Intro To Personality Theory PDF

INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 1 PERSONALITY 5. ENDURING “traits persist over time” generally consistent over situations....

INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 1 PERSONALITY 5. ENDURING “traits persist over time” generally consistent over situations. underlying cause within the 6. INFLUENTIAL FORCES person of individual behavior psychological traits and mechanisms and experiences. (inner HAVE AN EFFECT on people’s lives. experiences) 7. PERSON-ENVIRONMENT set of psychological traits and INTERACTION mechanisms within the interacts with situations including individual that are organized perceptions, selection, evocation, and and relatively enduring and manipulation. that influence his or her you can predict someone's personality interactions with, and because of their traits, BUT also because of adaptations to the intrapsychic, their environment. physical, and social 8. ADAPTATION environments. accomplishing goals, coping, adjusting, significant cause of behavior and dealing with challenges and (influences explained) problems we face as we go through life. how we think, feel, and 9. the ENVIRONMENT behave. represents only a small subset of a person’s characteristic features that our psychological pattern of thinking, feeling, and mechanisms direct us to attend and acting. respond to. negative view is part of ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY personality 1. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS THREE LEVELS OF characteristics that describe ways in PERSONALITY ANALYSIS which people are different from each other. 1) like ALL others 2. MECHANISMS = the human nature level ➔ need to belong allows us to predict behavior; process of ➔ capacity for love personality. ➔ Filipinos = po, opo, hospitable 3. WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL 2) like SOME others = the level of (your psychic) personality that a person individual and group differences carries within them over time and from ➔ traits are COMMON one situation to another. ➔ [individual] variation in need to Ex. In a threatening situation, what would that person do? Fight or flight? belong ➔ [group] men more physically 4. ORGANIZED aggressive than women psychological traits and mechanisms, for a given person, are not simply a random collection of elements. INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 2 3) like NO others STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING = the individual uniqueness level PERSONALITY THEORIES ➔ joshua’s unique way of expressing LOVE Comprehensiveness explains most or ➔ ethan’s unique way of all known facts expressing AGGRESSION Heuristic value guides researchers to important new discoveries SIX DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE Testability makes precise predictions ABOUT: HUMAN NATURE that can be empirically tested DOMAIN OF KNOWLEDGE is a Parsimony contains few premises or specialty area of science and assumptions scholarship, in which psychologists Compatibility and Integration is have focused on learning about some consistent with what is known in other specific and limited aspects of human domains; can be coordinated with other nature. branches of scientific knowledge PERSONALITY IS INFLUENCED: NOMOTHETIC APPROACH groups of 1) DISPOSITIONAL DOMAIN individuals are studied comparing their traits that the person is born with trait/factor scores, and relating them to 2) BIOLOGICAL DOMAIN specific behaviors or background caused by biological events experiences. 3) INTRAPSYCHIC DOMAIN by conflict within person’s own mind IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH studies an 4) COGNITIVE-EXPERIENTIAL individual one at a time without DOMAIN (all subjective thoughts) comparing them to others by personal and private thoughts, SCIENTIFIC THEORY set of related feelings, desires, beliefs, and other assumptions that allows scientists to subjective experiences. use logical deductive reasoning to 5) SOCIAL & CULTURAL DOMAIN formulate testable hypotheses. by social, cultural, and gendered positions in the world 6) ADJUSTMENT DOMAIN WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL? Generates Research: the adjustments that the person must make to the inevitable challenges. ➔ the most important criterion of a useful theory is its ability to stimulates and guide further ROLE OF PERSONALITY THEORIES researches Is Falsifiable: a GOOD THEORY is one that fulfills 3 purpose in science: ➔ theory must be evaluated on provides guide for researchers its ability to be confirmed or organizes know findings disconfirmed makes predictions assumption - you test the theory INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 3 Organizes Data: Causality vs. Teleology ➔ is it consistent? Do people act as they do because of ➔ a useful theory should also be what has happened to them in the past, able to organize those or do they act as they do because they research data that are not have certain expectations of what will compatible with each other happen in the future? Guides Action: causality - nakaraan ➔ is it practical? teleology - present & future ➔ ability to guide the practi- behavior motivated by past, tioner over the rough course of present, and future day-to-day problems. Conscious vs. Unconscious Internally Consistent: How much of what we do is driven by ➔ a theory must be consistent conscious decisions, and how much is with itself, not with other guided by unconscious processes we’re theories. unaware of? Is Parsimonious: Biological vs. Social Influences ➔ being simple to apply Are our behaviors more strongly ➔ when 2 theories are equal in influenced by our genetic makeup, or by their ability to generate the social environments in which we research, be falsified, give live? meaning to data, guide the is it biologically or socially practitioner, and be self- determined? consistent, the simpler one is preferred. Uniqueness vs. Similarities In what ways are we unique individuals, DIMENSIONS FOR A and in what ways are we fundamentally CONCEPT OF HUMANITY similar to others in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors? Determinism vs. Free Choice To what extent are our actions and What is Personality? decisions shaped by factors beyond our control, and to what extent are we free Personality is challenging to define, with to choose our own paths? many interpretations. determinism, external forces to Feist & Feist: Personality is a pattern allow the person to behave of relatively permanent traits and unique that way characteristics that provide both free choice, your behavior is a consistency and individuality to a product of free mind person’s behavior. Pessimism vs. Optimism Does a person’s belief about the world Key Concept: TRAITS being inherently good or bad influence Traits are unique characteristics their behavior and outlook on life, or do influencing behavior. these beliefs arise from their They do not dictate behavior experiences? but influence it; people may INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 4 act outside of their traits Perception of traits as positive depending on circumstances. or negative can vary culturally or individually. Personality Traits and Psychological Mechanisms Key Questions in Personality Psychological Mechanisms: Psychology Processes of personality Freedom vs. Determinism involving input, decision rules, Can we change our behavior, or is it and output. predetermined? Example: Courageous trait Hereditary vs. Environment leading to facing danger Is personality more influenced by nature versus fleeing it. or nurture? 3 Levels of Personality Analysis Unique vs. Universal from Kluckhohn and Murray (1953): Are humans unique, or do we share Universal Traits: Traits universal traits? shared by all humans Proactive vs. Reactive (e.g., need for belonging) Do we act on our initiative, or do we Group Traits: Traits shared by respond to stimuli? some humans (e.g., introversion) Importance Unique Traits: Traits unique to Helps predict future behavior. the individual (e.g., specific Example: Ted Bundy’s habits) sociopathic traits could have been statistically predicted. Origins of Personality Nature vs. Nurture: Application Personality can be influenced Personality data helps predict by genetics, environment, behaviors and is used in AI biology, and culture. research. Personality is co-created and Correlations: constantly changing through - Conscientiousness linked to interactions with others. good grades. - Extroversion linked to car Common Personality Theories: accidents. 