Tourism Study Material PDF

Okay, I will convert the attached document or image into a structured markdown format. Here's the result: # LIMSA ## TOURISM ### STUDY MATERIAL 2024 ## Unit 1 Global Events of International Significance ### 1. What is a global event? A global event is an organized event involving people from count...

Okay, I will convert the attached document or image into a structured markdown format. Here's the result: # LIMSA ## TOURISM ### STUDY MATERIAL 2024 ## Unit 1 Global Events of International Significance ### 1. What is a global event? A global event is an organized event involving people from countries around the world. There are many different types of global events and they can attract a lot of media attention. ### 1.1 Sporting Events Sports tourism refers to travel which involves either viewing or participating in a sporting event, staying apart from their usual environment. Sport tourism is a fast-growing sector of the global travel industry and equates to 600 billion dollars a year. Sport event tourism refers to the visitors who visit a city to watch events. An example of this would be during the Olympics. Each Olympic host city receives an immense amount of tourism. Examples of major international sporting events include: * The Olympic Games is the largest sporting event in the world. * The FIFA Soccer World Cup is the second largest sporting event in the world. * The Tour de France cycling event is the third largest sporting event in the world and is held mainly in France. * Wimbledon is a prestigious annual international tennis championship played in the London suburb of Wimbledon. * The Comrades Marathon is the world's largest ultra-marathon. It takes place annually in May or June between Pietermaritzburg and Durban in KwaZulu-Natal. ### 1.2 Other Events The G8 Summit: This forum is for the governments of eight of the world's largest economies- France, the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, and Canada. (It excludes, however, two of the actual eight: China, 2nd, and Brazil, 7th). In recent years the 'Plus Five' countries- Brazil, the People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa, have participated as guests. Summits on climate change: Summits on climate change try to find ways to cut down on global carbon emissions and pollution. In 2000 the Southern African Economic Summit was held in Durban. In 2011 the UN Climate Change Summit was also held in Durban. Tourism Indaba: The word Indaba is an isiZulu word meaning 'a meeting of elders' but is used as a general term for meetings, exhibitions, and conferences. The Tourism Indaba is South Africa's tourism showcase. It is the largest incoming travel trade exhibition in Africa and is held annually. ### 2. The impact of a global event on international tourism #### 2.1 Positive impacts Short-term economic benefits include higher spending at hotels, restaurants, and shops, and the creation of temporary jobs. Longer-term economic benefits include increased international tourism and increased investment resulting from improved global name recognition due to media coverage. Creates a positive Impact on the long-term association people have with the host #### 2.2 Negative impacts * It might take a long time for the country to pay off the debt incurred in hosting the event. * Facilities, such as sports stadiums, that are especially built for the event may not be suitable for domestic use after the event. * Other facilities built to host the international tourists who attended the event may stand empty if the number of tourists declines after the event. ### 3. The impact of hosting a global event on the host country The legacy left behind after the event can improve the long-term well-being and lifestyle of citizens In the host country. This contributes enormously to nation-building as we saw in South Africa when we hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. #### 3.1 Impact on domestic tourism in the host country Domestic tourism slows down in the host country during a major global event such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, or Tour de France because during a global event foreign tourists displace local tourists from the most popular tourist attractions. #### 3.2 The impact on the economy of the host country Hosting global events can have the following positive impacts: * Generation of foreign exchange income * Investment * The multiplier effect as money spent by a tourist circulates through the economy * Development of infrastructure in the host country * Job creation * Future growth in international tourism Hosting global events can have the following negative impacts: * Facilities built for the event may not be suitable for domestic use after the event * During the event, domestic tourism in the host country normally slows down. * Pollution of areas in and around the places used during the event. * Possible security risks * It might take a long time for the country to pay off this debt * Construction workers involved in building roads and other facilities in preparation for the event could lose their jobs once the construction work is completed. ## Unit 2: Political Situations and Unforeseen Occurrences of International Significance ### 1. Concepts #### 1.1 Political Situations Political situations are events that are linked to the political circumstances within a country or