Tou609 Niche Tourism Seminar 12 Class Test 2 Revision PDF

TOU609 NICHE TOURISM Seminar 12 Class Test 2 Revision RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  CLA...

TOU609 NICHE TOURISM Seminar 12 Class Test 2 Revision RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  CLASS TEST 2 INFORMATION IN CLASS WEEK 12: 1ST NOVEMBER 2024 ▪ Revision in class from 9:00am – 10:00 pm Class test ▪ 10.30pm Start ▪ 11.30pm Finish ▪ 60 minutes time ▪ Online – test is located on Moodle in the Assessment 4 – Test 2 tab RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated QUESTION FORMAT: TOTAL 15 QUESTIONS ▪ Some questions are multiple choice. ▪ A number of questions require a short answer question. ▪ If the short answer question is worth 2 marks, then one good paragraph covering all aspects of the question is fine. ▪ If the short answer question is worth 3 or 4 marks, then two paragraphs with specific detail is needed. You should go beyond a description and display depth in you thinking or justification for your answer. ▪ Do not create lists of bullet points. Write in sentences. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated TEST CONTENT ▪ Week 7 - Gastronomic tourism lecture ▪ Week 8 – Indigenous Tourism lecture ▪ Week 9 – Film tourism lecture ▪ Week 10 – Adventure Tourism lecture and Student presentation/ Research paper ▪ Week 11 – Volunteer tourism lecture and research paper (PEGG) Test content is derived from both Lecture slides and some research papers for the week (as above). A summary of major ideas can be found in this Revision powerpoint. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  GASTRONOMIC TOURISM 5 Definition of Gastronomic tourism ▪ The pursuit of unique and memorable eating and drinking experiences. (World Food Travel Association) ▪ Food tourism is defined by Hall and Mitchell (2001: 308) as ‘visitation to primary and secondary food producers, food festivals, restaurants and specific locations for which food tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of specialist food production region are the primary motivating factor for travel’ (Hall, C. & Mitchell, R. 2005) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  FOOD TOURISM AS NICHE TOURISM 6 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  FOOD TOURISM AS NICHE TOURISM 7 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless (Hall, C. & Mitchell, R.(2005) otherwise stated  GASTRONOMIC TOURISTS AND MOTIVATIONS 8 Nistor, E.-L., & Dezsi, Ștefan. (2022). An Insight into Gastronomic Tourism through the Literature Published between 2012 and 2022. Sustainability (2071-1050), 14(24), 16954. Who are the food tourists and what is their motivation? A traveller who participates in food or beverage experiences (above and beyond standard dining out) - 53% of leisure travellers are also food travellers (WTO). Nistor and Deszi 2022 suggest four categories of motivation for the gastronomic tourist: 1. Physical - the human need for nourishment. 2. Cultural - discovering the destination through the cuisine and its flavours 3. Interpersonal - has deep roots in many cultures, and it is about bringing people together through food—socializing, taking a break, hanging out 4. Prestige and status - knowledge one gains in this field RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  LEVELS AND TYPES OF TOURIST INTEREST Food tourism is an emerging niche as a subsegment of rural tourism and agritourism. Perspectives of Agriculture ▪ The business of providing farm holidays and study trips has evolved because it meets an increasing demand from town- dwellers and non-farming country-folk. I think it’s all part of the consumer’s desire to acquire a better knowledge of the quality of their food. The consumer is trying to re-establish contact with nature, and with the men and women who work on the land’ (Bové and Dufour, 2001). Local Food ▪ Enteleca research found 72% of its sample of UK holidaymakers to four regions that ‘took an interest in local foods during their visit’ Boniface, P. (2003). Tasting tourism : travelling for food and drink. Ashgate. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless Stock image otherwise stated  LEVELS AND TYPES OF TOURIST INTEREST 1 0 Nostalgia and Innocence ▪ The impulse is driven in part by discomfort with modern times and ways, and so retreat for short time into some semblance of ‘times gone by’, but also by simple attraction of contrast with everyday. Culture ▪ ‘To understand a culture, an individual must experience its food. Tourists visiting a region experience the culture through the goods they consume, as well as through the people and attractions. The food of a region is often a primary attraction’. Chesser (2000, p. 232) Boniface, P. (2003). Tasting tourism : travelling for food and drink. Ashgate. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE ELEMENTS 1 1 ▪ As global tourism is on the rise and competition between destinations increases, unique local and regional intangible cultural heritage become increasingly the discerning factor for the attraction of tourists. UNWTO Student discussion: What are the local, tangible cultural elements associated with food tourism? What are the local, intangible cultural elements associated with food tourism? RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless Stock image otherwise stated  GASTRONOMIC TOURISM AD CULTURE 1 2 ▪ Food tourism is an emerging niche as a subsegment of cultural tourism. ▪ Food has a strong interface with culture. It serves an important means of delivering cultural experiences. ▪ A cuisine is something every culture and place has because we need food to survive. Of course, the resources of a place depend on many circumstances, especially the geographic conditions, the climate, the history, the religion, ethnic groups, etc ▪ Food tourism can assist with understanding the origins of food products, cooking traditions and cultural significance of these, often in relation to the heritage dimensions of particular foods. ▪ A focus on gastronomy can be seen a means to revive cultural heritage and identity. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  BENEFITS OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM - 1 REGIONS 3 The wider region within which firms are located can also benefit from food tourism development. Employment and income generation, Association with a quality product.. Reinforcement of authentic tourist experiences establishes a strong relationships with a destination,. Existence of food product suppliers, as well as the landscape they are located, provides a motivation to visit an area, stay in accommodation and eat at restaurants. The development of new products may also help extend length of stay. Food as a creator of place branding – Increased emphasis to the protection of the intellectual property of place, e.g. Champagne. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  ISSUES WITH GASTRONOMIC TOURISM 1 4 However, this is not to argue that tourism operations may be right for all organisations or destinations. Potential drawbacks may include: ▪ demands on scarce capital, ▪ opportunity costs, ▪ seasonality, ▪ inappropriate location or product, and ▪ increased costs and management time required to serve consumers direct. ▪ demand for imported foods increases with globalisation. ▪ Decline in demand for local produce. ▪ Depletion of local resources and environmental damage due to overdemand for food supplies. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  WHAT IS INDIGENOUS TOURISM? 15 ▪ Indigenous tourism is defined as tourism activity in which indigenous people are directly involved either through control and/or by having their culture serve as the essence of the attraction. ▪ Hinch, T.; Butler, R. 1996, cited in Sedmak, G. & Mihalic, T., 2008. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  DEFINING ABORIGINAL TOURISM The National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Tourism Industry Strategy defines Indigenous tourism as including all forms of participation by Indigenous persons in tourism: Providing Providing Indigenous mainstream As As joint As investors cultural tourism employees partners tourism products. products (ABS 2012) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  Authenticity: the quality of being real or true: INDIGENOUS Cambridge dictionary TOURISM AND Authenticity in tourism is not simply the AUTHENTICI object of motivated ‘pursuit’; it is a feature of the interaction between the TY tourist and the people and places visited. Principally, it is the experience of developing meaningful and appropriate ways to act in the (previously) unknown. K. Moore, A. Buchmann, M. Månsson and D. Fisher, Annals of Tourism Research, 2021 Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 9534 | Copyright RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEPotherwise statedall text and images William Angliss Institute unless 17 otherwise stated  In general, however, most respondents associated an authentic Aboriginal cultural tour experience with a genuine experience, INDIGENOUS which does not feel contrived, staged or ‘plastic’. TOURISM The perceptions of respondents were AND grouped into four main elements, namely: 1. The Aboriginal tour guide AUTHENTICI 2. The search for ‘real’ and ‘genuine’ TY Aboriginal people 3. Aboriginal arts and crafts and 4. Contrived experiences: Enjoyment factor. Renata Hodgson (2007) Perceptions of Authenticity: Aboriginal Cultural Tourism in the Northern Territory. Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 9534 | Copyright RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEPotherwise statedall text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 19 VISITOR TYPES Immersives - 13.9% of the interstate population ▪ Keen to participate in involving experiences such as attending ceremonies/dances and hearing stories about the dreamtime. Observers - 12.4% of the interstate population. ▪ More interested in learning about bush tucker/hunting, taking workshops or watching an Aboriginal artist. Intrigued - 12.4% of the interstate population ▪ Interested in learning about Aboriginal beliefs, the stolen generation, visiting sacred rock sites and cultural centres. Perceptions and Authenticity Culture makes a destination authentic – it represents the unspoiled nature of the destination and its personality. Genuine interactions with locals are perceived as most authentic, while ‘staged’ culture is a turn-off and easily spotted. National demand for cultural tourism in Australia, Department of Tourism and Culture, Northern Territory (2016-17) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  BENEFITS OF TOURISM FOR INDIGENOUS 20 COMMUNITIES ▪ Self sufficiency and employment ▪ Raising the profile of indigenous cultures ▪ Education and development of skills ▪ Stimulate improvements to infrastructure and services in community areas ▪ Re-invigorate communities with a knowledge of traditional skills and values ▪ Widens knowledge of alternative environmental management techniques ▪ Generates revenue for conserving the natural and built environment RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM (CBT) 21 Anindhita, T. A., Zielinski, S., Milanes, C. B., & Ahn, Y. J. (2024). The Protection of Natural and Cultural Landscapes through Community-Based Tourism: The Case of the Indigenous Kamoro Tribe in West Papua, Indonesia. Land, 13(8), 1237. Abstract: ▪ Community-based tourism (CBT) aims to offer responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, sustaining local communities’ well-being, and promoting environmental and cultural education. The long-term sustainability of CBT depends on its ability to enhance local livelihoods while protecting natural landscapes. For the Kamoro indigenous tribe in Papua, Indonesia, CBT offers a way to engage work with the capitalist world on their own terms while preserving their customs, traditions, and eco-centric worldviews, and sharing them with tourists interested in their culture. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  BENEFITS OF TOURISM FOR INDIGENOUS 22 COMMUNITIES Community-based tourism (CBT) is regarded as a tool for conserving natural and cultural resources while fostering community development, and it has been implemented globally as a viable alternative for the development of rural and remote areas. In this study, the following findings emerged regarding Kamoro people: Understanding of the Tourism Phenomenon ▪ A lack of understanding of tourism phenomena has been identified as one of the barriers to tourism development Expectations and Understanding of the Impacts of Tourism ▪ Positive attitudes towards tourism are usually held by communities based on their expectations of its potential contribution to improving their quality of life. ▪ Potential impacts - the loss of land was identified by a minority of respondents who linked economic development with the influx of external investors. Anindhita et.al (2024) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  BENEFITS OF TOURISM FOR INDIGENOUS 23 COMMUNITIES Tourism Potential ▪ An ideal product or service should incorporate local values, concepts, limits, and cultural expressions, ensuring consumer satisfaction while seeking social, cultural, environmental, and economic benefits for the community. ▪ Compatibility creates an acceptance of the tourism industry and often generates pride within the community about their culture, way of life, and traditional knowledge that they can showcase to visitors and receive praise for. Tourism Ownership and Control ▪ All respondents were very clear that control over tourism should stay entirely in the hands of the community ▪ However, the community-ownership model requires new skills that the community does not possess. The lack of those skills and expertise in areas required for the operation of tourism is one of the most commonly cited barriers to CBT Anindhita et.al (2024) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  BARRIERS OF TOURISM FOR INDIGENOUS 24 COMMUNITIES Barriers to CBT Development The most frequently identified barriers were: ▪ Lack of technical capacities/ skills in tourism. ▪ lack of infrastructure. Both of which were perceived by the respondents to require external assistance. ▪ NGOs often become intermediaries between powerful stakeholders and communities and capacity builders. ▪ Ideally, the government should carry out capacity building and skills development through local facilitators and already established local entities, with NGOs and the private sector playing a complementary role. ▪ lack of political commitment and inequality in the distribution of public resources to support tourism in Kamoro communities. Anindhita et.al (2024) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  Key issues 25 Impact of tourism on community or environment:  Inappropriate modifications to or tourist impacts on fragile sites  Transformation of traditional culture and changes of lifestyle through economic/social impacts Commercialism and inauthentic representation  Conflict between cultural obligations and commercial demands  Exploitation of traditional culture for commercial use (loss of context - cultural homogenisation)  Interpretation responsibilities and cultural ownership  Key issues 26 Planning and policies Decision making, funding and high level discussions are made without indigenous people.  