Digital Media 4e, Chapter 8, Print Type PDF

digital media 4e Chapter 8 Print Type © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 8.1: The Vocabulary of Typography Lesson 8.2: Making...

digital media 4e Chapter 8 Print Type © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 8.1: The Vocabulary of Typography Lesson 8.2: Making Text Readable Lesson 8.3: Cleaning Up Typeset Text © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 8.1: Distinguish between typefaces and fonts 8.2: Describe the parts that make up a typeface 8.3: Understand how typeface, size, and style affect readability 8.4: Adjust leading and tracking for readability © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes (cont.) 8.5: Recognize how measure and alignment impact readability 8.6: Use common, simple techniques to grab attention with typography 8.7: Make documents clean and professional by using a few typesetting conventions © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Vocabulary of Typography Typeface—a set of letters, numbers, and other characters created by a typeface designer Font—a collection of characters with the same style within a typeface Example: Times New Roman Bold, Times New Roman Italic, and Times New Roman Regular are all fonts within the Times New Roman typeface style © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  The Vocabulary of Typography (cont.) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Making Text Readable Readability is the primary You can make text concern for designers readable by: working with text – Selecting the appropriate Readability means: typeface for the subject – You can easily recognize – Using the right type size the letters and words and and style for your project follow the text along – Adjusting spacing if without “losing your place” necessary – The text helps visually set – Considering the overall size the tone for the message and alignment of text blocks © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability Choosing a typeface that fits the tone of a project is one way to help text deliver its message to Images from Library of Congress readers © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability (cont.) Choosing the right type Point size refers only to size is important to the height of the typeface readability rather than its width, so The best point size two typefaces with the depends on typeface, same point size can be page size and layout, and visually different sizes intended audience Most typefaces are readable for most people at 10 to 12 points © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting Typeface, Size, and Style for Readability (cont.) Use italic or bold for emphasis because they are the least disruptive and therefore the most readable Avoid underlines, all caps, and combinations of type styles (bold and italic, for example) Be careful not to overuse type styles for emphasis Extended use of italics, bold, all caps, reversed type, or any special effects such as embossing, engraving, outlining, or shadowing can reduce readability © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adjusting Spacing to Improve Readability Leading is the space Tracking, sometimes between the lines of text called letter spacing, in a text block refers to the amount of Leading is measured from space between characters the baseline of one line to in a word or line of text the baseline of the next and expressed in points Readability is reduced if the leading is too tight or too loose © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Adjusting Spacing to Improve Readability (cont.) Kerning is adjusting space Kerning is mostly used for between just two words in larger type sizes characters to improve the on banners, posters, ads, appearance of a word and headings Kerning can give a more finished look to words, but does not necessarily improve readability Most digital typefaces kern automatically © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Considering Paragraph Width and Alignment The width and alignment of a paragraph can affect the readability of body text The length of a line of text is called the measure Alignment refers to how a line of text or a paragraph is positioned in a column: flush left, flush right, centered, or justified © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Grabbing Attention and Creating Interest with Text Display typography captures and directs a reader’s attention Display typography becomes a part of the overall design scheme and can support good proportion, balance, variety, emphasis, harmony, symmetry, unity, and repetition Advertisements, magazine layouts, and book covers especially rely on display typography to reinforce a design scheme © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Grabbing Attention and Creating Interest with Text (cont.) A display typeface is a stylized typeface usually set at a larger point size than body text Other common treatments for display typography include – Drop caps – Pull quotes – Color © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  David Carson and Experimental Typography What typographical “rules” do David Carson and other designers like him break? Why does the design still “work”? Describe some situations where the style would be appropriate and some instances where it would be inappropriate © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Widows and Orphans Widow—the last line of a paragraph falls by itself as the first line of the next page or column Orphan—the first line of a paragraph falls by itself at the bottom of a page or column or a single word or part of a word falls by itself on the last line of a paragraph © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Punctuation Marks Fine-tuning hyphenation can improve the look of typeset text – When a word breaks at the end of a line, be sure at least two characters remain before the hyphen on the first line and at least three characters carry forward to the next line – Try to avoid hyphenating Web addresses and proper nouns, like names – Avoid more than three hyphenated lines in a row © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Punctuation Marks (cont.) Don’t confuse hyphens with en and em dashes – An en dash (–) is slightly longer than a hyphen (the width of the capital letter N) An en dash is most commonly used to indicate a range of dates, numbers, or times and in compound adjectives – An em dash (—) is twice as long as an en dash (the width of the capital letter M) An em dash is frequently used to separate a parenthetical thought, much like parentheses © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Punctuation Marks (cont.) Curly quotes (sometimes called smart quotes) are rounded marks used for quotations and apostrophes Straight quotation marks should be used only to indicate measure in inches or feet © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts A typeface is a collection of designed characters while a font refers to a subset of characters with the same style within a typeface One of the most important goals of working with text is making it readable Selecting a suitable typeface, size, and style impacts readability © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Key Concepts (cont.) Adjusting the leading, tracking, measure, and alignment can make text more or less readable Typography plays an important role in capturing readers’ interest and directing their attention Removing widows and orphans and using appropriate punctuation marks can make your documents appear more professional © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  digital media 4e Chapter 9 Print Media © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 9.1: Obtaining Digital Images Lesson 9.2: Preparing Graphics for Publication Lesson 9.3: Inserting Image Files in a Document © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 9.1: Use keywords to locate stock photos for projects 9.2: Recognize the usefulness and limitations of screen captures and scans in print documents 9.3: Source clip art from online collections 9.4: Understand the difference between royalty-free and rights-managed image licensing 9.5: Resize raster images in a raster editing program © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes (cont.) 9.6: Use limited resampling to manage resolution and file size 9.7: Choose an appropriate file type for print graphics 9.8: Know the difference between embedded and linked graphics 9.9: Distinguish between floating and inline graphics 9.10: Utilize text wrapping features for placed graphics © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Obtaining Digital Images The following types of images can be used in a desktop publishing file destined for a printer: – Digital photographs – Screen captures – Scans – Original vector artwork – Clip art © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sourcing Digital Photographs Stock photos are images made available for use in creative and commercial projects, typically for a fee, but sometimes for free The most common place to access stock photos is from an online stock photo company Stock photo websites are extensive, so they are usually cataloged using keywords © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sourcing Digital Photographs (cont.) Most digital stock photos are available at different resolutions, sizes, and file types Stock photo suppliers make free, low-resolution versions of images available to use on a trial basis Trial versions usually include a watermark, a pale image or text embedded in the image, to discourage unauthorized use © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Creating Screen Captures Screen captures are a snapshot of a computer screen generated by the operating system or other dedicated software Do not use a screen capture of another piece of art or photo you find online Screen captures are useful where showing the actual computer display is essential to the topic The final output may not be as sharp as a high- resolution photograph © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanning Hard Copies You can scan a hard copy document to create a digital file Do not use scans of hard copy images as a shortcut or because the actual digital file is too costly or protected by copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Scanning Hard Copies (cont.) A scanner acts like a digital photocopier by taking a picture of a printed document and transferring the image to a digital file – The higher the resolution, the more detail in the digital image and the bigger the file sizes – Images destined for a printer should be scanned at least at 300 dpi – Use a higher resolution for images you intend to enlarge beyond their original size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Acquiring Vector Images and Clip Art Digital vector images are a common type of image file used in print products – Most original vector images (sometimes called line art) used in print products come from graphic artists – Hiring a graphic artist can be expensive © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Acquiring Vector Images and Clip Art (cont.) Clip art is ready-to-use artwork made available for use in creative and commercial projects, sometimes for free and sometimes for a price – Clip art collections are searchable using keywords – Styles vary from cartoonish, to realistic drawings, to abstract designs – There are many online resources for original, high-quality clip art © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Acquiring Vector Images and Clip Art (cont.) Some clip art is available as both raster and vector: – Raster clip art files are not fully scalable without compromising image quality – If you purchase line art to use in a print product, it is best to stick with a vector file format that you can resize freely without worrying about pixelation © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Acquiring Vector Images and Clip Art (cont.) Some software programs make clip art collections available through their applications – Many people are familiar with it, so some originality and impact is lost when you use it in your work – There are potential copyright problems; most pre- packaged clip art is protected against commercial use © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Creative Commons Creative Commons offers copyright holders a way to grant blanket permission for others to use their copyrighted work with certain restrictions How can a movement like the Creative Commons reduce copyright violation online? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Licensing A license is a legal agreement that gives permission and states detailed conditions for using a copyrighted image Royalty free means the buyer pays a one-time fee to use the image for an unlimited number of products and for an unlimited length of time without paying any additional fees for each additional use © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Licensing (cont.) A rights-managed license gives a buyer permission for a specific, limited use of a copyrighted image It is up to you to ensure that you (and any online companies you use) follow ethical and legal guidelines for images you gather and use in your projects © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Staying Legal What are some ways you can be sure you are following legal and ethical guidelines when you source images online? How do you know an online source for images is trustworthy and not distributing pirated material? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Prepping Raster Files Save a working copy of your files and place the original, unaltered versions in a safe place – The working copy is best saved in the native file format of the image editing program you are working in – The native file format supports the full range of application features and offers the most editing flexibility if you need to make additional adjustments later Develop an image processing workflow © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Prepping Raster Files (cont.) Resizing raster images – Resolution adjusts as the document size of the image changes – Images for print products should have a resolution of 300 ppi – After you change the physical dimensions of the image, check the resolution—it should be between 240 and 300 ppi © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Prepping Raster Files (cont.) Resampling raster images – High megapixel cameras produce high pixel count images, large file sizes, and very big print dimensions – Reducing the document size to usable dimensions drives the resolution way over 300 ppi – When a raster image is resampled, the number of pixels in the image is changed according to interpolation Upsampling is an increase in pixels Downsampling is a reduction of pixels; decreases the file size © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Prepping Raster Files (cont.) Choosing a raster file type for final files – Two of the most common raster file types are native file formats and TIFF – If the raster editing program you use is part of the same suite of applications as the layout program you use, you may consider keeping the file in the native file format – Native raster files are lossless and preserve all editing features © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Prepping Vector Files Vector files do not present the same resolution challenges as raster graphics because they are fully scalable without distortion Developing a workflow for preparing vector graphics can be useful Verify file format with the print vendor – EPS is the most widely used file format for vector graphics in print publishing – Vector graphics can also be saved in their native file format or PDF © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inserting Image Files in a Document A linked graphic appears in a layout as a low- resolution screen image, but all of its data remains in the individual image file rather than being incorporated into the layout file An embedded graphic appears in a layout at full resolution and all of its associated data is copied into the layout file © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inserting Image Files in a Document (cont.) An image is placed either as an inline graphic or a floating graphic: – Inline graphics (sometimes called anchored graphics) move with the text in a document – Floating graphics are independent of the text © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Inserting Image Files in a Document (cont.) Text wrapping is a feature that controls how text flows around a graphic or other object in a layout The area between a graphic and the text is called the standoff Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Punctuality Imagine that you are creating a presentation for an important client – A coworker is responsible for providing you with the image files for the presentation – The files were due to you first thing this morning, but you haven’t received them yet – The presentation needs to be finished by the end of the day What will you do? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Keyword searches can help identify stock photos and clip art in extensive online collections Screen captures are appropriate for certain material, but their low resolution makes them less than ideal for print products Scanning is a useful option for digitizing hard copy documents that are unavailable in electronic format Understanding licensing structure is critical to using sourced images legally © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Royalty-free licenses grant almost unlimited permission to use an image for a one-time fee Rights-managed licenses grant limited permission to use a copyrighted image, allowing the copyright holder to control how an image is used, and sometimes granting the buyer a certain level of exclusivity Preparing raster images for print products usually includes sizing the image in an image editing program © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Key Concepts (cont.) Resolution of a raster image is inversely correlated to its document size; as images shrink, resolution rises and vice versa The target resolution for raster images used in print products is normally between 240 and 300 ppi Downsampling impacts image quality, but it can manage resolution and file size in high-pixel photos Native file formats and TIFF are the most common files types for raster images used in print products © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Key Concepts (cont.) Native file formats and EPS are the most typical vector file types for print products Linked graphics appear in a layout as a low-resolution screen image to be positioned, but the bulk of the image data is maintained in the individual image file until it is called by the software program for printing Embedded graphics increase file sizes because they bring all of their image data into the layout file © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Key Concepts (cont.) Inline graphics are anchored and move with text on a page; floating graphics move independently of text Text wrapping is a useful feature for flowing text around objects, particularly floating graphics © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  digital media 4e Chapter 10 Print Design © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 10.1: Understanding Design Principles Lesson 10.2: Structuring a Layout Lesson 10.3: Using PDFs for Print Publications © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 10.1: Recognize basic design principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, and unity 10.2: Understand the role of white space 10.3: Follow preliminary steps to plan a layout 10.4: Set