region, for example, a civil war or terrorism. #### 1.2 Unforeseen Occurrences Unforeseen occurrences are events that happen without any warning, such as earthquakes and natural disasters. ### 2. Examples of Recent Political Situations A tourist's perceptions of political instability and safety in a country will affect their decisions about whether or not to travel there. #### 2.1 Civil War A civil war is a war between opposing groups of citizens of the same country. Civil wars have recently occurred in Libya, Egypt, Somalia, and Kenya. #### 2.2 Terrorism Terrorism is the use of violent acts to achieve a political goal. One of the most significant terrorist attacks in recent years was the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center in New York. #### 2.3 General Unrest Unrest is an uneasy or troubled condition. General unrest in Zimbabwe has stopped almost all of the tourism into that country. ### 3. Examples of Unforeseen Occurrences #### 3.1 Tsunamis A tsunami is a series of very large ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption, which damage infrastructure, buildings, attractions, ports, coastlines, and beaches. #### 3.2 Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by movements within the earth's crust or volcanic activity and can cause great destruction. #### 3.3. Natural Disasters A natural disaster is an event caused by the forces of nature such as a tornado and can cause great destruction. #### 3.4 Global Recession A global recession is a period of general economic decline around the world and has a direct impact on tourism demand because people have less disposable income to spend. #### 3.5 Diseases A disease is an abnormal condition that interrupts the normal bodily functions, leading to feelings of pain and weakness. Diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and more recently bird flu and swine flu, not only make travelling fearful of visiting certain areas. #### 3.6 Accidents Transport accidents can have a negative impact on tourist numbers as they affect the safety image of a destination. #### 3.7 Economic Upsets Tourism establishments such as hotels and tourist attractions can experience economic upsets when they have financial trouble or difficulty as a result of low visitor numbers. ### 4. The Impact of Political Situations and Unforeseen Occurrences on International Tourism and the Economy of the Affected Country The impact of reduced tourism on a country's economy can be disastrous: it may lead to increased unemployment, homelessness, deflation, crime, and other social and economic problems. Examples include: * Travelers who have already booked may cancel their trips. * Tourists who haven't yet booked trips to affected areas delay their bookings or may go elsewhere. * Tour operators avoid booking trips to affected countries. * Airlines suspend their flights to affected areas. ## Unit 1 Tour plans and route planning ### 1. Developing tour plans People travel for many different reasons. Whatever the reason if it is well planned it is more likely to be successful. ### 1.1 What is a tour plan? A good tour plan should indicate: * The route the tour will follow * The length of the tour * The mode of transport * The type of accommodation * The meals and drinks offered * The places of interest and attractions visited * Leisure time for the tourist * The dates of the tour * Cost of the tour (budget). #### 1.1.1 Types of tours **Packaged tour:** Is also known as an inclusive tour because the price is all-inclusive. The itinerary for a packaged tour is planned in advance. **Escorted packaged tour:** A tour guide escorts the tour and takes care of all services from the beginning to the end of the tour. **Group packaged tour:** These tours are popular with first time travelers and for tourists who prefer to travel in a group. The itinerary is set and cannot be changed and because the tour was organized for large groups of tourists makes the tour more affordable. **Independent packaged tour:** These tours are planned to meet the individual needs of the tourist and are flexible and can be changed if necessary. **Scheduled tours:** Scheduled tours have a timetable with set departure and arrival times. ### 1.3 Tourists profiles A tourist profile is a summary of personal information and facts relevant to the tourist's wants and expectations. ### 1.4 Available budget A tour budget is calculated using the costs of the different tour components. * Transport * Accommodation * Meals included in the tour * Attractions, including entrance fees, permits and optional extras * Additional costs, including airport tax, service charge, etc... ### 1.5 Available time When developing a tour plan, it is important to consider how much time a tourist has available. Steps need to be taken to avoid wasting time while also ensuring tourists have adequate leisure and relaxation time. ### 2. Route planning Route planning involves choosing the best way to travel to all the destinations identified in the tour plan. The distances between the places visited en route must be taken into account. The following will help to develop a logical route plan: * Knowledge of the geography of the region * A variety of maps * Distance tables to determine distances between major cities * GPS * Computers or smartphones * Tour brochures, travel guidebooks, and travel magazines. ### 3. Choice of transport and accommodation