAND TRANSPORTATION (RAIL TRANSPORT AND ROAD TRANSPORT)  Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities.  is the transport or movement of people, animals or goods from one location to another location on land.  AIR TRANSPORTATION  RAILROAD ENGINEERING  is the movement of passengers and cargo by aircraft such as airplanes and  Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of helicopters. railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway (such as light  MARITIME TRANSPORTATION rail or monorails).  (or ocean transport) and fluvial transport, or more generally waterborne  Typical tasks include determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, transport, is the transport of people (passengers) or goods (cargo) via station location and design, and construction cost estimating. waterways  Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train  PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION dispatching which focuses on train movement control.  is a method of transportation which involves movement of solid, liquid or gaseous products over long distances through pipelines.  AIRPORT ENGINEERING  SPACE TRANSPORTATION MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION  Airport engineers design and construct airports.  SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION  Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. Alternative Modes of Transportation  These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. Transportation is the backbone of economic growth, a country with no efficient transportation network is a poor country… -Anonymous Traditional Mode of Transportation TRANSPORTATION SECTOR AND RELATED INFRASTRUCTURE TRANSPORTATION CONTINUUM LEIPER’S BASIC WHOLE TOURISM SYSTEM COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Primary elements in the Tourism System: 1. THE WAY 1. At least one tourist  The medium of travel over which the vehicle operates 2. At least one tourist-generating region  Could be purely artificial (roads and railways) or natural (air or water) 3. At least one transit route region  The availability of the way is very important and requires unscheduled 4. At least one tourist destination delays 5. A travel and tourism industry 2. THE TERMINAL  Public transport terminal give the passenger access to the vehicle TRANSPORTATION  Act as an interchange between different modes of transport  Fundamental component of the touris industry  The design and the amenities offered depend heavily upon the type of  Facilitates mobility and the movement of tourists from their place of origin to journey and mode of transportation involved as the length of time spent at their destination and back. the terminal  Tourism and transportation are linked. As world tourism increases, additional  Basic requirements: toilet facilities, light refreshments, other retail activity demands will be placed on the transportation sectors. 3. THE VEHICLE  Facilitates the travel TRANSPORTATION CONTINUUM (Lumsdon and Page, 2004)  Nature of vehicles affected by factors:  Transport FOR tourism 1. Travel demand  where it is a means to an end, being very utilitarian, and the level of 2. Technological developments satisfaction is related to cost and speed of travel, so the mode of travel has no direct intrinsic value in itself. 4. THE MOTIVE POWER  Any source of energy used to produce motion.  Transport AS tourism  Horse-drawn carriages  where the mode of transport is integral to the overall experience of  Steam power (Steam ships and railways) tourism such as cruising or taking a scenic railway journey.  Internal combustion engine (road, air, water transportation)  Jet propulsion (air transportation)  Electricity MODES OF TRANSPORTATION  Air Taxi services ▪ Privately chartered aircraft accommodating 4 to 18 people, used by business travelers. They offer advantages of convenience and flexibility as routings can be tailor-made for passengers. AIR TYPES OF COMMERCIAL AIRLINES 1. Premium airlines  Also known as “Full service” or “Legacy”  They usually provide higher quality services: a. first class and business class b. frequent-flyer program c. airport lounges d. have better cabin services, such as meal service and in-flight entertainment 2. Low Cost Carriers  AIR  Also known as “no frills”, “discount” or “budget” carrier.  Transport of passengers in the shortes time  An airline that generally has lower fares and fewer comforts.  Avoids spending time and money en route  Preferred means of travel for long haul  Ground services and the terminal facilities are more advanced and sophisticated  LAND than other modes. CAR  Invented in Germany but became America’s obsession AIRLINE - A company that provides air transport service for traveling passenger and  Could be owned or rented freight.  Widely neglected in tourism studies because it is an accepted part of  CEBU PACIFIC everyday life.  