up a new document in desktop publishing software 10.5: Use a grid to lend underlying structure to designs 10.6: Understand why PDFs are important in the print publication process © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Design Principles Layout is the arrangement on a page of all the key parts without regard to the specific content Design principles such as balance, rhythm, emphasis, and unity make a layout effective A pica is a printer’s measurement equal to 1/6 of an inch – A point is a division of a pica – There are 12 points to a pica © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Understanding Design Principles (cont.) The overriding idea behind good design is the relationship between similarity and contrast – Similarity in a design helps a viewer navigate and recognize a design as a single unit Without similarity, a design is chaotic and the message is not clear – Contrast in a design captures, keeps, and directs a viewer’s attention Without contrast, a design can be boring and, potentially, ignored © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Balance Balance—a design principle in which the weight of elements is distributed in a visually appealing way Unbalanced designs can leave a viewer feeling uneasy To achieve balance, a designer must arrange graphic elements so that all sides of the layout have the same visual weight There are three types of balance: symmetrical, radial, and asymmetrical © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Balance (cont.) Symmetrical balance— elements are distributed equally on both sides of an axis and may be mirror images of one another Radial balance—elements radiate out from a center point, like a starburst © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Balance (cont.) Asymmetrical balance— the elements on either side of the imaginary axis are not equal or mirrored, but they carry the same visual weight © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Rhythm Rhythm—a design principle that connects elements in a design and guides the eye from one item to the next Rhythm normally shows up in one of three forms: – Regular: The fixed, even pattern of elements that suggests faster movement – Flowing: A softer, more subtle repetition of elements, often involving curves and rounded patterns, that suggests a slower movement – Progressive: A more rare form of repetition in which an element is depicted in various stages of progress that suggests movement through time © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Rhythm (cont.) Does this design incorporate rhythm? What elements indicate the rhythm? What could be changed to use rhythm more effectively in this example? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Emphasis Emphasis—a design principle in which certain elements in a design stand out more than others Three basic ways to establish emphasis in a design: placement, isolation, and contrast Designers achieve emphasis by contrasting the properties of certain design elements: – Size – Shape – Color – Orientation © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Unity Unity—a design principle that pulls together elements to make the design look like a single unit Four general areas contribute to unity in a design: – Proximity – Alignment Notice that the pen is just slightly out of – Repetition or consistency alignment. Does your eye want to – Contrast straighten it? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  White Space White space—the areas in which text or graphics do not appear A block of white space can be used as a means of guiding the eye, as well as of resting it White space can pose two problems: – It can be trapped when surrounded on all sides by text or graphics – It can display as rivers of white in text © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Structuring a Layout Preliminary work before even launching your software: – Gather materials – Brainstorm a design theme – Choose design elements – Sketch layout ideas © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Setting Up a New Document When you create a new document, you must specify certain page setup options that will be applied to all of the pages Use a dialog box like the one at right to specify document settings © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Setting Up a New Document (cont.) Page setup decisions include choosing: – Facing pages: Two side-by-side pages; also referred to as a spread – Number of pages: Multipage documents sent to a professional printer must be set up in even signatures – Number of columns: Columns are nonprinting guidelines used to organize and align elements on the page – Size of gutters: A gutter is the white space between each pair of columns © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Setting Up a New Document (cont.) Page setup decisions include (cont.): – Margins Wide margins can make a design cleaner, but mean less content can fit on a page or spread Narrow margins mean more content on a page, but can make a page look crowded and chaotic – Bleed: A bleed is an element that extends through the margin of a page right up to the edge © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using a Grid to Organize Elements Grid—a series of vertical and horizontal non- printing guidelines that direct placement and size of objects on a page A grid can make it easier to incorporate design principles © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using a Grid to Organize Elements (cont.) The series of vertical grid lines in a layout are referred to as columns The appropriate number of columns for a design will depend on the size of the page and the complexity of the design © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using a Grid to Organize Elements (cont.) General guidelines for determining the number of columns for a project: – Two-column grids are useful for narrow pages and simple designs – Three-column grids are more flexible since items can span one, two, or all three columns – Four or more columns are usually the most flexible choice for page structure – Odd numbers of columns seem to work best in a design because they allow you to build asymmetry © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using a Grid to Organize Elements (cont.) What is the underlying column structure in these layouts? Edward Skintik © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Using a Grid to Organize Elements (cont.) The vertical alignment of elements is the most important concern in design Horizontal alignment is determined by how big an element is after you