1. Trait Theory - Low agreeableness linked to 2. Behavioral Theory competitiveness. 3. Humanistic Theory - High neuroticism linked to 4. Biological Theory mental illness. 5. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Positive and Negative Traits: Society tends to reward positive traits like kindness and respect. INTRO TO PERSONALITY THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 5 Unifying Theory of Personality: Summary No single theory encom- Personality is a complex and passes all aspects of multifaceted concept influenced by personality. various factors, including traits, Theories like trait, behavioral, psychological mechanisms, genetics, humanistic, biological, and environment, and social interactions. psycho- analytic touch on Personality psychology seeks different parts of personality, to understand and predict human much like blind men describing behavior by analyzing these elements. an elephant by touching While no single theory explains different parts. all aspects of personality, the Big Five personality traits provide a framework The Big 5 Personality Traits for understanding basic personality OCEAN/CANOE: dimensions. 1. Openness Ongoing research in 2. Conscientiousness personality psychology has significant 3. Extraversion implications for improving human 4. Agreeableness behavior, predicting future actions, and 5. Neuroticism potentially guiding personal Each trait has an opposite, and development. individuals lie somewhere on a spectrum between these extremes. Self-Improvement and Personality: Personal development can involve pushing the boundaries of one's personality traits. Personality is not entirely fixed; it can evolve with effort. Personality psychology is a field with much potential for further research, especially regarding self-esteem, trust, and leadership traits. ABOUT SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 6 QUESTION 1: What are the three types of anxiety Freud proposed? What is the purpose of anxiety? How do we defend ourselves against anxiety? A. Freud proposed three types of anxiety: Neurotic anxiety: This anxiety is triggered by unconscious fears, primarily arising from the id’s impulses. It is the fear of unknown dangers. It often arises when authority figures evoke feelings of past punishment, linked to suppressed childhood hostility. Moral anxiety: Originates from the conflict between the ego and the superego. It involves feelings of guilt or shame when one’s actions or desires conflict with internalized moral standards, such as feeling guilty for having thoughts or desires that contradict one's moral beliefs. Realistic anxiety: This anxiety is related to actual, external threats and dangers. It’s a rational response to real, potential dangers in the environment, such as feeling anxious while driving in hazardous conditions. Unlike fear, it doesn’t have a specific object but rather involves a general sense of threat. B. The purpose of anxiety, according to Freud, is to serve as a warning signal of impending danger. This alertness helps the ego to prepare for defense, either by taking protective actions or mobilizing against threats. Anxiety acts as an ego-preserving mechanism, enabling the person to be vigilant and responsive to threats, whether they are internal (from the id or superego) or external (from the environment). C. We protect ourselves from anxiety through defense mechanisms, which the ego uses to handle and lessen the stress caused by hidden sexual and aggressive urges. These mechanisms help us avoid directly facing these urges, shielding us from intense anxiety. However, relying on these defenses takes mental energy, so overusing them can drain our ability to satisfy basic needs. While defense mechanisms are a natural part of how we think, overusing them can lead to compulsive or neurotic behavior, as they stop us from addressing the deeper emotional issues. QUESTION 2: Describe the oral and anal stages of psychosexual development. What activities characterize an adult fixated at the oral incorporative phase? At the anal retentive phase? A. Oral Stage: The oral stage lasts from birth until some time during the second year of life. It centers on the infant’s pleasure from activities involving the mouth, such as sucking and biting. This stage is crucial for the development of trust and affection towards the mother or caregiver. The infant's interactions with the mother shapes their perception of the world as either nurturing or frustrating. ABOUT SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 7 B. Anal Stage: Occurring roughly between ages one and three, the anal stage focuses on pleasure derived from controlling bowel movements. Initially, children experience satisfaction through aggressive behaviors related to toilet training. Later, they might take pride in their feces. Positive reinforcement from parents can lead to traits like generosity, while harsh responses might foster traits such as orderliness and stubbornness. This stage influences the development of the anal character, marked by neatness and control. C. Adults who are fixated at the oral incorporative phase are very focused on activities involving the mouth, such as eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing. Their early experiences of being overly pampered make them unusually optimistic and dependent on others. They tend to trust people easily and are often seen as naive. Because they relied heavily on others for satisfaction in their infancy, they continue to seek reassurance and support from those around them. This can make them overly reliant on others to meet their needs and lead to difficulties in being self-sufficient or assertive. D. Adults who are fixated at the anal retentive phase often show traits like being very stubborn, stingy, and obsessed with neatness. They might hoard things and need everything to be perfectly organized. This behavior comes from childhood, where they learned to control their bowel movements to get attention from their parents. As a result, they feel secure when they have control over their possessions and keep things in strict order. They may also be very rigid and resistant to change, reflecting their early experiences of using control as a way to feel safe and gain approval. QUESTION 3: How do boys and girls resolve the conflicts of the phallic stage of psychosexual development? In your opinion, how would boys and girls reared by a single mother resolve these conflicts? A. In the phallic stage, boys develop unconscious feelings for their mother and see their father as a rival, leading to the Oedipus complex. To resolve this, they repress these feelings and identify with their father, adopting his traits and values. Girls, on the other hand, experience the Electra complex, where they shift affection from their mother to their father due to "penis envy." They resolve this by eventually identifying with their mother, though Freud believed this conflict remains partially unresolved, affecting their personality and relationships. B. In a single-mother household, boys and girls resolve phallic stage conflicts differently due to the absence of a father figure. Boys might experience a less intense Oedipus complex, leading them to closely identify with their mother and possibly adopt more maternal traits. To balance this, they may seek male role models outside the home. Girls, without a father, may ABOUT SIGMUND FREUD’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 8 experience a modified Electra complex, remaining more attached to their mother with reduced penis envy. They often idealize male figures outside the home, like uncles or family friends. Both boys and girls adapt to their environment, finding alternative ways to resolve these conflicts. QUESTION 4: Does the Freudian defense mechanism of repression explain all instances of repressed memories of childhood abuse? What other factors might account for such memories? A. Repression is one way the mind might deal with traumatic childhood memories, including abuse, by pushing these painful memories into the unconscious to avoid anxiety. However, it doesn’t explain all cases. Freud suggested that while repression is common, it might not fully block memories. Instead, these memories might resurface in distorted or disguised forms, leading to anxiety or other psychological symptoms. However, not all repressed memories are due to repression. Other factors like trauma severity, age during the event, and emotional support received may also influence how memories are handled. Therefore, while repression can explain some cases, it doesn't cover all instances of repressed childhood abuse memories. B. Apart from repression, other factors might contribute to repressed childhood memories. The severity of the trauma plays a role; extremely traumatic events can be more likely to be pushed into the unconscious as a protective mechanism. Age is also significant; younger children may not fully understand or encode their experiences, making those memories harder to recall later in life. The emotional support or lack thereof during and after the event can influence how memories are processed. Additionally, cultural and social factors might discourage discussing or acknowledging certain experiences, leading to partial or complete repression. Memory retrieval issues, where the brain simply struggles to access certain memories due to the way they were stored, can also be a factor. ABOUT CARL JUNG’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 9 QUESTION 1: What are the three major points of difference between Jung’s theory of analytical psychology and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis? SIGMUND FREUD CARL JUNG 1 Freud believed the unconscious Jung expanded the concept of the primarily contains repressed drives, unconscious to include a collective urges, and desires, mostly focused on unconscious. This layer contains sexual and aggressive instincts. He inherited memories and archetypes divided the mind into the id, ego, and from human history and pre-human superego, with the unconscious being ancestors, which shape behavior and dominated by the id, which seeks personality. pleasure. 2 Freud believed dreams are primarily Jung agreed dreams reveal the expressions of unconscious wishes and unconscious, but he viewed them as desires that attempt to break into more than wish-fulfillment. He consciousness in a disguised form. believed dreams are compensatory He saw dreams as rooted in repressed and prospective, helping balance the sexual or aggressive urges. psyche and prepare for future challenges by addressing current psychological imbalances. 3 Freud saw libido as primarily sexual Jung disagreed with Freud's narrow energy, linked to bodily pleasure. He focus on sexuality. He redefined libido thought this energy drives much of as a more generalized form of psychic human behavior and can be transferred energy that drives all psychological between objects or people. activity, including creativity, spirituality, and personal growth, not just sexual impulses. He described it as a dynamic force, shaping both present and future behaviors. QUESTION 2: What is the relationship between the ego and the personal unconscious? How does the personal unconscious differ from the collective unconscious? a. The ego, according to Jung, is the center of consciousness and focuses on our sense of identity and awareness. It filters what we consciously experience. The personal unconscious, on the other hand, holds all the forgotten, repressed, or subliminal memories and feelings that aren’t directly part of our awareness but still impact us. These two interact closely, as the ego can sometimes be influenced by personal unconscious material, such as repressed memories or emotions that affect our decisions or behaviors. However, the ego only deals with conscious thoughts, while ABOUT CARL JUNG’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 10 the personal unconscious contains more hidden material, including complexes—emotionally charged ideas that can disrupt our thinking. So, the personal unconscious is like a reservoir of experiences that are personal and unique to the individual, while the ego represents what we are currently aware of. b. The personal unconscious is made up of individual experiences —memories, emotions, and thoughts unique to each person, including things we've repressed or forgotten. It’s shaped by our personal life story. In contrast, the collective unconscious, according to Jung, is something shared by all humans. It consists of inherited memories from our ancestors, which aren’t specific to one individual but come from humanity’s shared past. These memories influence our instincts and behaviors in ways we may not even be aware of. For example, universal symbols or archetypes like the mother figure or hero are part of the collective unconscious, shaping how we react to situations based on deep, inherited patterns. Unlike the personal unconscious, which is formed by personal experiences, the collective unconscious connects us to all of human history. QUESTION 3: What are the similarities between Jung’s shadow archetype concept and Freud’s id concept? Jung's shadow archetype and Freud's id both represent the darker, primal parts of human nature. Both contain basic instincts and desires that are often hidden or suppressed because they clash with societal expectations. In Jung’s view, the shadow holds our animalistic impulses and behaviors that society deems immoral or unacceptable. Similarly, Freud’s id is driven by the pleasure principle, seeking to satisfy desires without concern for morality or reality. However, while the id is entirely unconscious and focuses on immediate gratification, the shadow has a more dynamic role. Jung believed the shadow isn’t purely destructive—it can also bring vitality, creativity, and spontaneity. In contrast, Freud’s id is mainly focused on pleasure without consideration for higher aspects of personality. In both concepts, the ego works to control these urges, but while Freud sees the id as a constant source of tension, Jung’s shadow can be integrated into a balanced self. ABOUT CARL JUNG’S THEORY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 11 QUESTION 4: Discuss Jung’s ideas on the development of personality throughout the lifespan, especially the periods of adolescence and middle age. Jung believed that personality development continues throughout life and isn’t limited to childhood experiences, as Freud emphasized. He saw adolescence and middle age as key stages in this journey. In adolescence, Jung described it as a time of "psychic birth," when the individual’s psyche begins to take shape. Young people focus on adapting to external realities, like school, work, and relationships. This period is filled with excitement but also challenges, as one navigates the shift from childhood fantasies to adult responsibilities. However, Jung placed particular importance on middle age, a time when people often feel a sense of emptiness or crisis, despite external success. Jung argued that this shift is natural and necessary. During middle age, the focus moves inward. People begin to confront their inner lives, searching for balance between their conscious and unconscious selves. This period of introspection and self-realization allows individuals to develop a deeper sense of meaning and purpose in life. QUESTION 5: What is individuation? How must our archetypes change if we are to achieve individuation? Individuation is the process of becoming your true self by integrating all parts of your personality, both conscious and unconscious. It’s about fulfilling your potential and becoming whole. To achieve this, our archetypes—the different aspects of ourselves—must evolve. First, we need to dethrone the persona, the mask we wear for society, and accept that it doesn’t fully represent who we are. Then, we must confront our shadow, the darker side of our nature, without letting it control us. Recognizing its existence gives us balance and vitality. Finally, we need to embrace our anima or animus, the feminine or masculine traits within us, to become psychologically complete. Individuation involves harmonizing all these parts, creating a balanced, authentic self. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 12 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY the only level of mental life Overview to this lesson: directly available to us. sex and aggression - twin cornerstones of psychoana- 2. UNCONSCIOUS PRECONSCIOUS lysis, and are two subjects of contains all those elements continuing popularity. that are not conscious but can Freud’s understanding of become conscious either human personality was based quite readily or with some on his experiences with difficulty patients, his analysis of his by the time it was asked, it own dreams, and his vast became conscious. readings in the various UNCONSCIOUS PROPER sciences and humanities. repository, reservoir, container, Freud relied more on trash bin deductive reasoning than on contains all those drives, rigorous research methods, urges, or instincts that are and he made observations beyond our awareness, but subjectively and on a relatively that nevertheless, motivate small sample of patients, most of our words, feelings, most of whom were from the and actions. upper-middle and upper ○ the role of psychologist classes. is to delve into our He did not quantify his data, unconscious. nor did he make observations unconscious is the under controlled conditions. explanation for the meaning He utilized the case study behind dreams, slips of the approach almost exclusively, tongue, and certain kinds of typically formulating forgetting, called repression. hypotheses after the facts of ○ repression is a defense the case were known. mechanism to forget unwanted past LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE Dreams - serve as a To Freud, mental life is divided into two particularly rich source of levels, the unconscious and the conscious. unconscious material. 1. CONSCIOUS Within the unconscious, we plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, cannot understand why we can’t establish closeness with others. defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 13 PROVINCES of the MIND the superego has two subsystems: 1) the conscience The Psyche = Personality To Freud, the most primitive part of the mind experiences with punishments was das Es, or the “it,” which is almost for improper behavior and tells us always translated into English as id; a what we should not do second division was das Ich, or the “I,” 2) the ego-ideal translated as ego; and a final province was experiences with rewards for das Uber-Ich, or the “over-I,” which is proper behavior and tells us what rendered into English as superego. we should do. The Id The Ego ➔ has no contact with reality, yet it ➔ only region of the mind in contact strives constantly to reduce with reality. tension by satisfying basic desires ➔ governed by the reality principle, ➔ its sole function is to seek which it tries to substitute for the pleasure, we say that the id pleasure principle of the id. serves the pleasure principle. ➔ becomes the decision-making or ➔ unrealistic, illogical, and can executive branch of personality. simultaneously entertain ➔ At times the ego can control the incompatible ideas powerful, pleasure-seeking id, but ➔ All of the id’s energy is spent for at other times it loses control. one purpose—to seek pleasure As mediator: without regard for what is proper the ego must take into conside- or just ration the incompatible but equally the id operates through the primary process. unrealistic demands of the id and Because it blindly seeks to satisfy the pleasure the superego. principle, its survival is dependent on the ego must serve the external world, development of a secondary process to bring it into or commit to the requirements of contact with the external world. reality. limitations imposed by the The Superego superego. ➔ As children reach the age of 5 or 6 years, they identify with their parents and begin to learn what they should and should not do. ➔ represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles ➔ it has no contact with the outside world and therefore is unrealistic in its demands for perfection ➔ develops through a process called incorporation ➔ defensive identification - a child absorbs and internalizes moral values of the same sex parent SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 14 INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS is a term in the various drives can all be Psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the grouped under two major id, ego, and superego. Intrapsychic conflicts headings: refer to the inner psychological struggles 1. sex/Eros (Life Instinct) and conflicts that an individual experiences 2. aggression/Thanatos within their own mind. (Death Instinct) SEX or EROS Freud used the word libido for the sex drive, but energy from the aggressive drive remains nameless. aim of sexual drive is pleasure ○ not limited to genital satisfaction. entire body is invested with libido the mouth and anus are especially capable of producing sexual pleasure DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY called erogenous zones. Freud postulated a dynamic, or all pleasurable activity is motivational principle, to explain the traceable to the sexual drive. driving forces behind people’s actions. cathexis = An investment of people are motivated to seek libido in an object or person. pleasure and to reduce Sex can take many forms, including tension and anxiety narcissism, love, sadism, and = pleasure-pain principle masochism. This motivation is derived from SEX: NARCISSISM psychical and physical energy primary narcissism Infants are that springs from their basic primarily self-centered, with their libido drives. invested almost exclusively on their DRIVES Freud used the German word own ego. “Trieb” to refer to a drive or a stimulus As the ego develops, children within the person. usually give up much of their Drives operate as a constant primary narcissism, and motivational force. As an develop a greater interest in internal stimulus, drives differ other people. from external stimuli in that Narcissistic libido or ego-libido they cannot be avoided is the concentration of libido through flight. on the self. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 15 secondary narcissism During puberty, whom to inflict pain or adolescents redirect their libido back to humiliation. the ego and become preoccupied with sadists are more dependent personal appearance and self-interests. than masochists. (energy towards yourself) AGGRESSION or THANATOS SEX: LOVE develops when people The aim of the destructive drive, invest their libido on an object or according to Freud, is to return the person other than themselves. organism to an inorganic state. Children’s first sexual interest the final aim of the aggressive is the person who cares for drive is self-destruction. them, generally the mother. GOAL of life is death aim-inhibited love aggression is flexible and can Overt sexual love for members take a number of forms: of one’s family ordinarily is ○ teasing, gossip, repressed sarcasm, humiliation, the original aim of reducing humor, and the sexual tension is inhibited or enjoyment of other repressed. people’s suffering The kind of love people feel it is present in everyone and is for their siblings or parents the explanation for wars, atrocities, and religious SEX: SADISM the need for sexual persecution. pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person. ANXIETY it is a felt, affective, a sexual perversion, but in unpleasant state accompanied by a moderation, it is a common physical sensation that warns the need and exists to some person against impending danger. extent in all sexual relation- THREAT against the ego ships. free-floating, objectless fear perverted when the sexual aim only the ego can produce this of erotic pleasure becomes 1.) NEUROTIC ANXIETY is the ego’s secondary to the destructive dependence on the id. aim. ➔ is defined as apprehension ex. 50 shades of grey = lead about an unknown danger. man shows sadistic behavior may experience neurotic anxiety in the presence of a teacher, employer, or some SEX: MASOCHISM sexual pleasure other authority figure because they previ- from suffering pain and humiliation ously experienced unconscious feelings of inflicted by themselves or by others. destruction against one or both parents. In contrast, sadists must seek and find another person on SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 16 2.) MORAL ANXIETY is the ego’s DEFENSE MECHANISMS were establi- dependence on the superego. shed to avoid dealing directly with ➔ stems from the conflict sexual and aggressive implosives and between the ego and the to defend itself against the anxiety that superego. accompanies them. ➔ usually by the age of 5 or 6— they may experience anxiety 1. REPRESSION - the most basic as an outgrowth of the conflict defense mechanism between realistic needs and involuntary removal of the dictates of their superego. unwanted memories from Moral anxiety, for example, would result from conscious awareness. sexual temptations if a child believes that ○ forces threatening yielding to the temptation would be morally feelings into the wrong. It may also result from the failure to unconscious behave consistently with what they regard it is an unconscious type of as morally right, for example, failing to care forgetting of the existence of for aging parents. something that brings us discomfort or pain 2.) REALISTIC ANXIETY involves will come forth in uglier form actual possible dangers. just because it was forgotten, ➔ is closely related to fear, and doesn’t mean it can no longer is defined as an unpleasant, influence our thoughts nonspecific feeling if these impulses become repressed: we may experience realistic anxiety while the impulses may remain driving in heavy, fast-moving traffic in an unfamiliar city, a situation fraught with real, unchanged in the objective danger. unconscious. they could force their way into Only neurotic and moral anxiety can create consciousness in an intrapsychic danger. If the ego had no recourse to defensive behavior, the anxiety unaltered form, would become intolerable. Defensive ○ would create more behaviors, therefore, serve a useful anxiety than the person function by protecting the ego against the could handle, and the pain of anxiety. person would be overwhelmed with anxiety. they are expressed in displaced or disguised forms. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 17 2. DENIAL - involves denying the 7. PROJECTION - seeing in others existence of some external threat or unacceptable feelings or tendencies traumatic event that has occurred. that actually reside in one’s own if the experience is too much, unconscious the person refuses to ego reduce anxiety by experience it attributing the unwanted 3. REACTION FORMATION impulse to an external object, - a repressed impulse may become usually another person. conscious is through adopting a 8. INTROJECTION - whereby people disguise that is directly opposite its incorporate positive qualities of another original form. person into their own ego. Another person, disturbed by During the Oedipal period, the extreme aggressive impulses, young child introjects the may become overly solicitous authority and values of one or and friendly. both parents—an introjection “Keep your friends close, but that sets into motion the your enemies closer.” beginning of the superego. 4. DISPLACEMENT - people can 9. SUBLIMATION - involves altering redirect their unacceptable urges onto a the id impulses. variety of people or objects so that the repression of the genital aim original impulse is disguised or of Eros by substituting a concealed. cultural or social aim. For example, a woman who is angry at The instinctual energy is her roommate may displace her anger onto her employees, her pet cat, or a diverted into other channels of stuffed animal. She remains friendly to expression, ones that society her roommate, but unlike the workings considers acceptable and of a reaction formation, she does not admirable. exaggerate or overdo her friendliness. 10. RATIONALIZATION - involves 5. FIXATION - ego remain present at reinterpreting our behavior to make it the permanent attachment of the libido seem more rational and acceptable to onto an earlier, more primitive stage of us. development. People who continually derive Hindi naman importante yung pleasure from eating, smoking, or test, ok lang yung score ko. talking may have an oral fixation, (Kahit importante talaga pero whereas those who are obsessed kasi bagsak yung score niya.) with neatness and orderliness We excuse or justify a may possess an anal fixation. threatening thought or action 6. REGRESSION - during times of by persuading ourselves there stress and anxiety, libido revert back to is a rational explanation for it. earlier stage of development SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 18 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES pleasure through the act of OF DEVELOPMENT sucking. To Freud, the first 4 or 5 years of life, ➔ ORAL FIXATION — As or the infantile stage, are the most children grow older, the mouth continues to be an crucial period for personality formation. erogenous zone, and by the time they become adults, they are capable of gratifying their oral needs in a variety of Psychosexual development eventually ways, including: culminates in maturity. ◆ sucking candy, In each developmental stage, chewing gum, a conflict must exist to be ◆ biting pencils, resolved before the infant or overeating, child can progress to the next ◆ smoking cigarettes, pipes and cigars, stage. ◆ and making biting, Sometimes a person is sarcastic remarks. reluctant or unable to move from one stage to the next ANAL PHASE [1-3 years of life] because the conflict has not ➔ during the second year when been resolved; or because the the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone. needs have been so ➔ frequently, children will present supremely satisfied by an their feces to their parents as indulgent parent that the child a valued prize. doesn’t want to move on. ➔ defecation produce erotic pleasure Freud shocked his colleagues for the child, but with the onset of and the general public when toilet training, the child must learn to postpone or delay this he argued that infants are pleasure motivated by sexual impulses. ➔ IF toilet training is not going sexual impulses can be well—for example, if the child has satisfied through organs other difficulty learning or the parents are excessively demanding—the than the genitals. The mouth child may react in one of two ways and anus are particularly ◆ to defecate when and sensitive to erogenous where the parents stimulation. disapprove ◆ to HOLD back or ORAL PHASE [0-1 year of life] retain the feces. ➔ Because the mouth is the first organ to provide an infant with pleasure, Infants obtain life–sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity, but beyond that, they also gain SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 19 ANAL PHASE [1-3 years of life] PHALLIC PHASE [4-5 years of life] to defecate when and where the ➔ a time when the genital area parents disapprove, thus defying their becomes the leading attempts at regulation. erogenous zone. If the child finds this a ➔ The child becomes curious satisfactory technique for about birth and about why reducing frustration and uses boys have penises and girls it frequently, he or she may do not. develop an anal aggressive ➔ phallic conflicts are the most personality. complex ones to resolve. To Freud, this was the basis ➔ they are difficult for many for many forms of hostile and people to accept because they sadistic behavior in adult involve the notion of incest, life, including cruelty, a taboo in many cultures. destructiveness, and temper The Oedipus complex in boys. tantrums. The basic conflict of the phallic stage Such a person is likely to be centers on the unconscious desire of disorderly and to view other the child for the parent of the opposite people as objects to be sex. possessed. In the Oedipus complex, the to hold back or retain the feces, mother becomes a love object This produces a feeling of for the young boy. erotic pleasure (derived from a the boy sees the father as an full lower intestine) obstacle in his path and This behavior is the basis for regards him as a rival and a the development of an anal threat. retentive personality. Accompanying the boy’s desire to Stubborn and stingy, such a replace his father is the fear that the person hoards or retains father will retaliate and harm him. things because feelings of CASTRATION ANXIETY security — He interprets his fear of his The person is likely to be rigid, father in genital terms, compulsively neat, obstinate, becoming fearful that his and overly conscientious. father will cut off the offending This anal eroticism becomes organ (the boy’s penis) transformed into the anal triad So strong is the boy’s fear of of orderliness, stinginess, and castration that he is forced to obstinacy that typifies the repress his sexual desire for adult anal character. his mother. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 20 PHALLIC PHASE [4-5 years of life] A girl develops penis envy, counterpart To Freud, this was a way of to a boy’s castration anxiety. She resolving the Oedipal believes she has lost her penis. conflict. This female Oedipus complex, The boy replaces the sexual Freud suggested, can never longing for the mother with a be totally resolved, a situation more acceptable affection and he believed led to poorly develops a strong developed superegos in identification with the father. women. Freud wrote that an adult The Oedipus complex in girls. woman’s love for a man is Freud was less clear about the female always tinged with penis envy, phallic conflict, which some of his for which she can partially followers termed the Electra complex. compensate by having a Like the boy’s, the girl’s first male child. object of love is the mother, because she is the primary The phallic personality. source of food, affection, Phallic conflicts and their degree of and security in infancy. resolution are of major importance in During the phallic stage, determining adult relations with and however, the father becomes attitudes toward the opposite sex. the girl’s new love object. Poorly resolved conflicts can Why does this shift from cause lingering forms of mother to father take place? castration anxiety and penis Freud said it was because of envy. the girl’s reaction to her The so-called phallic character discovery that boys have a or personality type evidences penis and girls do not. strong narcissism. She comes to envy her father Although continually acting to and transfers her love to him attract the opposite sex, these because he possesses the persons have difficulty highly valued sex organ. establishing mature heterosexual relationships. They need continual recognition and appreciation of their attractive and unique qualities. SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 21 LATENCY PERIOD [5—PUBERTY] SOME TERMINOLOGIES ➔ The storms and stresses of the oral, anal, and phallic free association: A technique in which stages of psychosexual the patient says whatever comes to development are the amalgam mind. In other words, it is a kind of out of which most of the daydreaming out loud. adult personality is shaped. catharsis: The expression of emotions ➔ The three major structures of that is expected to lead to the reduction the personality—the id, ego, of disturbing symptoms. and superego—have been resistance: In free association, a formed by approximately the blockage or refusal to disclose painful age of 5, and the relationships memories. among them are being solidified. dream analysis A technique involving ➔ The latency period is NOT a the interpretation of dreams to uncover psychosexual stage of unconscious conflicts. Dreams have a development. manifest content (the actual events in ➔ The sex instinct is dormant, the dream) and a latent content (the temporarily sublimated in symbolic meaning of the dream school activities, hobbies, and events). sports and in developing case study A detailed history of an friendships with members of individual that contains data from a the same sex. variety of sources. GENITAL PERIOD subliminal perception (also called [ADOLESCENCE—ADULTHOOD] subliminal psychodynamic activation), ➔ the final psychosexual stage in which stimuli are presented to of development, begins at research participants below their level puberty. of conscious awareness. ➔ signals a reawakening of the Freudian Slip appears to be ordinary sexual aim and the beginning forgetting or a casual lapse in speech is of the genital period. actually a reflection of unconscious ➔ Freud believed that the conflict motives or anxieties. during this period is less intense than in the other object relations theories Outgrowths stages. of psychoanalytic theory that focus ➔ The adolescent must conform more on relationships with the objects to societal sanctions and (such as the mother) that satisfy taboos that exist concerning instinctual needs, rather than on the sexual expression, but needs themselves. conflict is minimized through sublimation. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 22 Who is Carl Gustav Jung? differences arose, their Six year personal and personal relationship broke professional relationship with up, leaving Jung with bitter Freud feelings and a deep sense of First president of the the loss. International Psychoanalytical ★ Jung fashioned a new and Association elaborate explanation of After Freud, state of confusion human nature quite unlike any and inner uncertainty; three other, which he called year dormancy analytical psychology. Traveled world after split ★ In contrast, Freud’s theory is interests in Eastern religions, concerned more with alchemy, etc. interpersonal relationships, ★ considered as Freud’s perhaps because Freud, followers unlike Jung, did not have such ★ Freud = crowned prince ?? an isolated and introverted ★ Jung created his own childhood. personality theories—MBTI PSYCHIC ENERGY: OPPOSITES, ★ Why is there a breakup with EQUIVALENCE, AND ENTROPY Freud?—theoretical aspect, personal and professional PSYCHIC ENERGY or THE LIBIDO differences. Jung did not agree that libido was ★ Jung was more interested on: primarily a sexual energy; philosophical and spiritual libido was a broad, undifferentiated life energy. aspect of psychology LIBIDO IN TWO WAYS: ★ si freud ay nag-focus 1) as a diffuse and general life more on clinical psychology energy In contrast, Freud’s theory is concerned 2) from a perspective similar to more with interpersonal relationships, Freud’s, as a narrower perhaps because Freud, unlike Jung, psychic energy that fuels the did not have such an isolated and work of the personality, which introverted childhood. he called the psyche. ★ Jung chose to study medicine When a person invests a great deal of psychic at the University of Basel and energy in a particular idea or feeling, that idea or feeling is said to have a high psychic value and decided, to the disappointment can strongly influence the person’s life. For of his professors, to specialize example, if you are highly motivated to attain in psychiatry, a field then held power, then you will devote most of your psychic in low repute. energy to seeking power. ★ Jung had been an early admirer and friend of Sigmund Freud, but when theoretical CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 23 ENERGY IS NEVER LOSS, it was just Functions of Psychic Energy transferred elsewhere in our mind(?). 1. OPPOSITION PRINCIPLE ★ Noon, you do basketball as a Jung’s idea that conflict between hobby; BUT NOW, in present opposing processes or tendencies is time, your psychic energy is necessary to generate psychic energy. now invested in studying more He noted the existence of opposites or polarities in 3. ENTROPY PRINCIPLE physical energy, such as heat A tendency toward balance or versus cold, height versus equilibrium within the personality; depth, creation versus decay. the ideal is an equal distribution of everything in the MIND has its opposite psychic energy over all structures of the ★ if happy ka ngayon, there’s personality. also a tendency to feel If two desires or beliefs differ sadness later on. greatly in intensity or psychic ★ sa MIND natin, it can create value, energy will flow from an opposing ideas, energy, or the more strongly held to feelings. the weaker. Ideally, the personality has an equal 2. EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE distribution of psychic energy The continuing redistribution of energy over all its aspects, within a personality; if the energy For example; may isang tao expended on certain conditions or na less interested sa Math but activities weakens or disappears, that sobrang eager to know more energy is transferred elsewhere in about Psychology, eventually the personality. let’s say makakakuha sila ng if person used less libido for Masters in Psychology. And work other energy do not then the power or energy in waste, but it can be used for solving Math will totally finish. any other work, called As time passes by, our PSYCHIC equivalence. ENERGY in the opposites will balance. The word equivalence implies ★ the way we react to things, are that the new area to which not as extreme as before. energy has shifted must have ★ this constitutes a HEALTHY an equal psychic value; that PERSONALITY is, it should be equally ★ emotions become evenly desirable, compelling, or distributed as we GROW fascinating. OLDER the excess energy will flow into the unconscious CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 24 SYSTEMS OF PERSONALITY [JUNG’S LAYER OF PSYCHE] In Jung’s view, the total personality, or psyche, is composed of several distinct systems or structures that can influence one another. The major systems are: 1. the ego, 2. the personal unconscious; and 3. the collective unconscious PERSONALITY = PSYCHE 1. EGO = The part of you that you’re aspect jung’s freud’s aware right now—your thoughts, feelings, and everyday awareness. conscious ego conscious ★ to deal with daily tasks mind ★ our CONSCIOUS mind 2. PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS personal personal pre- = memories, and experiences that unconscious memories, conscious & you’re currently NOT thinking right experience repressed about but can remember if needed. memories ★ forgotten memories, repressed experiences collective universal NO 3. COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS unconscious archetypes DIRECT = a deep layer of the mind that is & symbols equivalent shared by all people, containing universal ideas and symbols (like The EGO is the center of conscious- themes in dreams). ness, the part of the psyche concerned ★ deepest level of psyche with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and ★ universal ideas remembering. ★ not a trash bin, BUT - It is our awareness of a treasure chest ourselves and is responsible ★ just like a repository/vessel for carrying out the normal ★ archetypes - contains activities of waking life. thoughts that we haven’t learned yet BUT is present to THE ATTITUDES: EXTRAVERSION us (potentials) AND INTROVERSION ★ inherited rather than learned ★ similar to Freud’s EXTRAVERSION is an attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation phylogenetic endowment toward the external world and other people. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 25 INTROVERSION is an attitude of the thinking involves a conscious psyche characterized by an orientation judgment of whether an toward one’s own thoughts and experience is true or false. feelings feeling is expressed in terms of like or dislike, pleasantness According to Jung, everyone has the or unpleasantness, stimulation capacity for both attitudes, but only or dullness. one becomes dominant in the personality. PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS Extraverted thinking Logical, objective, dogmatic Jung posited four functions of the psyche: sensing, intuiting, thinking, Extraverted feeling Emotional, sensitive, sociable; more typical of and feeling. women than men SENSING and INTUITING are Extraverted sensing Outgoing, grouped together as nonrational pleasure-seeking, functions; adaptable accept experiences and do not Extraverted intuiting Creative, able to evaluate them. motivate others and to Sensing reproduces an seize opportunities experience through the Introverted thinking More interested in ideas senses the way a photograph than in people copies an object. Introverted feeling Reserved, Intuiting does not arise undemonstrative, yet directly from an external capable of deep emotion stimulus; for example, if we Introverted sensing Outwardly detached, believe someone else is with expressing themselves us in a darkened room, our in aesthetic pursuits belief may be based on our Introverted intuiting More concerned with the intuition or a hunch rather than unconscious than with on actual sensory experience. everyday reality THINKING and FEELING The PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS in are rational functions; Jung’s system is similar to Freud’s involve making judgments conception of the preconscious. and evaluations about our It is a reservoir of material experiences. that was once conscious but Although thinking and feeling has been forgotten or are opposites, both are suppressed because it was concerned with organizing and trivial or disturbing. categorizing experiences. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 26 COMPLEX(ES) In Jungian psychology, The COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS a complex is a cluster of thoughts, is the deepest level of the psyche feelings, and memories that are contai- ning the accumulation of emotionally charged and often inherited experiences of human and influence behaviour. These can arise prehuman species. from personal experiences or cultural species, store the experiences archetypes. of the human and prehuman ★ a person develops this species in the collective ★ have you ever avoided unconscious. This heritage is something because of how passed to each new you felt? generation. ★ we have our own complexes Whatever experiences are ★ nabubuo ang complex as to universal—that is, are what happened in our past repeated relatively unchanged ★ produces so much anxiety by each generation—become ○ social-interaction part of our personality. complex ”I was so Thus, Jung linked each worried about being person’s personality with the judged giving a past, not only with childhood presentation” but also with the history of the ○ the tendency is–you species. always want to seek We do not inherit these approval of others. collective experiences directly. Key Points: For example, we do not inherit 1. Emotional Weight: Complexes a fear of snakes. Rather, we usually have a lot of emotion tied to inherit the potential to fear them, which makes them powerful. For snakes. example, if someone has a "mother We are predisposed to behave complex," they might have strong and feel the same ways feelings about their relationship with people have always behaved their mom that affect their other and felt. relationships. Jung believed that certain 2. Influences Behaviour: Even if you basic experiences have don't notice it, these complexes can characterized every influence how you think and behave. generation throughout human For instance, if someone has a "failure history. complex," they might avoid taking risks People have always had a because they fear failing, even if they mother figure, for example, don't fully understand why. and have experienced birth 3. How They Form: Complexes often and death. They have faced develop from important events in your unknown terrors in the dark, life, like childhood experiences or worshipped power or some significant relationships. sort of godlike figure, and feared an evil being. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 27 Archetypes are images of universal ★ Anima and animus has to be experiences contained in the collective balanced unconscious. Jung insisted that both the primordial images. anima and the animus must By being repeated in the lives be expressed. A man must of succeeding generations, exhibit his feminine as well as archetypes have become his masculine characteristics, imprinted on our psyche and a woman must express and are expressed in our her masculine characteristics dreams and fantasies. along with her feminine ones. Otherwise, these vital aspects will remain ARCHETYPE: PERSONA dormant and undeveloped, leading to a one-sidedness of the personality. persona refers to a mask that an actor wears to display various roles or ARCHETYPE: SHADOW faces to the audience. Jung used the term with The dark side of the personality; the basically the same meaning. archetype that contains primitive the persona archetype is a animal instincts. mask, a public face we wear behaviors that society to present ourselves as considers evil and immoral someone different from who reside in the shadow, and this we really are. dark side of human nature it can also be harmful if it must be tamed if people are to leads to condition known as live in harmony. inflation of the persona we must restrain, overcome, resorting to deception. and defend against these primitive impulses. If we do ANIMA ARCHETYPE; not, society will likely punish ANIMUS ARCHETYPE us. if the shadow is totally The anima and animus archetypes suppressed, the psyche will be refer to Jung’s recognition that humans dull and lifeless. are essentially bisexual. it is the ego's function to repress the Anima is the feminine aspects animal instincts enough so that we are of the MALE psyche considered civilized while allowing Animus is the masculine sufficient expression of the instincts to aspects of FEMALE psyche provide creativity and vigor. These opposite sex characte- ★ not inherently GOOD or BAD ristics aid in the adjustment but can lead to personal and survival of the species growth because they enable a person ★ our ability to be evil—we must of one sex to understand the know how to deal with it nature of the other sex. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 28 the self is symbolized by a person’s ARCHETYPE: HERO ideas of perfection, completion, and The hero archetype is represented in wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is mythology and legends as a powerful the mandala, which is depicted as a person, sometimes part god, who circle within a square, a square within a fights against great odds to conquer or circle, or any other concentric figure. It vanquish evil in the form of dragons, represents the strivings of the collective monsters, serpents, or demons. unconscious for unity, balance, and wholeness. ARCHETYPE: GREAT MOTHER The self serves as a motivating force, pulling us This preexisting concept of mother is from ahead rather than always associated with both positive pushing us from behind (as and negative feelings. with our past experiences). represents two opposing forces: (1) fertility and nourishment (2) power and destruction She is capable of producing and sustaining life (fertility and nourish- ment), but she may also devour or neglect her offspring (destruction). ARCHETYPE: WISE OLD MAN The wise old man, archetype of wisdom and meaning, symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life. Unconscious and cannot be directly experienced by a single individual the symptom analysis technique focuses on the symptoms reported by ARCHETYPE: THE SELF the patient and attempts to interpret the patient’s free associations to those The self archetype represents the symptoms. unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality. dream analysis A technique involving the striving toward that the interpretation of dreams to uncover wholeness is the ultimate goal unconscious conflicts. of life. This archetype involves Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) bringing together and An assessment test based on Jung’s balancing all parts of the psychological types and the attitudes of personality. introversion and extraversion. CARL JUNG ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 29 DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY INDIVIDUATION is a condition of psychological health resulting from the CAUSALITY vs. TELEOLOGY integration of all conscious and Causality holds that present unconscious facets of the personality. events have their origin in Of particular importance in the previous experiences midlife process of individuation Teleology holds that present is the shift in the nature of the events are motivated by goals archetypes. and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny Reflection on Jung’s Theory human behavior is shaped by both Jung’s complex and unusual approach causal and teleological forces and to the human personality has had that causal explanations must be considerable impact on a broad range balanced with teleological ones. of disciplines, notably psychiatry, cultural history, sociology, economics, PROGRESSION vs. REGRESSION political science, philosophy, and Progression: adaptation to the religion. outside world involves the The word association test forward flow of psychic became a standard projective energy technique and inspired the Regression: adaptation to the development of the Rorschach inner world relies on a inkblot test and so-called backward flow of psychic lie-detection techniques. energy the bulk of Jung’s theory was not received enthusiastically THE DEVELOPMENT OF by psychologists THE PERSONALITY Critics charge that Jung Childhood Ego development accepted as scientific begins when the child evidence the mythical and distinguishes between mystical occurrences his self and others. patients reported. Puberty to young Emotional, sensitive, Jung’s embrace of the occult adulthood sociable; more typical of and the supernatural is women than men probably the source of most of Middle age Outgoing, the criticism directed at his pleasure-seeking, theory. adaptable Alfred Adler Individual Psychology PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 30 Alfred Adler was neither a terrorist nor INFERIORITY COMPLEX a person driven mad by ambition. Suppose a child does not grow and Indeed, his individual psychology develop. What happens when the child presents an optimistic view of people is unable to compensate for his or her while resting heavily on the notion of feelings of inferiority? social interest, that is, a feeling of An inability to overcome oneness with all humankind. inferiority feelings intensifies them, leading to the BASIC ASSUMPTIONS development of an inferiority complex. OF THIS THEORY People with an inferiority complex have 1. The one dynamic force behind a poor opinion of themselves and feel people’s behavior is the helpless and unable to cope with the striving for success or demands of life. superiority. 2. People’s subjective THREE SOURCES OF: perceptions shape their INFERIORITY COMPLEX behavior and personality. An inferiority complex can arise from 3. Personality is unified and three sources in childhood: organic self-consistent. inferiority, spoiling, and neglect. 4. The value of all human activity must be seen from the 1. ORGANIC INFERIORITY defective viewpoint of social interest. parts or organs of the body shape 5. The self-consistent personality personality through the person’s efforts structure develops into a to compensate for the defect or person’s style of life. weakness. 6. Style of life is molded by Efforts to overcome organic people’s creative power. inferiority can result in striking INFERIORITY FEELINGS: artistic, athletic, and social The Source of Human Striving accomplishments, but if these efforts fail, they can lead to Adler believed that inferiority feelings an inferiority complex. are always present as a motivating force in behavior. 2. SPOILING or PAMPERING “To be a human being means Spoiled children are the center of to feel oneself inferior,” attention in the home. Their every Individual growth results from need or whim is satisfied, and little is compensation, from our denied to them. attempts to overcome our Under the circumstances, real or imagined inferiorities. these children naturally The process begins in infancy. develop the idea that they are Infants are small and the most important persons helpless and are totally in any situation and that dependent on adults. other people should always defer to them. Alfred Adler Individual Psychology PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 31 They have never learned to First Tenet: The one dynamic force wait for what they want, nor behind people’s behavior is the striving have they learned to for success or superiority. overcome difficulties or adjust to others’ needs. Striving for Personal Superiority Some people strive for 3. NEGLECTING – their infancy and superiority with little or no concern childhood are characterized by a lack for others. of love and security because their Their goals are personal parents are indifferent or hostile. ones, and their strivings are As a result, these children motivated largely by develop feelings of worthless- exaggerated feelings of ness, or even anger, and personal inferiority, or the view others with distrust. presence of an inferiority complex. SUPERIORITY COMPLEX Striving for Success or A condition that develops when a person overcompensates for normal Superiority Individual psychology holds that everyone begins life with inferiority feelings. physical deficiencies that activate This involves an exaggerated feelings of inferiority—feelings that opinion of one’s abilities motivate a person to strive for either and accomplishments. superiority or success. Such a person may feel inwardly Psychologically unhealthy self-satisfied and superior and show individuals strive for no need to demonstrate his or her personal superiority, superiority with accomplishments. Or whereas psychologically the person may feel such a need and healthy people seek work to become extremely successful. success for all humanity. In both cases, persons with a In his final theory, he limited striving for superiority complex are given superiority to those people who strive to boasting, vanity, final theory, however, he limited striving self-centeredness, and a for superiority to those people who tendency to denigrate strive for personal superiority over others. others and introduced the term striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed social interest. Alfred Adler Individual Psychology PSYC104 -Theories of Personality BSPSY 2B | TRANSES BY. Alys | YEAR 2, SEM 1 2024 page 32 Striving for Success or Second Tenet: People’s subjective Superiority people strive toward a perceptions shape their behavior and final goal of either personal superiority personality. or the goal of success for all humankind. Fictional Finalism Adler applied In either case, the final goal the term finalism to the idea that we have an ultimate goal, a final state of is fictional and has no being, and a need to move toward it. objective existence. The goals for which we strive, it is the product of the creative however, are potentialities, power, that is, people’s ability NOT actualities. to freely shape their behavior In other words, we strive for and create their own ideals that exist in us personality. subjectively. Adler believed By the time children reach 4 that our goals are fictional or or 5 years of age, their imagined ideals that cannot creative power has developed be tested against reality. to the point that they can set Adler formalized this concept their final goal. as fictional finalism, the notion If children feel neglected or that fictional ideas guide our pampered, their goal remains behavior as we strive toward largely unconscious and a complete or whole state of children will compensate for being.