Indigenous people must been considered as valued stakeholders from the start.  They must have continued Industry representation. Viability of indigenous tourism ventures  Development of commercially viable product  Scale of activity – yield vs numbers  Skills base and training  High staff turnover  Key issues 27 Marketing and promotion  Representations of contemporary indigenous life in tourism marketing, not stereo-typical or traditional images. Protocols and Guidelines  Explaining gender-specific activities or which places are off limit to visitors to diminish misunderstandings and social faux paus.  Respect for privacy and inaccessibility of celebrations and traditional ceremonies. FILM TOURISM – RECENT DEFINITION ▪ Visitation to sites where movies and TV programs have been filmed as well as tours to production studios, including film- related theme parks (Beeton 2008) ▪ Definition of film includes visual media such as ▪ Films ▪ TV mini series ▪ TV soap operas ▪ Other screened media (e.g., videos and DVDs) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  Characteristics of Film Tourism 29  Characteristics of Film Tourism  Film as a motivator for travel  Man-made film-related tourism attractions  Film related events  Mistaken film-related tourism attractions  TV as travel destination promoter  FILM TOURISM - STAKEHOLDERS 30 Film tourism stakeholders RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 31 FILM TOURIST MOTIVATIONS ▪ The film tourist experience is highly personalised and unique to each individual based on their own interpretation and consumption of media images. ▪ Macionis (2004) proposed that a distinction will be made between three concepts in film tourists’ motivations: ▪ Place (location attributes, landscapes, scenery) ▪ Personality (cast, characters, celebrity) and ▪ Performance (plot, theme, genre) Macionis, N., (2004) Understanding the Film-Induced Tourist. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 32 TOURIST MOTIVATIONS Crompton (1979) advanced the ‘push’ and ‘pull’ framework of motivation and builds on it to include nine specific motives. These can be applied to the film tourist: ❑ Escape from a perceived mundane environment ❑ Exploration and evaluation of self ❑ Relaxation ❑ Prestige ❑ Regression (to adolescent or child-like behaviour) ❑ Enhancement of kinship relations ❑ Social interaction ❑ Novelty ❑ Education Macionis, N., (2004) Understanding the Film-Induced Tourist. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  TOURISTS & AUTHENTIC 33 EXPERIENCES Film-induced tourism analysis of tourist experiences and authenticity Film tourists are like pilgrims ▪ Some displacement occurs in the film- who focus on having an induced tourism context since the authentic experience, even with locations portrayed in the film and tv physical exercise and productions sometimes do not correspond to reality. discomfort. The focus is to be a part of a temporary community ▪ Displacement will lead to a negative (fellowship) where the and inauthentic experience and affect engagement with the tourism demand and satisfaction experience providers is primordial, and a displacement could lead to a less meaningful experience. Nunes, et al. (2022) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 34 FILM-INDUCED TOURISM Film-induced tourism and tourist involvement, nostalgia, celebrities, and pilgrimage. ▪ Celebrities are seen as human brands. ▪ Celebrity involvement is a state of motivation towards an activity through emotional attachment, which is translated into celebrity endorsements or worship. ▪ Creates a high level of interest, empathy, and admiration and leads to strong associations, increasing the motivation to visit the location portrayed. Celebrities are seen as an important pull factor with attributes such as trustworthiness and attractiveness. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless Nunes et al. (2022) otherwise stated 35 ECONOMIC IMPACTS Economic direct and indirect impacts of film-induced tourism on destinations In terms of cost for three months of shooting per production on Direct Impacts: average, the expense would be ▪ Expenses from audiovisual teams, around USD 21 million. ▪ Generation of employment and taxes The rise of tourism Indirect Impacts demand and tourism ▪ High number of tourists attracted to revenue varies from 25% destination in the short, medium & long term. to 150% on average, and in some cases, it is ▪ New parts of cities can be included within increased to 200% - 300% ▪ Tourism offerings i.e. slums, hotels, etc, Nunes, et al. (2022) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 36 BENEFITS OF FILM TOURISM Economic benefits ▪ Brings critical positive economic impacts for the tourist destination in terms of the direct effects and indirect effects, often over many years. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Tourist destinations invest funds to capture productions and even facilities for producers, as well as developing many activities based on the film and tv productions Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Increased and sustainable growth in international arrivals ▪ Regional areas have economic boost ▪ Community can utilize increased interest by creating unique local business and tourism opportunities connected with the film. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Alleviation of seasonality issues ▪ Provides an abundance of community, infrastructure and product development opportunities. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ New use of sites – eg from farm to Hobbiton movie set ▪ Memorabilia sales RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 37 BENEFITS OF FILM TOURISM Destination marketing ▪ Film-induced tourism has a vital role in the tourist destinations’ promotion since it can constitute an important marketing tool. ▪ Marketing can maximize costs and images stemming from the movie. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Increases the possibility of the tourist destination being selected for a further visit. ▪ Making images of a place remain in the memory of visitors. Social/ cultural benefits ▪ Regenerating neglected areas and revitalizing rural communities. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Increasing employment. ▪ Improvement in cultural interest. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ It is recognized as an innovative marketing tool, able to catch a large audience that would never be reached through traditional promotion. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated ISSUES WITH FILM TOURISM Sustainability - economic ▪ Can bring adverse effects on sustainability of local and regional tourism. ▪ Severe competition amongst local/ regional stakeholders ▪ Need for empowerment of managers, film commissions, stakeholders and local communities. Nunes et al. (2022) ▪ Increased price of goods ▪ Effects of new film tourism market on current established offerings. ▪ Over-commercialisation ▪ Over-reliance on film tourism industry - will fade, leaving no market. Croy (2010, 2011) suggests that film and literary techniques should form only part of a destination’s offerings – not all of it. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 39 ISSUES WITH FILM TOURISM Sustainability – Social and cultural ▪ Unsustainable mass tourism. ▪ Increased local prices affecting local community. ▪ Lack of preparedness from locals. ▪ Loss of visitor satisfaction: eg. not as beautiful as the scenes in in the film. ▪ Tourist experiences and authenticity - film-induced tourists recognize the issues with commodification. Nunn et al. (2022) ▪ Need more research to understand the cultural, social, personal, and psychological factors that are more likely to be connected with film-induced tourism ▪ No studies that measure the degree of satisfaction of tourists after an experience of film tourism. Environmental ▪ Over-visitation of limited capacity locations: eg. traffic and pedestrian congestion. ▪ Souvenir hunters: stealing road signs etc. ▪ Destruction of natural environments RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  LEVERAGING MEDIATISATION Hudson and Ritchie proposes a model for destinations to exploit film through 4 types of marketing activities: 1. proactive efforts to encourage producers and studios to film at the location, 2. efforts to generate media publicity around the film and its location, 3. marketing activities that promote the film location after production, 4. peripheral marketing activities that leverage film tourism potential. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis indicate a high between film tourism success and one of the four factors: the proactive destinations that encourage producers and studios to film at their location. Hudson S, Ritchie J. (2006) Promoting Destinations via Film Tourism: RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated An Empirical Identification of Supporting Marketing Initiatives.  