size it to fit the vertical columns Alignment is important for establishing order in a design, but just as important is occasionally breaking the order to create interest When breaking the grid, do it for a specific reason: to achieve unity, balance, emphasis, or rhythm © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Master Pages and Templates Master pages can be applied to any page within a document – Usually include elements repeated on multiple pages – Can contain a basic structure that will be repeated on multiple pages – Are useful shortcuts for standardizing designs across any document series that shares common elements Master pages are often incorporated into templates © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Creating and Viewing PDFs You will most likely generate PDFs directly from within your layout program There are two basic tasks associated with PDFs: creating PDFs and viewing them – Some PDF software can both create and display PDFs – Other software can display PDFs, but cannot create them © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  PDFs and Print Production When you send a PDF of your document to a printer, you can be confident that what you saw in the PDF is what will come off the press You can create a PDF for the press from almost any application It’s best to create PDFs using settings verified or supplied by the print vendor PDF/X minimizes the chance of problems once your PDFs reach the press © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Flexibility and Adaptability Being able to manage and resolve conflict is an important job skill To manage conflict: – Show respect and understanding for others – Offer alternatives – Avoid stereotyping and offensive or condescending language – Use intervention, confrontation, and compromise © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts An overriding idea behind good design is the tension between similarity and contrast: – Without similarity, a design is chaotic and unreadable – Without contrast, a design is boring and forgettable Balance is the design principle that says the weight of objects is evenly distributed across a design In symmetrical balance, elements are distributed equally on both sides of the axis © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) In asymmetrical balance, the elements on either side of the imaginary axis are not equal or mirrored, but they carry the same visual weight Rhythm refers to how a viewer’s eye travels through a design and is often established through repetition of a design element or sequence Emphasis relates to the center of interest in a design and establishes a visual hierarchy that leads a viewer through a layout © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Emphasis is often established through placement, isolation, and/or contrast of design elements Unity in a design means that all of the individual elements of a design look like they belong together and cause the reader to recognize the design as a whole before noticing its individual parts Proximity, alignment, and repetition (especially in alignment and structure) contribute to unity in a design © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Using a grid reduces the randomness of deciding where to place items on a blank page and how big to make them The grid is important for establishing order in a design, but just as important is occasionally breaking the order to create interest © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 30 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Master pages and templates are shortcuts for creating consistent documents that share a similar design and features PDFs are well suited for the print publication process because they retain all of the data about fonts, graphics, color, and so on from the native application file and minimize issues on the press © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 31 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Chapter 11 Audio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 11.1: Managing Audio Files Lesson 11.2: Managing Sound Equipment Lesson 11.3: Capturing and Editing Sound © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 11.1: Distinguish between sampling options for sound 11.2: Make choices to reduce the size of sound files 11.3: Select an audio file type for the appropriate use 11.4: Explain the importance of sound cards 11.5: Set up a microphone and record sound 11.6: Modify audio files using a wave editor © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Audio Files Analog audio is recorded as a series of waves reproducing approximately what the human ear hears Digital audio is created using a series of zeroes and ones, with the computer reading the variations to play back what was recorded © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Audio Files © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Audio Files © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Managing Audio Files Analog wave properties – Wavelength—the distance between two similar points on two consecutive waves – Frequency—the number of times a wavelength is repeated in a period of time – Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) or thousands of Hertz (KHz) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sampling To reduce the size of the file, digital recording software “grabs” sound at set intervals called a sample rate The sample rate is the number of snapshots per second, or in other words the number of samples taken per second, per channel. – So if the sample rate is 44.1 kHz then this means 44,100 samples per second. © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sampling To reduce the size of the file, digital recording software “grabs” sound at set intervals called a sample rate The higher the sample rate, the better the audio quality and the larger the file size Sample size reflects the number of bits used to represent the sound in a sample The more bits, the more information provided – 16-bit audio is better than 8-bit audio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Channels Channels are the number of sides from which sound is heard, either mono (one) or stereo (two) – With stereo, sound is recorded as if coming from slightly different directions – Monaural sound only records a sound from a single side When a multimedia computer has two speakers, stereo sound is possible Since stereo audio has more information, files are larger than those for a mono recording If you record a stereo signal, then you need to double the amount of samples taken. – For