PAL express  Philippine Airlines BENEFITS OF TRAVELING BY CAR  Air Asia  It has made travel more convenient (privacy)  Offers flexibility in the way people travel (route, departure times AIRLINE CATEGORY OF SERVICE  Transforms tourists’ ability to organize and develop their own  Scheduled services itineraries and activity patterns. ▪ Those which operate to a clearly defined, published timetable, irrespective of whether a flight is full or not. CAR RENTAL  A car rental, hire car, or car hire agency is a company that rents  Charter services automobiles for short periods of time, generally ranging from a ▪ Do not operate according to published timetables. Instead, few hours to a few weeks. the aircraft is chartered to intermediaries (often tour  It is often organized with numerous local branches (which allow a operators) for a fixed charge and those intermediaries user to return a vehicle to a different location), and primarily become responsible in selling the aircraft seats. located near airports or busy city areas.  COACH/BUS  WATER  A type of vehicle used for conveying passengers on excursions and on IMPORTANCE OF WATER TRANSPORTATION longer- distance intercity bus service.  It operates on a natural track and does not require huge capital  Coaches often have a luggage hold that is separate from the passenger investment in the construction and maintenanca except in case of cabin and are normally equipped with facilities required for longer trips, canals. including comfortable seats and sometimes a toilet.  Water tranposrt is the cheapest and oldest mode of transport  Remains the largest carrier of freight in the world RECREATIONAL VEHICLE (RV)  Indispensable to foreign trade  A motor vehicle or trailer which includes living quarters designed for accommodation.  Ex.: Motorhome, campervan, trailer  RAIL  A means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.  It is also commonly referred to as train transport.  Existed because of the need to move goods and people from one region to another  Popular in most developed countries (China, Europe, Japan) REASONS WHY TRAVEL BY TRAIN  Safety CRUISE  Ability to look out of the train and see en route  Purpose is to provide a resort experience rather than point-to- point  Environment-friendly form of transport transportation.  Can transport passengers at fast speed. FERRY TYPES OF RAIL TRANSPORT  A merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and 1. Passenger Train cargo, across a body of water.  A passenger train travels between stations where passengers may embark  Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and disembark. and islands. ▪ Railway companies: Amtrak (United States), Eurorail (Europe), High speed  TYPES: trains or Bullet trains (Japan) 1. Roll-on/Roll-off 2. Freight Train  Vessels designed to carry wheeled cargo, such as cars, trucks, ▪ The use of railroads and trains to transport cargo as opposed to human semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars, that are driven on passengers. and off the ship on their own wheels. 2. Cruiseferry  A ship that combines the features of a cruise ship with a roll- on/roll-off ferry.  Many passengers travel with the ships for the cruise experience, staying only a few hours at the destination port or not leaving the ship at all, while others use the ships as means of transportation.  3. Catamaran LAND  A multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size.  LTO  Catamaran is from a Tamil word, kattumaran, which means "logs ▪ Land Transportation Office tied together". ▪ Responsible for all land transportation in the Phils. especially implementing  Catamarans range in size from small (sailing or rowing vessels) to transportation laws, rules and regulations. large (naval ships and car ferries). ▪ Functions: inspection & registration of motor vehicles, issuance of License and permits PLEASURE CRAFT  LTFRB  A boat used for personal, family, and sometimes sportsmanlike recreation. ▪ Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board  Ex.: motorboats and sailboats, rowboats and canoes, yacht ▪ Responsible for promulgating, administering, enforcing, and monitoring  They are used for holidays on a river, lake, canal or waterway. compliance of policies, laws, and regulations of public land transportation services. ▪ Function:To determine, prescribe, approve & periodically review & adjust  OTHER MODES OF TRANSPORTATION reasonable fares, rates and other related charges relative to the operation 1. Pedestrian travel or walking of public land transportation services.  Tourists and locals depend on their foot to arrive at an attraction. Walking  TRB tours such as hiking and trekking have grown in popularity. ▪ Toll Regulatory Board 2. Cycling ▪ Regulates all toll roads in the Phils.  Reduce bus and auto traffic in the park and allows tourists a convenient way ▪ Authorized to enter into contracts with qualified persons for construction, to see all the sights. operation and maintenance of toll facilities. 3. Trams, cable cars, gondolas, ski lifts ▪ Exercises jurisdiction over the following toll facilities: NLEX, SLEX, CAVITEX,  Facilitate the flow of tourists and bring them to places that would otherwise Skyway, STAR, SCTEx, etc. be inaccessible.  These modes of transportation can be tourist attractions themselves. RAIL  PNR THE DOTR ATTACHED AGENCIES ▪ Philippine National Railways ▪ A state-owned railway company operating a single line of track. DOTR (The Department Of ▪ As of 2016, it operates commuter rail service in Metro Manila and local Transportation) services Sipocot, Naga & Legaspi in Southern Luzon.  