FILM AS A TOURISM MARKETING TOOL 41 Local tourism organisations encourage filming by: ▪ offer grants and tax credits to encourage studios to use the location eg. Iceland and ‘Walter Mitty’ ▪ provide information on filming locations, climate, tides, legal requirements ▪ actively promote destinations to film studios ▪ appoint a PR specialist to deal with film studio directly This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  ADVENTURE TOURISM DEFINITION Hall & Weiler (1992, p. 143) argued that adventure tourism is: “a broad spectrum of outdoor touristic activities; often commercialized; involving an interaction with the natural environment; away from the participant’s home range; and containing elements of risk in which the outcome is influenced by the participant, setting and management of the touristic experience.” RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 42 otherwise stated ADVENTURE TOURISM: DEFINITIONS ▪ Travel outside a person’s normal environment for more than 24 hours and not more than one consecutive year. ▪ A trip may be classified as an “adventure” trip if it involves two of the following three elements: A. interaction with nature or B. interaction with culture or C. a physical activity. ▪ The core of adventure is a trip which involves all three elements. (The Adventure Travel Trade Association 2015) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 43 otherwise stated SOFT OR HARD ADVENTURE? Soft Hard RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 44 otherwise stated ADVENTURE TOURISM (SOFT / HARD / NON) Activity Type of Adventure Activity Type of Adventure Archaeological expeditions Soft Backpacking Soft Birdwatching Soft Caving Hard Canoeing Soft Eco-tourism Soft Kite surfing Hard Orienteering Soft Paragliding Hard Rafting Soft Snorkelling Soft Trekking Hard Walking Tours Non Cruise Non RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  COMPONENTS OF AN ADVENTURE EXPERIENCE The components of an adventure trip from the provider perspective are elaborated: nature, culture, and activity, with experience at the core. ADTI 2018 Report_v10.docx (adventuretravel.biz) From the traveller’s perspective, research indicates that adventure travel is motivated by a variety of longings and desires that influence how travellers consume and emotionally process their trip. Travelers are seeking mental and physical wellness, novel and unique experiences, challenge—whether physical or cultural—and often, ultimately, transformation. RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 46 otherwise stated ADVENTURE TOURISM BENEFITS ▪ Is resilient ▪ Attracts high value customers ▪ Supports local economies ▪ Encourages sustainable practices UNWTO 2014 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 47 otherwise stated ADVENTURE TOURISM – CRITICAL ISSUES Protecting the natural environment Protecting the Consumer: Risk and Litigation Protecting Market Share: Understanding Customer Satisfaction Williams, P, & Soutar, G 2005, 'Close to the “Edge”: Critical Issues for Adventure Tourism Operators. (English)', Asia Pacific Journal Of Tourism Research, 10, 3, pp. 247-261 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless 48 otherwise stated RESEARCH PAPER – ADVENTURE TOURISM Schlegelmilch, F., & Ollenburg, C. (2013). Marketing the adventure: utilizing the aspects of risk/fear/thrill to target the youth traveller segment. Tourism Review, 68(3), 44–54. LINK What was the purpose of the article? ▪ What were the findings of the author’s research? RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 50 VOLUNTEER TOURISM: DEFINITIONS ‘Volunteer tourism’ is generally applied to ‘those tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments or research into aspects of society or environment.’ (Wearing, 2001: 1) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 51 RESEARCH PAPER Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Matsumoto, Y. (2012). Understanding the motivations of volunteers engaged in an alternative tourism experience in Northern Australia. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(7), 800– 820. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2012.680244 https://ezproxy.angliss.edu.au/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/l ogin.aspx?direct=true&db=hjh&AN=79987432&site=eds-live ❑What was the purpose of the article? ❑What were the findings of the author’s research? RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 52 RESEARCH - TOURIST MOTIVATIONS PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ▪ This study sought to examine the motivations of volunteer tourists who participated in a Conservation Volunteer Australia (CVA), work- based, alternative tourism experience in far North Queensland, Australia. As part of this study, an exploration of individual expectations and reasons for engagement were undertaken. Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Matsumoto, Y. (2012). Understanding the motivations of volunteers engaged in an alternative tourism experience in Northern Australia. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 21(7), 800–820 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 53 RESEARCH - TOURIST MOTIVATIONS ▪ An alternative form of travel for those seeking a more sustainable, productive, and interactive experience in comparison to the leisure related model of mass tourism (Coghlin, 2006; Lyons & Wearing, 2008). ▪ Experiences designed to meet core individual interests related to volunteering and nature conservation ▪ “Knowing that my contribution would make a difference” ▪ Increased their sense of community belonging Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Matsumoto, Y. (2012). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 54 RESEARCH - TOURIST MOTIVATIONS Personal satisfaction and personal development are the key motivations: ▪ Many looking for a life-changing impact e.g. new cultures, friendships, having impact. ▪ Acquiring a new sense of personal worth and a greater recognition of their particular place in the world (Hamilton-Smith, 2010). ▪ A volunteer must have some altruistic motive. ▪ Improved health and well being. ▪ Volunteer work will increase their chances of obtaining a job in the labour market. Pegg, S., Patterson, I., & Matsumoto, Y. (2012). RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  RESEARCH – VOLUNTEER PROJECTS 55 Callanan, M., & Thomas, S. (2005). Volunteer Tourism: deconstructing volunteer activities within a dynamic environment. In M. Novelli (Ed.), Niche Tourism: contemporary issues, trends and cases (pp. 182-200). RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  RESEARCH – VOLUNTEER PROJECTS 56 Callanan, M., & Thomas, S. (2005). Volunteer Tourism: deconstructing volunteer activities within a dynamic environment. In M. Novelli (Ed.), Niche Tourism: contemporary issues, trends and cases (pp. 182-200). RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  POSITIVE IMPACTS – VOLUNTEER 57 TOURISM The work outcomes that the volunteers achieve. The economic revenue that host communities or sending organisations can generate. The environmental conservation that the sector commonly promotes. The personal growth that volunteers may undergo. The intercultural experience involving volunteers and hosts that can foster a better understanding between cultures. Personal gain: Giving and volunteering were important dimensions for developing civic engagement and social capital” (p. 30). G uttentag,D.A 2009 T he P os s ible Negative Impacts of Volunteer Touris m, International J ournal of Touris m R es earch 11, 537 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 58 ENVIRONMENTAL VOLUNTOURISM ▪ Conduct monitoring that can contribute data for ongoing research ▪ Plant vital habitat for species ▪ Monitor and take actions against pollution, erosion and feral pests in waterways. ▪ Work with animals in rescue sanctuaries ▪ Construct fences and infrastructure to protect native species. ▪ Rid areas of pest species such as weeds of feral animals. ▪ Best Sea Turtle & Marine Conservation Volunteer Abroad Programs | IVHQ (volunteerhq.org) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 59 ORPHANAGE TOURISM ▪ An official study found just a quarter of children in these so-called orphanages have actually lost both parents. And these private ventures are proliferating fast: the numbers increased by 65% in just three years. ▪ Orphanages are a booming business trading on guilt. Westerners take pity on the children and end up creating a grotesque market that capitalises on their concerns. This is the dark side of our desire. ▪ Too many travellers carry a naively romantic idea of doing good alongside their luggage. Ian Birrell The Observer, Sunday 14 November 2010 RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated 60 ORPHANAGE STATISTICS ▪ According to an investigation by Lumos, an NGO that fights against the institutionalization of children, total funding for orphanages in Haiti ranged upwards of $100 million per year; that’s enough to send 770,000 Haitian children to school or pay the Haitian child protection agency’s annual budget over 130 times.3 ▪ The study also found that, of the 30,000 children living in the country's orphanages, an estimated 80% had at least one living parent. Lumos suggested diverting orphanage funds into programs that support families and enable them to appropriately care for their children — instead of promoting the orphanage business. Funding_Haiti_Orphanages_Executive_Summary_Digital_Version.pdf (contentfiles.net) ▪ In a similar scenario, a 2015 study by UNICEF found that 79% of teenage children in Cambodian orphanages had at least one living parent. (source: UNICEF) RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  RESEARCH – ORPHANAGE TOURISM 61 A study by South African and British academics which focuses on "Aids orphan tourism" in Southern Africa reveals that short-term volunteer projects can do more harm than good: ▪ Wealthy tourists prevent local workers from getting much needed jobs, especially when they pay to volunteer. ▪ Hard-pressed institutions waste time looking after volunteers and money upgrading facilities. ▪ Abused or abandoned children form emotional attachments to the visitors, who increase their trauma by disappearing back home. ▪ As the authors of this report point out, the harsh truth is that "voluntourism" is more about the self-fulfilment of westerners than the needs of developing nations. Richter, L.M. & Norman, A. (2010) AIDS orphan tourism: A threat to young children in residential care Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated  GOOD LUCK! RTO No: 3045 CRICOS Provider No: 01505M HEP 9534 | Copyright all text and images William Angliss Institute unless otherwise stated