a 1 second file sampled at 44.1 kHz you would need to store 88,200 samples. Therefore, stereo files are twice the size of equivalent mono files. © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Dynamic Range In general, the dynamic range is the difference between the loudest and softest sounds that the system can produce and is measure in units of decibels. © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Codecs Codec stands for compressor-decompressor or coder-decoder A codec is an algorithm that compresses sound or video to reduce its file size and then decompresses it when played Some audio codecs are designed for speech – Speech uses a narrower range of frequencies than music – Speech files can be compressed further than music files © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Codecs (cont.) Sound compression can be lossless or lossy depending on process used to reduce file size – Audio files with lossless compression are essentially copies of the original – Lossless audio files are used by music studios to store music digitally with full fidelity and for archival purposes – Files created with lossy compression are much smaller than those created with lossless compression © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Codecs (cont.) Lossless audio files include, but are not limited to: – WAV – AIFF – AU The most popular audio files use lossy compression: – MP3 – AAC – WMA © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Organization Good organizational skills help you stay focused, be more productive, and avoid wasting time – Keep supplies and materials in the same place – Give your electronic files and folders descriptive names – Avoid unnecessary complication – Break large tasks into smaller pieces – Create a to-do list © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sound Equipment A sound card allows a Kostyantyn Holovanov/Shutterstock.com computer to play or record sound DAC is the acronym for digital-to-analog conversion ADC is the acronym for analog-to-digital conversion © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Speakers and Headphones Speakers for computers come in a wide range of sizes, designs, and costs A subwoofer is a speaker that reproduces very low bass sounds Use sound properties to set up speakers © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Speakers and Headphones (cont.) Speaker safety – Too much volume can cause the cone that vibrates in a subwoofer to tear – Too much power can melt a part in the speaker called a voice coil – High volume levels can pose danger to your hearing and the hearing of those around you – High volume can also be a distraction—or an annoyance— to those around you © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Speakers and Headphones (cont.) Headphone safety – It is easy to turn up the volume to a dangerous level – Turn the sound all the way Susan Lake down before you put headphones on © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Microphones Several types of microphones are available: – Headset – Lapel/Lavalier-small mic – Handheld – Mounted – Shotgun/boom mic- very directional – Studio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Microphones-Polar Pattern Omnidirectional polar pattern graph Cardioid polar pattern graph Bidirectional polar pattern graph © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  MIDI MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communication protocol that allows a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to communicate with each other – Doesn’t record the vibrations or sounds – Records the notes that were played and other information, such as the length of time the note was held Musical compositions can be written and modified on a computer and then transmitted to a MIDI- connected instrument for playing © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  How Important is Sound? Why do you think that sound cards were not included in early computers? Is audio an essential part of your computer usage? Could you manage without it? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sound Editors A wave editor is software that allows you to modify or edit audio files Sound editors can be used to convert sound from one format to another and provide tools once reserved for complex sound-recording studios: – Add special effects – Insert one sound into another – Edit out sound that you want to remove © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sound Editors Best Overall: Audacity Best Free: GarageBand Best for Live Music: Adobe Audition Best for Podcasts: Hindenburg Journalist Pro Best for Music Production: Ableton Live Best for Professionals: Pro Tools Best for Apple Devices: Logic Pro X Best for Android Devices: AudioLab © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sound Editors (cont.) Recording audio – Wave editors allow you to record sound using simple tool bars – When recording, it is good to leave a second or so of silence at the beginning and end of each recording © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sound Editors (cont.) Editing audio – The waveform view is a graphical display that represents the changes in recorded sound waves – You can insert new sounds or create a spot of silence within a noisy recording – You can add additional tracks to the recording © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Exporting Files You can export to the file format you want depending upon the intended use Ripping is the process of transferring music from a CD to a computer – Keep copyright law in mind – It is considered fair use to include previously recorded music in a school presentation – It is a violation of copyright law to post a multimedia project on a commercial website without first obtaining permission for any previously recorded music © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Analog audio and digital audio work in combination – Computers acquire analog sounds and convert them to digital, or read digital files and output them in an analog format – Analog is what you hear – Digital is the means of capturing it in software Audio file sizes are determined by sample size and rate, by the number of channels recorded, and by the codec used to compress them © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Audio file types consist of two types: – Those compressed with lossless algorithms – Those that are created using lossy algorithms Speakers and headphones are connected to a computer sound card using ports or jacks; they provide audio output Microphones are used to capture audio