to suit customers needs and preferences #### 3.1 Transport Tour plans use a variety of transport options for each leg of a tour. Examples include cars, buses, planes, etc... A customer's choice of transport may also be influenced by how environment friendly they are. They might take into account by these facts: * Fuel emissions from motorised vehicles are harmful to the environment. * Aircraft emit CO2 and other greenhouse gases into the upper atmosphere. * Oil, black water, greywater, rubbish, hazardous waste, ballast water, diesel and CO2 from cruise liners pollute the sea and harm coral reefs and marine life. #### 3.2 Accommodation Most countries offer a wide range of accommodation options ranging from luxury safari lodges to backpackers hostels. The type of establishment chosen by the tourist is influenced by a combination of factors, including: * The type of accommodation required * The quality of accommodation required * The desired location * The availability of the accommodation * Their budget ### 4. Choice of tourist attractions and activities to suit tourists profiles #### 4.1 Attractions When planning a tour the interests and preferences of the customers will determine the choice of attractions. The attractions offered on a tour plan are often one of the main reasons why a customer will select one tour plan above another. #### 4.2 Activities The popularity of a tour plan depends on the activities that are available at the attraction sites and destinations. Tourists enjoy and remember a tour If they participate in and experience these activities. ## Unit 2 Compiling a day-by-day itinerary A tour plan gives general If\nformation about a tour. The specific, detailed information is presented in an itinerary which is a written day-by-day schedule of the dates, times, transpon, accommodation, and activities that will make up the trip. There are three different types of itineraries: * Specific itineraries are drawn up with a target market in mind * A general itinerary appeals to the overall market * A personal itinerary is drawn up for an Individual tourist. ### 1. The main aspects of an itinerary The main aspects to be considered in an itinerary are: * Transport * Accommodation * Attractions (natural and human-made) * Activities (at natural and human-made attractions) * Stops for meals and refreshments. ### 2. Factors to consider when drawing up an itinerary Factors to consider when drawing up an itinerary Include: * Time * Tour objectives * Tourists needs and preferences ## Unit 3 Compiling a tour budget A tour budget is a document that specifies all the costs of a tour and helps you plan accordingly. Establishing what the tour will cost is Important as the cost will determine who will be able to afford to go on it. ### 1. Factors influencing the development of a budget The development of a tour budget is dependent on a combination of factors such as: * The type of tour * The tour group * Transport * Accommodation * Sundry expenses - ### 2. A basic tour budget A basic tour budget shows what the tour will cost, what this includes and excludes and the cost of the optional extras. ## Unit 4 Health and safety In order to reduce the risk of contracting a disease, tourists should obtain advice on the possible health risks in the areas to which they are travelling. Other possible health risks include the effects of unusual climatic conditions, contact with insects and animals, and physical injuries. ### 1. Concepts related to health #### 1.1 World Health Organisation (WHO) The WHO as a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concemed with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, wtth headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Since its creation, WHO has been resporisible for playing a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. Its current prionities include commuricable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the mitigation of the effects of non-communicable diseases, sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging nutrition, food security and healthy eating, occupational health, substance abuse; and dive the development of reporting, publications, and networking #### 1.2 Health certificates Global travel on this scale exposes tourists to a range of health risks. Many of these risks can be reduced by taking precautions before the start of a journey. A health certificate is an official document that is issued and signed by a health authority. It confirms that an individual has received the vaccine or prophylactic as indicated on the certificate. #### 1.3 Travel clinics The spread of infectious diseases from one part of the world to another is not something new but it remains a concem. Travel clinics providing up-to-date specialised international travel healthcare. #### 1.4 Vaccinations Millions of deaths have been avoided because of worldwide immunisation programmes against infectious diseases. For tourists this is important as safe and effective vaccines help to reduce the possibility of contracting a disease when travelling to high-risk destinations. * **Compulsory vaccinations:** The WHO decides which vaccinations are compulsory. * **Recommended vaccinations:** These vaccinations are not enforced but are recommended as a precaution. ### 2. Precautions to take when travelling to high-risk destinations Destinations are considered high-risk