The primary policy, planning,  LRTA programming, coordinating, ▪ Light Rail Transit Authority implementing and administrative ▪ A public transport operator in-charge of operating & maintaining the Manila entity of the executive branch of the Light Rail Transit system composed of LRT-1 and LRT-2 government on the promotion,  MRTC development and regulation of a ▪ Metro Rail Transit Corporation dependable and coordinated ▪ A private consortium responsible for the maintenance of the Manila Metro network of transportation systems, Rail Transit System. as well as in the fast, safe, efficient ▪ It runs MRT-3 in coordination with DOTr. and reliable transportation services. SEA  MARINA ▪ Maritime Industry Authority ▪ An agency of the Phil. Government responsible for integrating the development, promotion and regulation of the maritime industry in the Phils. ▪ Functions:Modernization & expansion of thePhil. Merchant fleet ▪ Functions: Enhancement of domestic capability for shipbuilding, repair and maintenance.  PCG ▪ Philippine Coast Guard ▪ An armed and uniformed service tasked primarily with enforcing laws within the Phil. Waters, conducting maritime security operations, safeguarding life and property at sea, and protecting marine environment and resources  PPA ▪ Philippine Ports Authority ▪ A government owned corporation responsible for financing, management and operations of public ports throughout the Phils. except the port of Cebu. AIR  CAAP ▪ Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines ▪ National aviation authority of the Phils. and is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel. ▪ It also investigates aviation accidents via its Aircraft Accident Investigation and Inquiry Board.  CAB ▪ Civil Aeronautics Board ▪ A government agency of the Phils. tasked to regulate, promote and develop the economic aspect of air transportation in the Phils. ▪ The board has supervisory and jurisdictional control over air carriers, general sales agents, cargo sales agents and airfreight forwarders.  MIAA ▪ Manila International Airport Authority ▪ Government agency in the Phils. responsible for the management of NAIA. UNIT 2: TRAFFIC STREAM MODELS & TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS  The average 24-hour traffic volume at a given location over a LESSON 1: TYPES OF FLOW, MAJOR TRAFFIC VARIABLES full 365-day year, i.e. the total number of vehicles passing the site in a year divided by 365. TRAFFIC FLOW FUNDAMENTALS b. Average Annual Weekday Traffic (AAWT):  TRAFFIC ENGINEERING  The average 24-hour traffic volume occurring on weekdays  analysis of the behavior of traffic and to design the facilities for a over a full year. smooth, safe and economical operation of traffic.  It is computed by dividing the total weekday traffic volume  TRAFFIC FLOW for the year by 260.  like the flow of water, has several parameters associated with it. c. Average Daily Traffic (ADT):  TRAFFIC STREAM PARAMETERS  An average 24-hour traffic volume at a given location for  Provide information regarding the nature of traffic flow, which helps some period of time less than a year. the analyst in detecting any variation in flow characteristics.  It may be measured for six months, a season, a month, a week, or as little as two days. TYPES OF FLOW d. Average Weekday Traffic (AWT): a. uninterrupted flows  An average 24-hour traffic volume occurring on weekdays  Flow occurring at long sections of road where vehicles are not for some period of time less than one year such as for a required to stop by any cause external to the traffic stream month or a season. b. Interrupted flow  occurs at intersections or driveways where vehicles are required The relationship between AAWT and AWT is analogous to that to stop by any cause outside the traffic stream--such as traffic between AADT and ADT. Volume in general is measured using signs, signal lights, etc. different ways like manual counting, detector/sensor counting, moving-car observer method, etc. Mainly the volume study establishes the importance of a particular route with respect to the other routes, the distribution of traffic on road, and the MAJOR TRAFFIC VARIABLES fluctuations in flow. All which eventually determines the design of 1. Flow Rate or Volume (q) a highway and the related facilities. Thus, volume is treated as the  The number of vehicles passing a point during a specified period of time. most important of all the parameters of traffic stream. (volume measured over an hour) Variations of Volume  The variation of volume with time, i.e. month to month, day to day hour to hour and within a hour is also as important as volume 2. Speed (μs) calculation.  rate of motion in distance per unit time.  can also be observed from season to season.  Speed of different vehicles will vary with respect to time and space.  The most significant variation is from hour to hour. a. Spot Speed  usually 8 to 10 per cent  instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified location.  of total daily flow or 2 to 3 times the average hourly volume.  