files including voice and music; they are input devices © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 30 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Sound or wave editors are used to record audio files and then to edit them – Because files are digital, the data can be edited precisely, just as image files can be – Editing can include cutting, adding effects, and mixing multiple tracks together into one file © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 31 accessible website, in whole or in part.  digital media 4e Chapter 12 Video © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Lessons Lesson 12.1: Selecting Video Equipment Lesson 12.2: Planning and Recording Video Lesson 12.3: Working with Video © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 2 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Learning Outcomes 12.1: Compare video cameras based upon their specifications and features 12.2: Distinguish between various video formats 12.3: Describe care and safety precautions when using a camcorder 12.4: Write a video script 12.5: Create a video storyboard 12.6: Select the type of shots to be used in a video 12.7: Film and edit a video using transitions and effects 12.8: Share a video © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 3 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Selecting Video Equipment Video equipment can include digital cameras and smartphones, and high-end camcorders Digital Single-Lens Reflex (DSLR) cameras are becoming more popular because the user can shoot video at frame sizes similar to film © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 4 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Evaluating Camcorders First videocassette recorders were heavy and recorded on tape Microphones sometimes picked up the sound of the tape turning Today’s camcorders are digital and come in a variety of sizes Equipment varies greatly in quality, depending on the resolution and the aspect ratio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 5 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Evaluating Camcorders (cont.) Camcorders have evolved from standard definition (SD) to high definition (HD) and then to 4K 4K Ultra HD camcorders have four times the resolution (3840 x 2160 pixels) of previous camcorders 4K camcorders may be handheld, cinema, action, or DSLR camcorders © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 6 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Evaluating Camcorders (cont.) HD camcorders can shoot at the 4:3 or the 16:9 aspect ratio 16:9 is the standard for high-definition TV Material placed in the light orange bands in the illustration at right will not appear on an HD screen © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 7 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Evaluating Camcorders (cont.) Interlaced video is recorded or broadcast as a series of alternating lines Progressive video is recorded or broadcast as a series of sequential lines Additional elements that affect the look and quality of a camcorder: – Quality of the optical sensor – Bitrate—video transfer speed that also determines file size and compression © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 8 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Evaluating Camcorders (cont.) Storage media – Variety of storage devices for recorded images – Hard drives, flash memory, DVDs Important features – LCD display/viewfinders – Zoom and image stabilization – Microphone and microphone jack – Low light capability – Battery life and input/output connections © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 9 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Care and Safety Protect the lens Clean the lens with a soft cloth Avoid dropping the equipment Avoid forcing open the LCD screen Avoid forcing memory cards in or out of their slots Be aware of surroundings when filming and exercise caution when moving © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 10 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Before the Shoot Planning a video before a shoot is the first step to creating good video Decide where the action will take place, what it will be, and what words will be said Scripting – Good videographers begin by writing a script – A scene is a segment of a video that occurs in one location and during one continuous time frame © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 11 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Before the Shoot (cont.) Storyboard—a visual method of outlining scenes – Defines the entire video visually – Identifies when to use Courtesy of Celtx camera techniques such as Panning—moving the camera from one side to another Tilting—moving the camera angle up and down © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 12 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Before the Shoot (cont.) Other planning – Before shooting, assemble any costumes or props – If you are going to shoot your video in a public place like a city park, check with the local government There might be rules about making videos in that public space You might need a permit © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 13 accessible website, in whole or in part.  What Makes a Video Compelling? What makes a video good? What keeps you watching? How can you use your responses to these questions to improve the videos you make? © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 14 accessible website, in whole or in part.  During the Shoot A take identifies the number of times a sequence has been filmed Remember, when shooting a scene, have enough light Keep your camera steady, avoiding shakiness Frame the subject Shoot “B-roll” footage (extra video that does not come directly from the script) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 15 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Video Transfer Most video cameras transfer video from the camera to the computer using a USB or FireWire connection FireWire is faster but more expensive Susan Lake Newer cameras have USB 3.0, faster than both USB 2.0 and FireWire © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 16 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Video Transfer (cont.) Attaching the camera to a computer and turning the camera on will create a link between the two devices A removable memory card can be inserted into the computer’s card reader slot © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 17 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Frames Frame rate is the