if they are in regions that pose a threat to the health of the tourist. Areas where malaria, bilharzia and cholera are found are high-risk destinations. #### 2.1 A region known to have malaria Malaria is a potentially fatal disease transmitted by the bite of mosquitoes. Precautions that can take when travelling in malaria-Infested areas include: * Taking anti-malarial prophylactics * Avoiding being outdoors at night * Wearing clothing that conceals as much of the body as practical * Spraying sleeping areas with mosquito repellent * Sleeping under a mosquito net * Burning insecticide coils or using electronic vaporizing mats * Avoiding still water areas and dark damp places #### 2.2 A region known to have bilharzia Bilharzia is also known as schistosomiasis and is caused by parasites that contaminate fresh water, especially when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. Precautions are necessary when traveling in areas known to have bilharzia: * Avoid swimming or wading in dams and rivers * Drink only boiled or filtered water * Bath in hot water that is at least 65 oC, to destroy possible parasites on the skin * Dry vigorously with a towel to prevent the parasite from penetrating the skin #### 2.3 A region known to have cholera Cholera is a bacteral disease transmited mainly through cortamination of food and water in areas where there is poor sanitation and hygiene. Tourists in areas where chotera has occurred shoutd observe the following precautions: * Drinking watar shoulid be boiled, sterlised ar fittered foods mist be waill cocked and eaten hot * Awid indercooket or raw fish and sielltish * Avid hical satads as they may carry chotera-infiectied water * Aved ioods and beverages fram street vendors * Swim only in chlorinated szomming pools. ### 3. Vaccinations required for entering/leaving areas of high risk Proof of vaccination is often required for tourists travelling into or from countries with a high risk of an infectious disease. An example is a yellow fever vaccination. ### 4. TB and HIV and AIDS risks for inbound tourists #### 4.1 The risk of TB for inbound tourists. Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and curable infectious bacterial dissease. It is prevalent in South Africa. Examples of behaviours of inbound tourists that increase their likelihood of being exposed to the risk of TB include: * Travelling on a flight lasting longer than eight hours while being seated. Within two rows of an infected passenger * Using overcrowded, public transpot and accommodation options * Spending Time in poorly ventilated and ovdrcewded erwirorments, such as indoor events and festivals. #### 4.2 The risk of HIV and AIDS for inbound tourists Tourists must be aware of the risk of HIV and AIDS wer they travel as there is no vaccine available to pervert njection. ### 5. Recommended healtih precautions when visiting health risk areas The WHO recommends six general health precautions for tourists visiting heath risk areas. Their six "F are: * Insects: Hove repelents and medication avaidable * Ingestion: Drink bottled water and eat uncontrminated food adinfection: Prevent HN * Injury: Carry a traveller s irst aid tit. Apply Sun block * Immunion: Avoid swimining in hieh water tivas and dams * Insurance: Use preventive medicine and have medical insurano The atay of tourists When they aree in South Africa importantor e folowng rescons * Tourism generstes income * Tourism creates obs * Infrastucture development * Community development. ## Unit 5 Travel documentation Tourists need travel documents to gain entry into a country for security, health, safety, and identification. * Passport A Visa * Health certificates for certain countries. ### 1.1 Valid passport A passport as an official government document that certifies one's identity ad cinzensh p ad permts a cizen to rael abroad. ### 1.2 Visa A visa is andorsement on a passport indicatig tat the holder is allowed to enter, leave, or stay for a specified period of tine in a country A visa applicaton must asualy be rade before departure as visas are not often issued at ports of entry. ### 1.3 Health Certficates A health certificate is an official document that is issued and signed by a health authority which confirms that an individual has received the vaccine as indicated on the certificate. ### 1.4 Requirements for tourists travelling between countries Tourists mst have proof of the folowing before travelling between countries: * A vailid passport * A vaild visa * Sufficient funds to cover their stay n the country * A return ticket, or onward ticket tanoter country ndernatinal law requires traelers crossing the burders of contries where yellow fever is endemic, to have a yellow fever vaccination. ### 2. An intermational driver's permit (DP) An IDP san document recornied by many countries which allows the permit holder to dve a pvate motor vehicle in tat country. te Aubtomobile Associaton ot South Africa (AA) has the autonty to issue the permit An IDE can be obtained directy rom ary AAAAutoshop or AA rael Experience Store in South Africa. ### 3. Passports #### 3.1 Requirements for obtaining a passport To aply for a passport the following s requirend in South Afnca + An idertity nuriber + Two passport photogaphe + Fingerprnts nust be taken i aded 6 years or older + A ee degendent on the type of passport abgiied tor ### 4. Visas #### 4.1 Requirements for obtaining