can be used to design the geometry of road like horizontal and vertical Types of volume measurements  curves, super elevation etc. a. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT):  can be measured using an enoscope, pressure contact tubes or direct timing procedure or radar speedometer or by time- lapse photographic methods.  b. Running speed  It involves the measurement from a photograph, the distance from  average speed maintained over a particular course while the rear bumper of lead vehicle to rear bumper of following vehicle at a vehicle is moving and is found by dividing the length of the point of time. course by the time duration the vehicle was in motion.  will always be more than or equal to thejourney speed, 3. Travel time/Time Occupancy  the time taken to complete a journey. c. Journey speed  As the speed increases, travel time required to reach the destination  effective speed of the vehicle on a journey between two also decreases and vice-versa. points and is the distance between the two points divided by  travel time is inversely proportional to the speed. the total time take for the vehicle to complete the journey including any stopped time.  If the journey speed is less than running speed, it indicates that the journey follows a stop-go condition with enforced acceleration and deceleration.  A uniformity between journey and running speeds denotes comfortable travel conditions. d. Time mean speed and space mean speed  Time mean speed is defined as the average speed of all the vehicles passing a point on a highway over some specified time period.  Space mean speed is defined as the average speed of all the vehicles occupying a given section of a highway over some specified time period.  Time mean speed is a point measurement while space mean speed is a measure relating to length of highway or lane 3. Density (k)  the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway or lane and is generally expressed as vehicles per km. OTHER TRAFFIC VARIABLES 1. Time headway  the time difference between any two successive vehicles when they cross a given point.  it involves the measurement of time between the passage of one rear bumper and the next past a given point. 2. Spacing/Distance headway  The distance between corresponding points of two successive vehicles at any given time. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING VEHICLE DESIGN AND TRANSPORTATION SERVICES  The service sector provides jobs for vehicle drivers, maintenance people, flight TRANSPORTATION - movement of people and goods from one location to another. attendants, train conductors, and other necessary support personnel. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES  the application of scientific principles to the planning, design, operation, and  Civil engineers are responsible primarily for the planning, design, construction, management of transportation system operation, and maintenance of the transportation system  The transportation engineer is the professional who is concerned with the TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION planning, design, construction, operations, and management of a CIVIL ENGINEERING INVOLVEMENT IN TRANSPORTATION  transportation system.  The primary involvement of civil engineers in transportation has been in the  It is the engineer’s responsibility to ensure that the system functions efficiently provision of physical facilities and devising operating strategies for them. from an economic point of view, and that it meets external requirements concerning energy, air quality, safety, congestion, noise, and land use. PHYSICAL CIVIL ENGINEERING  Design, construction, and maintenance of fixed transportation facilities and SPECIALTIES WITHIN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING involves the full spectrum of engineering specialties OPERATING STRATEGIES: SYSTEM ENGINEERING  Planning and operation of the transportation system, and is involved in transportation planning, including the analysis of transportation demand; analysis of system capacity and operating characteristics; and the design of traffic control and operating strategies (which include highway traffic engineering and operational design of freight and mass transit systems) ROLE OF TRANSPORTATION TO SOCIETY  Economic  Social  Political  Environmental SUMMARY TRANSPORTATION EMPLOYMENT  Transportation is an essential element in the economic development of a society.  Logistic and Supply-Chain Management  The history of transportation illustrates that the way people move is affected by  Vehicle Design and Transportation Services technology, cost, and demand.  Transportation Infrastructure Services  The specialties in transportation engineering are planning, design, construction, traffic management and operations, and maintenance. LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT  Logistics is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient and effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from origination to consumption as required by the customer.  An expansion of the logistics concept is called supply-chain management: a process that coordinates the product, information, and cash flows to maximize consumption satisfaction and minimize organization costs. TRANSPORTATION AS A SYSTEM STUDY CONTEXT OF TRANSPORTATION Components of Transportation System 1. Planning range  Physical Facilities  Urban transportation planning, producing long range plans for 5- 25 years ▪ streets, roads, highways, railroads, airports, sea and river ports, for multi-modal transportation systems in urban areas as well as short range pipelines, and canals programs of action for less than five years. ▪ Fleet of vehicles, vessels, and aircraft 2. Passenger transport  Control systems  Regional passenger transportation, dealing with inter-city passenger  Operating procedures transport by air, rail, and highway and possible with new modes.  Operating bases and facilities, including vehicle maintenance facilities and 3. Freight transport office space  Routing and management, choice of different modes of rail and truck.  ORGANIZATION 4. International transport 1. Facility-oriented organization  Issues such as containerization, inter-modal co- ordination. ▪ they are involved in planning, designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating fixed facilities. Ex: DOTr, MMDA,DPWH, PPA 2. Operating Organization (or carriers) MODES OF TRANSPORTATION ▪ concerned with operating fleets to provide transportation  Land Transportation services. They include railroads, airlines, truck lines, and private ▪ Non-motorized mode of transport individuals who operate automobiles, motorcycles, and bicycles. ▪ motorized mode of transport  Air transportation  Water transportation CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM  Cable and belt systems 1. Multi-modal  Covering all modes of transport; air, land, and sea for both passenger and freight. MODE: PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION 2. Multi-sector  Public transportation is a generic term used to describe the family of transit  Encompassing the problems and viewpoints of government, private industry, services available to urban and rural residents. and public.  Thus, it is not a single mode but a variety of traditional and innovative 3. Multi-problem services, which should complement each other to provide system-wide  Ranging across a spectrum of issues that includes national and international mobility. policy, planning of regional system, the location and design of specific facilities, carrier management issues, regulatory, institutional and financial policies. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION : TRANSIT MODE 4. Multi-objective  Mass transit  Aiming at national and regional economic development, urban development,  characterized by fixed routes, published schedules, environment quality, and social quality, as well as service to users and designated networks, and specified stops. Mass-transit financial and economic feasibility. vehicles include buses, light rail or rapid transit 5. Multi-disciplinary  Paratransit  Drawing on the theories and methods of engineering, economics,  characterized by flexible and personalized service intended operations research, political science, psychology, other natural, and social to replace conventional fixed-route, fixed-schedule mass- sciences, management and law. transit lines. Examples include taxi, car rental, dial-a-ride,  and specialized services for elderly, medical, and other designated users.  Ridesharing SEVEN CATEGORIES OFTRANSPORTATION ORGANIZATIONS  characterized by two or more persons traveling together by 1. Private companies prearrangement, such as carpool, vanpool, or shared-ride 2. Regulatory agencies taxi. 3. Government agencies 4. Local Government Units 5. Trade associations FORCES THAT CHANGE THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 6. Professional societies 1. Change in the demand 7. Organizations of Transportation users  When the population, income, and land-use pattern changes, the pattern of demand changes; both in the amount and spatial distribution of that demand. 2. Changes in the technology  As an example, earlier, only two alternatives (bus transit and rail transit) were considered for urban transportation. But, now new systems like LRT, MRTS, etc offer a variety of alternatives. 3. Change in operational policy  Variety of policy options designed to improve the efficiency, such as incentive for car-pooling, bus fare, road tolls etc. 4. Change in values of the public  Earlier all beneficiaries of a system was monolithically considered as users. Now, not one system can be beneficial to all, instead one must identify the target groups like rich, poor, young, work trip, leisure etc. BASIC PREMISE OF TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (EXAMPLE) As an example, consider the study of intra-city passenger transport in metro cities.  Consider all modes: i.e rail, road, buses, private automobiles, trucks, new modes like LRT, MRTS, etc.  Consider all elements like direct and indirect links, vehicles that can operate, terminals, transfer points, intra-city transit like taxis, autos, urban transit.  Consider diverse pattern of O-D of passenger and good.  Consider service provided for access, egress, transfer points and mid-block travel etc. Once all these components are identified, the planner can focus on elements that are of real concern