number of frames per second that video records The timecode is a record of each frame of video A keyframe is a software notation of a change in a frame; a mark that indicates where on a timeline an action such as movement begins © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 18 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Opening Software Basic packages like Windows Movie Maker and iMovie for the Mac have simple screens you can use to import video clips as well as still images More advanced programs, such as Adobe Premiere Pro, have many more options – Different editing panels – Effects built into the program – Timeline – Panels can be undocked, closed, maximized, and moved Video developers often work with multiple screens © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 19 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Editing Simple editing changes include: – Changing the duration of an image on the screen – Rotating an image – Changing the aspect ratio from standard to widescreen – Changing the volume on audio © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 20 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Editing (cont.) Other editing options include transitions and effects – Transitions are movements between scenes – Dissolves are a transition technique in which one scene slowly changes to the other – A fade is a transition technique that moves from black to the image or the reverse © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 21 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Audio With camcorders, video and audio are recorded at the same time, making synchronization much easier It is still possible to pull apart the video or audio of a recording to use separately You can insert audio into a video just as you can still images Remember that posting to the Web or otherwise distributing a video with ripped music is in violation of copyright laws © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 22 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Exporting Video To be sure not to lose your work, you should save frequently Consider saving each editing stage as a slightly different version Rendering is the conversion of video to a format that can be used with various viewers © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 23 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Exporting Video (cont.) Five common file formats are – MOV: also called QuickTime, developed by Apple – WMV: Windows Media Video, developed by Microsoft – AVI: an older standard for personal computers still required by some programs before burning a video DVD – MPEG: a multimedia standard for personal computers and other devices; MPEG-4 is designed for both audio and video – FLV: Flash video played using Adobe Flash player – MP4: common digital multimedia format © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 24 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Exporting Video (cont.) The export process uses compression algorithms (video codecs) similar to those used to create audio recordings Codecs make the file sizes smaller to increase transmission speed Compression is important with video Decide which format to use, balancing file size with image quality The encoding or rendering process can be time- consuming depending upon your computer © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 25 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Sharing Video The point of creating a video is to share it with others to convey a message or evoke a feeling – Short videos or podcasts can be uploaded to a company’s Facebook page – You can burn a video to a DVD – You can stream the video Allows you to view video directly from a server rather than downloading a file to your computer Method that movie distributors have adopted to make it possible to view movies instantly, without having to use a DVD © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 26 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts Video equipment can vary in quality and size from a smartphone to a high-end camcorder When comparing video cameras the following specifications are important to consider: resolution, aspect ratio, sensor, bitrate, storage medium, and features Most video today is recorded digitally with new 4K Ultra HD camcorders having higher resolution (3840 x 2160 pixels) © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 27 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Camcorders with hard drives or flash memory can store more video Important camcorder features include: – The size of the LCD display – The optical zoom power – Image stabilization – The availability of a microphone jack – Low-light capability – Battery life – Input/output connectors © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 28 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) There are several care and safety requirements you should consider when using a camcorder Video scripts follow a standard format that identifies each scene separately and includes information about the location, time, characters, sounds, and dialogue A storyboard creates a visual guide for use when shooting a video; it gives information on the type of shots as well as the action © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 29 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Video shots fall into three categories: wide angle, medium, and close-up Shots can be panned from side to side or tilted up and down; varying types of shots, angles, and effects can add visual interest to a video, but it should not be overdone Video is transferred to a computer for editing using a USB or FireWire connection © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 30 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Video frames are recorded as frames per second and the timecode records each hour, minute, second, and frame Video can be edited by trimming away parts of a clip, by adding transitions, inserting effects, and by adding text such as titles and credits Editing programs allow users to edit using a timeline or storyboard © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly 31 accessible website, in whole or in part.  Key Concepts (cont.) Editing programs save files in a proprietary format The files must be exported in order to be viewed on different kinds of platforms, or they can be streamed, which makes it unnecessary to download the files Each export requires the video to be rendered in specific ways for it to play as intended © 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly