Chapter 3: Nature And Types Of Tourism Transport PDF

CHAPTER 3: NATURE AND TYPES OF TOURISM Recreational transport – This is a type that TRANSPORT has two (2) purposes: for mobility and as a re...

CHAPTER 3: NATURE AND TYPES OF TOURISM Recreational transport – This is a type that TRANSPORT has two (2) purposes: for mobility and as a recreational activity. Examples under this type CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM TRANSPORTATION are biking, off-road trucks, kayak, banana - Tourism transportation has special boat, among others. characteristics that make it different when Multipurpose tourist transport – This type compared to general public transportation. Its serves not only as a means for mobility but for nature is described through several factors, other purposes as well, such as lodging and which are the following: accommodation. Examples under this type are recreational vehicles, camper vans, and the Seasonality – Tourism transportation is like. influenced by tourism demand and supply. FACTORS INFLUENCING TOURIST TRANSPORT SELECTION Price elasticity – In relation to seasonality, the Tourist choice of transportation is influenced by various price of transport services may increase or factors, with varying determinants decrease as well, depending on the level of depending on the type of tourist and their needs, but demand and supply. common factors include: Regulations – Certain regulations are Distance – The distance between the point of imposed on several transportation sectors as origin and destination is one of the primary the government tries to control market entry in concerns when choosing which mode of favor of its local transport providers. transportation an individual will take. Oligopoly – Some tourism transportation Availability – A tourist may only select a sectors are controlled by a single dominant specific mode of transportation if the service provider, such as in airlines and cruise lines. isavailable. Basic service features – Tourism Schedule – This refers to the time of transportation also contains very basic service departure and time of arrival of a specific characteristics such as intangibility, mode of transportation. perishability, and inseparability. Frequency – In relation to schedule, the frequency of service may also determine the CLASSIFICATIONS OF TOURISM selection of transportation. Tourists may find it TRANSPORTATION easier to choose if the transport service is Tourism transportation can be classified into the more frequent. following types: Route – Depending on the distance of the General passenger transport – This is the journey, some routes may have stopovers and most common type among tourists except for flight transfers. Direct routes are preferred by tourists who availed package tours. This is some travelers as well. composed of general public transportation, Convenience – This also makes choosing which is not primarily meant for tourism, such which transportation service to avail of that is as trains, buses, taxis, etc. easier for tourists. Different Dedicated tourist transport – This type is convenience-related factors determine usually part of a tour package where the transportation selection, such as boarding purpose is to facilitate tourist arrival to location, terminal location, check-in departure and return. A coach is a good procedures, among others. example of this type. Speed – Most transportation, especially Experiential tourist transport – This type modern ones, offers speed and comfort. This has a certain uniqueness to it that it is a part of is the reason why international tourists often the entire tourist experience. Examples may choose air transportation than water include riding cable cars, gondola, kalesa, transportation. among others. Price – Transport is a sector that is affected by Luxury tourist transport – This is a common price elasticity where price affects tourism type of transportation in tourism that provides demand and vice versa. a higher level of comfort and service. Reliability – As transportation is a service, it Examples may include limousine services, should be reliable. Punctuality and comfort of first-class airline and train seats, among transportation is an important factor that is others. considered by tourists.  Safety and security – Tourists are also TOURISM AND TRANSPORT SUPPLY concerned with the feeling of being safe and As the demand for tourism continues to grow, it secured when using a specific mode of prompts an increase in tourism supply as transportation. well (including transportation supply). Destinations are Quality of service – The transportation sector now positioning themselves as viable ought to provide quality service to its options for an enhanced travel experience through the customers. Transportation services are often capacity of their transportation systems. This differentiated through the quality of their is evident with the emergence and improvements of service. several transportation systems such as: Type of tour – The selection of transport Low-Cost Carriers (LCC) – This helped with services may also vary depending on the type the growth of air transportation in developing of tour. A group tour may opt to avail of countries by providing low-cost airfares, which non-scheduled service to fit their need, while a improved the accessibility in many luxury tour may opt to avail of a more luxurious destinations. type of transportation and the like. Better rail networks – Luxury tourist trains Uniqueness – Tourists may also consider the and rail tour packages have been options for unique travel experience transportation may tourists to avail of. offer. Tourist rail passes – These are train passes usually availed by tourists that enable them to TOURISM DEMAND AND TRANSPORT use the destination’s train system (and bus Tourism demand, according to Mathieson and system for some) for days. Wall (as cited in Dileep, 2019), can be simply Recreational transport options – Some described as the total number of persons who travel or destinations offer transportation services that wish to travel to use tourist facilities and serve two (2) purposes, which are mobility and services at places away from their workplace or recreation. residence. Coach/Hop-on hop-off bus tours – The Transportation services, in a tourism sense, coach tours are now common in destinations maybe part of a package or as a separate service that targeting tourists who opt to have more fulfills a specific need (mobility). Hence, transportation convenient tours around the city. helps fulfill the need to travel. Some Car rentals – While coaches have been in determinants shape an individual’s need and ability to demand recently, automobiles are still the travel as follows: primary mode of transportation within the Economy – Transportation providers stimulate destination of tourists. Car rentals have been travel demand by offering competitive prices expanding to newer regions to offer their based on disposable income. The sector services. capitalized on global tourism growth through Cruise – Large vessels are now a trend in the foreign investment, strategic alliances, and cruise industry to meet tourist demands. mergers, providing diverse transportation Cruise ships now provide a wider onboard services to the international tourism market. entertainment as well as various recreational Psychological – These are composed of the and food and beverage options for guests. personal reasons why an individual travel Ferries and other water transportation which may include: forms – Many locations that have significant o The desire to escape from the usual bodies of water are utilizing water environment transportation as viable options for tourists o The need for relaxation and recovery visiting several attractions. o Strengthening family bonds Air transport is still at the forefront of tourism o Prestige transport supply with the presence of full- o Social interaction service carriers and low-cost carriers. o Educational opportunities However, various modes of transportation are o Self-fulfillment being offered by destinations to ensure that tourists are given seamless travel arrangements. CHAPTER 4: THE PHILIPPINE TRANSPORTATION Auxiliary modes – These consist of pedicabs, AND TOURISM kalesa, tricycles, among others. ○ Rail sector – is a convenient and PHILIPPINE LAND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM safer mode of land transportation, utilizing steel railways for passenger Brief History and goods transportation, unlike road Early Filipino settlers faced mobility challenges transport. due to the archipelagic nature of the country. Carabaos were used for transportation, but In the Philippines, there are currently three Spanish colonization improved the transport (3) main rail mass transit systems, which system with roads and bridges. Upper-class are: used calesa and carretela, middle-class used Philippine National Railways (PNR) tranvia, and European cars were introduced. – This is the most extensive During American occupation, Spaniards intra-island railway in the Luzon region introduced land transportation, operated by the government. It electricity-powered tranvias, railroads, operates on two (2) rail lines, which automobiles, and buses to the Philippines, are the North mainline (green line) and transforming the country's transportation the South mainline (orange line). It system. currently runs in the areas of Manila, After WWII, jeepneys were introduced as a Laguna, Quezon, Camarines Sur, and symbol of Philippine culture, originating from Albay. military jeeps. Willy's jeepney was the original, Light Rail Transit (LRT) – This is an replaced by Sarao jeepneys, making streets elevated light rail system which is fully bustling with buses and taxis. automatic and driver- less that The Land Transportation Franchising and operates within Metro Manila. It has Regulatory Board (LTFRB) reports that 70% of two (2) rail lines, which are the LRT 1 the Filipino population uses regular public (yellow line) that operates from transportation, including LRT, MRT, jeeps, Roosevelt in Quezon City to Baclaran buses, and taxis. in Pasay City and the LRT 2 (purple There are two (2) sectors that comprise the line) that operates from Santolan in Philippine land transportation system, which are: Pasig City to Recto in Manila. The main component in this sector is the road Metro Rail Transit (MRT) – This is a networks that connect the regions within the light rail transit system that is more country. The road networks then give room for advanced and travels faster. It runs mass transportation in the