CE 35 Building Systems Design Lecture Notes PDF

Central Mindanao University College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Lecture Notes in CE 35 – Building Systems Des...

Central Mindanao University College of Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Lecture Notes in CE 35 – Building Systems Design UNIT II –Technical Documentation: Calculations, Specifications, Quantity Survey and Cost Estimates, and Building Permit CALCULATIONS One of the technical aspects of doing a building project is calculating. Whether it might be the quality of the soil, the structural load, the amount of concrete, or many more, multiple tests and calculations in order for the project to achieve its completion and somehow save some pennies for the overall budget. Soil: Planning the construction of every building begins with a soil analysis. The physical and chemical makeup of the soil on which the construction is to be built is determined through a soil test. The planning and procedures for building are determined by the soil's characteristics, which can also have a significant impact on the structure's design. As a result, the structural planning and floor plan for the construction are based on the results of the soil test. Because soil is the main component that supports the structure's weight, it is necessary to examine and evaluate every aspect of it. A correctly executed soil test guarantees that the design is flawless. Inaccurate soil testing might have disastrous effects. The structure may start to crack or, in the worst situation, crumble. A soil engineer conducts the soil test in a soil testing lab. These labs may be privately or publicly owned. To become certified to do soil testing, soil engineers—civil engineers with a focus on geotechnical engineering— need to pass a series of tests. Types of Soil Test 1. Moisture Content Test. Moisture is a key factor in determining the soil's ability to support weight. You can learn a lot about the likelihood of a termite infestation from it as well. The percentage of water in the soil, often known as the soil's water content, is referred to as moisture. 2. Specific Gravity Test. The weight of a soil sample volume divided by the weight of a water sample volume equal in volume determines the specific gravity of soil. 2.65-2.85 is the best range of soil specific gravity for construction needs, and it helps to know how permeable the soil is. Popular particular gravity testing techniques include: Dry Bottle Method, Pycnometer Method, Shrinkage Method, Gas Jar Method, Measuring Flask Method. 3. Dry Density Test for Soil. The weight of soil particles in a specific volume of sample is known as dry density. The void ratio and specific gravity are two elements that affect a soil's dry density. We can categorize the soil as dense, medium, or loose using the results of the dry density test. The Core Cutter Method, Sand Replacement Method, and Water Displacement Method can all be used to determine the dry density of the soil. 4. Atterberg Limits Test This test reveals the soil's essential water level. The test offers three tests that illustrate the characteristics of a fine-grained soil sample under various circumstances.  Liquid Limit Test  Plastic Limit Test  Shrinkage Limit Test 5. Compaction or Proctor’s Test. Simply put, soil compaction is the process of densifying soil by compressing the air voids. The soil's dry density and its water content are two important factors that the test tries to reveal. Concrete: Joseph Aspdin developed the concept and created a blend of clay and limestone back in 1824. In modern buildings, concrete is a mixture of aggregate particles, cement, and water. Unquestionably, this is among the materials that are employed the most frequently worldwide. The weather, especially the temperature and humidity, has a direct impact on the strength of concrete. Concrete is quantified in terms of volume. The ratio of cement to aggregate particles utilized has an impact on concrete's durability as well. You will utilize fewer aggregate particles, such as gravel, sand, or crushed stone, if you require the more substantial. Concrete is now produced in a more sophisticated way. In actuality, there are various forms of concrete that can be used to build homes and other structures. How Much Concrete Do I Need? 1. Calculate the quantity of concrete needed. stating the number of concrete slabs or surfaces you wish to coat with concrete as well as the dimensions of length, width, and height. 2. Find out how much each of the listed items weighs. more specifically, the quantity of concrete bags you purchase from stores that sell building supplies. 3. Don't forget to mention the amount of trash that could be produced as a result of inappropriate spills, broken components, or other unforeseen occurrences. Building Load: Simply said, a building load is a force that a home frame must be able to withstand. Eight of these loads, including wind, earth, and snow, must be accommodated by the frame without causing the structure catastrophic stress. Even though not every load issue is relevant to every location or even to every home within a location, having a fundamental understanding of building loads will help you see framing as a more comprehensive system. When designing, constructing, or remodeling a home somewhere, that is a benefit. A frame is made up of a collection of carefully spaced-apart beams and columns that are used to build multi-story buildings. Beam rotation results from the transmission of loads from walls and beams to the beams. Because the beams are so closely linked to the column, the column rotates as well. Any load applied to a beam is thereby dispersed across the complete network of beams and columns. Different Load calculation process on column, beam & slab: 1. Column Self Weight X Number of floors 2. Beams Self Weight per running meter 3. A load of walls per running meter 4. The total load on Slab (Dead load + Live load + Self-weight) Plumbing and HVAC: System of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes. For a life that is both comfortable and healthy, plumbing is essential. Before the invention of modern plumbing, drinking tainted water frequently resulted in outbreaks of dysentery and typhoid disease. The quality of life has significantly improved thanks in large part to HVAC. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. HVAC maintains clean indoor air in addition to keeping you warm in the winter and cool in the summer. By filtering it and keeping humidity levels at ideal ranges, good indoor air quality is guaranteed. What an HVAC system accomplishes is: utilizing a supply of fresh air outside your residence or place of business; air filtration to remove allergies and particulates; air conditioning or heating delivering air to rooms Air conditioning is not the same thing as HVAC. HVAC includes heat pumps and gas furnaces in addition to air conditioning, which is one of its components. HVAC not only deals with cooling but also with heating. Sound and Thermals: By regulating the temperatures of the internal surfaces of the structure and minimizing drafts, thermal control contributes to the comfort of the building's occupants. Additionally. It uses a tiny fraction of the energy that would otherwise be used to heat and cool a building. SPECIFICATIONS Construction specifications, or specs, detail the work and workmanship required for each construction project. A specs is a part of the contract documents contained in the project manual consisting of written documents describing the scope of work, materials that are to be used and the technical nature of materials, the methods of installation, equipment, construction systems, standards, and the quality of workmanship under contract. It is the documents that are described in words but cannot be visualized or explained on a drawing or model even on 2D or 3D models. Technical specifications are a tender document often references about the specific requirements and construction standards for various elements of a project. Technical specifications are prepared to provide consistency and to instruct contractors on how the works are to be carried out, the quality of the workmanship, and methods of quality assurance for the construction project. Technical specifications are prepared to a level that allows the works to be constructed accurately. Technical specifications describe the project design and construction practices, technical standards, specifications and principles to be followed during construction. Types of Specifications Performance Specifications Performance specifications, also known as performance criteria or functional requirements, describe the final results that are expected from a construction project. It discusses the operational requirements of a project. Performance specifications don't explain how something should happen; instead, it details what the finished project has to function. Proprietary Specification Proprietary Specification requires the use of a single approved product type for any particular installation. Proprietary specifications are often used in cases where there is existing equipment or materials that are already on site. Proprietary Specifications are very similar to prescriptive construction documents—except for the fact that they're written with one particular product in mind. This means builders must use those specific materials when constructing the project. A proprietary specification is used by architects and contractors whenever a specific product is required due to its relationship with the owner’s company or something else associated with the building like high-end luxury finishes in a hotel, for instance. Prescriptive Specification Prescriptive specifications convey the requirements of a project through a detailed explanation of the materials that the contractor must use (including product options), and the means of installing those materials. The idea here is that all products specified within this type of specification must be used for the project to meet its performance requirements. The main advantage of a prescriptive specification over a performance specification is that it allows contractors, material manufacturers, and product consultants to use their own products to comply with all design objectives for the project without having to contact the building owner or contractor for approval each time something needs changing. In this way, prescriptive specifications are very similar to proprietary construction documents. Notably, both documents contain exact details about what materials should be used and how they should be installed. General Specifications Commonly used in commercial and residential work, this type of construction specification is called a general spec. It contains product information but doesn't specify which manufacturer must be used. In some respects, this can serve as a middle ground between prescriptive specifications and performance-based documents. However, this document is typically not appropriate for complex projects where unique features are required. A general specification covers various options — including both materials and details on installation processes like how many layers of paint should be applied throughout construction. Detailed Specifications Detailed Specifications is slightly different from a general one because it covers virtually every aspect of construction in precise terms. This includes everything down to the number of screws used to fasten materials together. This type of construction specification is typically used when owners have little or no experience working on large-scale projects and need more guidance. A case in point is when they're responsible for overseeing these tasks themselves. Generally, detailed specifications can be either standard or special. Standard specifications: These are the most common types and cover things like flooring materials and steel thickness requirements for beams and columns. As their name suggests, they are standard and can be used in construction projects in the same category. Special specifications: Special specs are typically used in more complicated cases where unique details might be required (like installing a specific brand of windows or doors). They're often the most detailed type of construction specification. Key stakeholders must approve them before they can become part of a standard set. Purpose of Technical Specifications 1. To highlight the necessary information which cannot be obtained through drawings. 2. To list the conditions of the contract. 3. Evaluating the cost likely to be expended over the constructional work 4. Explaining the methodology for conducting constructional work. 5. Explaining the machinery and tools used in the constructional work. 6. To provide a detailed record of the design of the project and expressing the type of material to be used. Importance of Construction Specifications Catering to specific requirements is extremely important in the construction industry. Not only does it save time, but it also ensures top quality in all products used during construction. Without these guidelines, numerous problems would likely arise—from inadequate materials resulting in poor workmanship or installation issues with various building systems, jeopardizing the public safety. 1. They Serve as a Blueprint 2. They Help Control Costs 3. They Promote Quality QUANTITY SURVEY AND COST ESTIMATES QUANTITY SURVEY Quantity survey is the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and entire cost are determined. It is also generally known as Estimating. Quantity survey plays a vital role in estimation and construction of any relevant project. It will help in the determination of all related applicable costs and materials quantity so that all those factors are determined, and funds are released for the project in case if acceptable. If funds are less, then certain alterations can be conducted so that the project can span within the fixed funds. Estimation is conducted in two ways despite the nature of the project whether the project is of construction, sewerage system, canal digging, or road construction, and so forth. Initially, a Rough Cost Estimate is conducted that will help in the determination of the cost. Finally, the Detailed Estimate is conducted if funds are released. Quantity Surveyor, a person who estimates. This person is also known as Evaluator or Estimator. NOTE: Estimation cannot be done without understanding the drawing of the relevant project. Data for Estimate: 1. Drawings The estimate is prepared according to the drawings. Drawings depict heights, lengths, and thicknesses of different parts of the project. Size of every component of the project is shown in the drawing and the estimate is prepared accordingly. 2. Specifications Specifications are appointed along with drawings for the depiction of the project quality. For example, a drawing will represent the size of the door, but it cannot represent certain elementary factors such as door type and timber type, etc.  3. Rates Accurate rates of material and construction work are required for accurate estimation. These rates must rely on reality. Rates of material or constructional work can be determined from the Schedule of Rates of different public and private departments, or completed constructional work can be analyzed to get all required rates. Rates include Material Charges, Carriage Charges, and Labor Charges, etc. Two Types of Estimates in Civil Engineering: 1. Original Estimate Original Estimate is the estimate prepared for a newly proposed project. This project can be a constructional project of building, canal, or road, and so forth. In other words, if these projects are commenced from scratch, then the estimate proposed for them will be the Original Estimate. It is done in two ways as follows: a. Rough Cost Estimate This type of Estimate is done for any project before commencing about its fruitfulness and cost that will be expended on it. Initially, a rough estimate of cost is conducted about the project that is known as Rough Cost Estimate. b. Detailed Estimate In this method of estimation, each item of the project is determined and multiplied with its Unit of Rate to acquire the cost. Every type of cost is involved in Detailed Estimates. Therefore, it is considered a better estimation method. Detailed Estimate is also prepared for other purposes other than Original Building as follows: o Revised Estimate Revised Estimate is prepared when diversion more than 5 percent occurs in the Detailed Estimate. Diversion occurs due to the fluctuation of prices. Revised Estimate is also prepared if changes are made in project design of the already prepared Revised Estimate and ultimately Technical Sanction has sought again. This estimate is conducted like the Original Estimate. o Supplementary Estimate If construction work of the project has been started and change in design has been felt, and expenditure due to design changes cannot be covered within approved funds then an additional estimate is prepared which is known as Supplementary Estimate. The procedure of Supplementary Estimate will be similar to that of procedure for Original Estimate. o Revised and Supplementary Estimate Sometimes changes or additions are required in an already prepared estimate in the project, and these changes are caused due to price diversion of more than 5 percent. Alteration in cost is brought about by design changes in projector price fluctuation of the items. c. Repair Estimate Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and other structures in order to maintain and look after them. The estimate prepared to find the cost applying over the repair. This estimate is known as Repair Estimate. Procedure for the Repair Estimate is similar to that of the Detailed Estimate. Repair Estimate of the building includes Whitewashing, Paint and other maintenance. Types of Repair Estimate: o Annual Repair Estimate Buildings and other structures are repaired every year to keep them maintained and usable. o Quadrennial Repair Estimate Special repair is done after every four years despite annual repair which is known as Quadrennial Repair. o Special Estimation Tenure is not fixed for special repair. However, repairing damages of buildings and other structures caused by earthquake, flood and other accidents is done in special repair. However, buildings and other structures also suffer severe damages and miserable status due to continuous and long usage that are repaired specially to make them livable and usable. COST ESTIMATES Accurate cost estimation by professional construction estimators is critical in creating and maintaining a feasible budget of project costs. With this, the professional cost estimator’s goal is to provide accurate information to the project developers about the planned projects possible costs. When stakeholders have accurate cost estimates then decisions about project feasibility can be made with authority. In addition, cost estimation in project management is the process of forecasting the cost and other resources needed to complete a project within a defined scope. Cost estimation accounts for each element required for the project and calculates a total amount that determines a project’s budget. However, you should keep in mind that a good estimate includes not only the cost but also all data related to the way the project was envisioned to be carried out. Rate analysis is to determine the current rate per unit of an item at the locality. The purpose of rate analysis is to examine the viability of rates offered by, to the client, or contractor, to fix up the agency or labor contractor to do the job, and to fix the cost targets towards labor, material, equipment, and other heads and to measure the performance of the project in financial terms. It is classified under three heads: 1. Direct expenses - the expenses that directly affect the project. It is also known as project overhead costs) are those directly linked to the physical construction of a project. Material, labor and equipment prices are all direct costs, as are subcontractor costs. They are also sometimes called “bare” or “unburdened” costs. 2. Indirect expenses - are incurred while completing the project but are not applicable to any specific task. There are two types of indirect costs: main office overhead and job site overhead. 3. Profit - Apply appropriate or contracted profit rate uniformly to all contractors and to original bid and change orders. Essential Elements of Construction Cost Estimation 1. QUANTITY TAKEOFFS This represents the total amount of supplies and labor required to finish a project. 2. LABOR HOURS AND LABOR COST This represents the overall cost and the number of hours of work necessary to do a task. 3. COST OF MATERIALS The total material expense that the project financier will be responsible for is this. 4. SUBCONTRACTOR QUOTES The majority of general contractors employ subcontractors at various times throughout a project.. Specialty trades that work as subcontractors often finish portions of the project. Their estimates ought to take just as much care to account for labor, material, and equipment ex 5. JOINT COSTS Joint costs in construction are expenditures that benefit more than one project objective. 6. INDIRECT COSTS Indirect costs, such as administrative and overhead expenses, are often those expenses that have no direct impact on the project's real expenditures. penses as did the general contractor. Accurate Methods in Construction Cost Estimation METHOD 1: UNIT PRICING The most popular technique for calculating building costs is this one. The unit pricing approach works by figuring out the total cost of the project based on unit costs. METHOD 2: BUDGET METHOD This technique for calculating construction costs entails assessing the whole amount of work required and offering a broad estimate. The cost estimation process has multiple purposes. So, let’s discuss the major reasons why estimating construction costs is important: PROJECT FEASIBILITY Studying a project's numerous components to see if it has the potential to succeed involves project feasibility. When analyzing the viability of a project, managers take their available resources and financial needs into account. PROJECT PROFITABILITY The construction sector is primarily driven by profit. Since you should only accept lucrative projects as a building contractor, you must precisely estimate project expenses before invoicing the customer. You shouldn't accept that job if the real cost of building exceeds what your customer can afford. PROCURING THE FINANCES Contractors frequently need to find the first funding for projects. For them to assess how much money they need to get in order to start the project, cost estimators are necessary. SETTING BUDGET Starting a building project requires you to properly monitor your spending to prevent going over budget. The related expenses of any project may be established with the use of an estimate. PITCHING THE BID An accurate cost estimate enables you to submit a competitive proposal and win the job. For the same project, contractors frequently have to offer lower pricing than their rivals in order to remain profitable. Only if you have a precise estimate of the project's cost is this feasible. ALSO READ: Rule III – Permits and Inspection and Rule IV – Types of Construction REFERENCE: Learning Module on Building Systems Design developed by the Palawan State University – Civil Engineering Department.