a visa Te basic requirments to qualify tor a visa include: * A valid, accegtable passport * Sufficient funds for te duraton of thestay A return or onward trael ticket * Iderty photographs, as pe requirment of the country for which acplicaton is made Blank pages in the passport as pe requirment o country * A yellow fever certicate ftne aplicart passes through a high risk area A statemert andor documentaton confiming the purpose and duraton of the visit * Paymert of the presoibed tee in thecurrency of the country in which the aplicaton is made *In the case of childrn proot af guaransh p or custody, or consert from the guardian nust be prowided A consieted visa apgicaton tor. ### 5. Concepts All travelles anvng at South Africa ports ot entry, whiether by land sea or air, are requied to pass through inmigration control before collecting teir bagrage te South African Deyartnent ot Home Alais prowdes tis senice avelle ten pass through customs control where teit bagrace rey be Zaved or exarnined by customs ollicers. Alter passiry trough ingration control tavelless collect te bagrace re len have a dhoice a two channeds iy salecting te gseen channel, a taveller incicaes tat tey nave no gods to declara in oter waeds tey rave proinbited or restricod pds and no goods in excess or te duty tes awances #### 5.1 Duty hee goods ty tee gods as toe pes tat tavelles ae alowed to bing into South Africa witout paying curtoms cty or valie-adided tax AT #### 5.2 Pronibited gods Pronibited gods teker to tose pds tat tavilles are nd alowed ty aw to bing into South Africa such as illecal dpcs #### 5.3 Traval alowances tis tee to row much toney a tavelker is aaloued to take out it South frica tese trransactons ae subject to exchange sontol repaations povened in t South afican lasarve llar. unit O Time zones I. Concepts 1.1 Time zone he phrase time zone ele te any he I tondinal divsions ot ne eat s suhace n which tandac time kept ne frrary divtion being tee tat Biecled ly ne seenwich meidian each zone or londhde in wiat witi socel vaations ana obsewes sock te one tour ealher tan ne tone anrediaety to eeast nost cowtmes nake only one tine sone ter earrie South Atican fore tian one time zone may apply it contmes extend across many deprees ot lorditude #### 1.2 UTC Universal Time Coordinate TC i te pmary tine sandavd by which ne world requldes dlocks and fine is tre it soval dosly teldd sucsors to seensech lean Te UT ### 18 Greenwich The OC lire ot loritude passes trough Greenwich in London England tis line divides sarth intite Western and Eastren Menispheres and taso known as tre ptime menian ### 1.4 Memispheres Earth is divided into the Nornter and Southtern Menisphere by Me equator snd te Gasern And Western Henispheres by tre Greenwich Nenidan ### 1.5 Equation 7ne squstor is te ine ot latude tis locsted at squal dstance trom the Norn and South Poies snd avides rarth inter te Norntern And Soutthern Nenispteres #### 1.6 Seasons Seasons are te tour divisions ot the sear sping surte auton And wintee the tour seabons are tre resust ot Earris charpig positon wat the sun #### 1.7 Standard Time The local time at te standard meridian of a country is caled standard time stsndard time s te same tor all pises in tar parcoular county snd ts csiculred tom greenwoch #### 1.8 Local Time Lacal time is the specie time at ar givan place te time evenyone in ser asres upon as tre locel time #### 1.9 The Intirnational Date Line Du The Intimional Date Line DUI an inginary me and on earth s surlace s ### 1.10 The 24-hour clock he 24-hour clock a convention of time keeping in which the day ruas trom midnght to mdnight ands divided into 24 hours indicatedy the hous pase since mdight trom o to 2 ts sytten is te most commonby useo time totaton in te world boday ### 1.11 Latituide and longitude A geograchic coordints systien is coordinsts systim tat enahles evary locatie on the earth ho speciled by set ot numbers toy lia est and west of the Grenvich Meridan snd divide the worlel inbo taine rones 2. Introdicbion bo a world time zone map The map shows the dithetine rones arcund we word ### 3 Dayloht saving (DST) Ost sa way of making better use of dayigtrt by setthg she clock snead daning summer morths stius losing one hour when Ost starts and getting the bach again one how in the winter months (thus gainerg ane tour whenOst inds Ressons tor impiemerting daysont saring tirte sre Sorme countrics feel trey aan make better use ot she extra dayaght an the everings Soirre countries are of tre opinica that teoar nad accidents ard Injories octus becsice ot hetter visibilit he extrs hour of daysight in the evening can give chidven mane time tor sacial activitic me extra hour of dayigirt in the ewening mary boost sre tourisme industry at create and opporturity to hacresse partaciprtice in ouirdoor acticities hican telp bo save energs sind teduce articular higring dariag sire ovening tours Tme rone diclerences must tre taken anto acdaimt duraq long higirs eashward ot wasiwsd secsuge an hour i post tor rach time tone that i crossed when thing assnwads Travellers must he tarithar wsth she rirne changer especaily when Hing past as west across time tnes ney nust know when seuniry has Ost sind whether they wil tee crossig she narmationel Dale Line at rhis can afect she timer of Might changer calchice trails al Hopefully, this conversion is helpful! Let me know if you need anything else.