country, which is along Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue classified into two (2): or EDSA in Metro Manila. It operates within the blue line and runs from Primary Modes – These consist of private EDSA-Taft in Pasay City to North vehicles, taxis, rail systems, buses, jeepneys, Avenue in Quezon City. among others. The most common transportation under this model for public use GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED is buses and jeepneys. Buses in the - The Department of Transportation (DOTr) is Philippines are categorized into the following: the executive branch of the Philippine Public Utility – These are bus government that regulates transportation. Its services for general public use that main function is to help with the country’s travels on predetermined routes. economic growth by developing effective and (e.x. Air-conditioned and ordinary (non-air- conditioned) buses) efficient transportation systems. Shuttle – Designed for passenger transport between two (2) fixed points The attached agencies that oversee land that usually travel on short/medium transportation and its sectors under the DOTr are the distances. (e.x. Coaches, School following: buses) Tourist – These are buses that needed accreditation from the Department of Tourism to carry tourists. (e.x. foreign/local tourist bus) o Land Transportation Office (LTO) – This government - On May 13, 1947, PAL acquired FEATI, which agency's main function is to ensure the safety and comfort of enabled the airline company to fly long haul the commuters. They are in charge of collecting various fees routes in America and Europe. In 1948, PAL from registration of motor vehicles, issuing driver’s licenses, became the only domestic scheduled airline in collecting fines and penalties, and selling license plates. the country. Today, there are three (3) major o Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory players in the local airline industry: Philippine Board (LTFRB) – They are in charge of enforcing and Airlines (PR), Cebu Pacific (5J), Air Asia monitoring transport service providers' compliance to Philippines (Z2). transport policies, laws, and regulations. THE PHILIPPINE AIRLINE INDUSTRY o Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) – This - The Philippine government has implemented government-owned corporation is responsible for several reforms to enhance the airline constructing, operation, and maintaining light rail industry's competitiveness, including allowing transit systems. foreign airlines to operate within the country and increasing the capacity of other airports, o Philippine National Railways (PNR) – This agency including the main hub, Ninoy Aquino is in charge of constructing, operation, and maintaining International Airport. the nationwide railway system. - There are currently 11 international airports classified by the Civil Aviation Authority of the o North Luzon Railways Corporation (NLRC) – Philippines (CAAP) in 2019, which are the They are in charge of the NORTHRAIL project that following: aims to have an operating railway system within the Laoag International Airport (LAO) – Laoag, Northern and Central Luzon region. Ilocos Norte Clark International Airport (CRK) – Mabalacat, o Toll Regulatory Board (TRB) – They are in charge Pampanga of constructing, operation, and maintaining toll Subic Bay International Airport (SFS) – facilities. They are responsible for the collection of toll Morong, Bataan fees as well. Ninoy Aquino International Airport (MNL) – Pasay/Paranaque city o Office of Transport Cooperatives (OTC) – They Puerto Princesa International Airport (PPS) – are in charge of administering, accrediting, and Puerto Princesa, Palawan integrating transport cooperative programs to the Iloilo International Airport (ILO) – Cabatuan, public transport system. Iloilo Kalibo International Airport (KLO) – Kalibo, PHILIPPINE AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Aklan Mactan-Cebu International Airport (CEB) – Brief History Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu - In 1930, the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company Zamboanga International Airport (ZAM) – (PATCO) began operating air transportation Zamboanga city from Manila to Baguio, Camarines Norte, and Francisco Bangoy International Airport (DVO) Iloilo. The Iloilo-Negros Air Express Company – Davao city (INAEC) was established, serving flights to General Santos International Airport (GES) – Davao and Cagayan de Oro city. General Santos city - PATCO closed in 1939 due to competition with INAEC, and its founder launched Philippine International airlines from several countries such as Airways in 1941, changing its name to Cathay Pacific (Hong Kong), Emirates (United Philippine Airlines (PAL) on March 13, 1941. Arab Emirates), KLM Royal Dutch Airlines - PAL, a competitor to INAEC, operated from (Netherlands), and Delta Airlines (United States of Nielsen Airport, primarily serving Makati to America) are given the freedom to fly directly to Manila Baguio, but its operations were disrupted and reach the Philippine market. during WWII due to the destruction of INAEC planes. - INAEC reopened in 1945 as Far Eastern Air Transport Inc. (FEATI), and PAL was appointed as the official flag carrier of the Philippines in November 1946. LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL GOVERNING PHILIPPINE WATER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM BODIES INVOLVED - As the airline industry heavily involves History international transactions and agreements, The Philippines, an archipelago, has a rich international organizations were established to history of water transportation, with early regulate the international airline industry. The Filipinos mastering seafaring before the Philippines is a member of two (2) which are Spanish occupation. Visayan warriors used the following: karakoas for trade and commerce, while International Air Travel Association (IATA) – Samals and Badjaos from Mindanao and Sulu This is a trade association for member airlines used Balangay, a small boat introduced by that supports several aviation areas. It Borneo people who migrated to the formulates industry policy on critical aviation Philippines. issues. Historically, trade routes in the Philippines International Civil Aviation Organization involved inter-island transport using native (ICAO) – It is a United Nations specialized boats like paraws and cascos. The Pasig River agency that ensures mutual understanding of is believed to be the site of Metro Manila, while the acceptable civil aviation standards and esteros and man-made canals connected recommended practices with which the trade and commerce through waterways like members must comply. the Pasig River. During the Spanish occupation, galleon ships Within the country, the governing bodies under the were primarily used for trading, introducing DOTr that oversees airline operations are the commerce to the Philippine islands. The following: Manila-Acapulco galleon trade boosted Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines shipping industry growth, as Spanish (CAAP) – This is a regulatory body that colonizers monopolized trade in Manila. implements policies, rules, and regulations on During 1857-1898, Manila, Cebu, and Iloilo Philippine civil aviation that ensures safe, economic, were the only Philippine ports capable of and efficient air travel. handling large ships. During the American Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) – This occupation, Manila became Asia's largest port, oversees the airline industry's economic side, prioritizing foreign- made ships over which includes the regulation of aircraft lease, Spanish-made boats, leading to a decline in purchase, and sales. This also includes the boat-making industry. overseeing domestic airline mergers and partnerships. Philippine Aerospace Development THE PHILIPPINE WATER TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Corporation (PADC) – This is in charge of The Philippines, with over 7,000 islands, lacks major developing a reliable aviation and aerospace bridges except for the San Juanico Bridge connecting industry in the Philippines. This helps with the Samar and Leyte provinces. Ferries are more development of the local capacity to maintain, economically practical for inter-island travel compared repair, and modify aviation equipment. to higher airline fares, making them the more viable Airport Authorities – They oversee and choice for inter-island travel. manage airport operations in different regions such as the Manila International Airport Cebu, Batangas, and Calapan are among the top Authority (MIAA) and the Clark International twenty ports globally for passenger traffic, with Airport Corporation (CIAC) ferries and catamaran shuttles being the most common water transportation mode. The Philippines has around 600 maritime companies, with five covering 90% of the passenger traffic market. There are three (3) identified main types of maritime connections in the country, which are: Short-haul, High frequency - Usually 1-2 hours of travel time. - Fast catamaran shuttles are usually used in this connection. One of the examples is the Supercat Fast Ferry Shuttle. - Has the highest number of trips per day. Long circuits, Low frequency - Usually 2-3 days of travel time. - Ferries with cabins are used in this connection. - Trips are usually 2-3 times per week A small island, random frequency - Usually less than 1 hour of travel time - Usually uses makeshift boats powered by motor and outriggers - The boat goes when it’s full, similar to how local jeepneys conduct their trips. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INVOLVED Under the Department of Transportation, the agencies that oversee water transportation in the Philippines are the following: Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) – They are in charge of the planning and development of Philippine seaports. Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA) – They oversee the promotion and development of the Philippine maritime industry. They also regulate the shipping companies through the issuance of licenses, enforcing maritime laws, among others. Cebu Ports Authority (CPA) – They are in charge of administering all ports located in the Cebu province. Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA) – They groom and produce trained merchant marine and naval officers. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) – They are in charge of enforcing applicable laws within Philippine waters, including maritime security operations.