Pavement Engineering: Introduction and Types PDF

DCC20312 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT ENGINEERING HASYIMUNFAZLIE  Define pavement engineering Pavement engineering is the process of creati...

DCC20312 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT ENGINEERING HASYIMUNFAZLIE  Define pavement engineering Pavement engineering is the process of creating and maintaining a paved structure to meet the traffic and environmental needs. From: Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 2020. Pavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements Page No - 02 Road pavement infrastructure is important for many reasons, including: Economic development Roads are essential for a country's economic growth and social development. They enable the efficient movement of goods and people, which can lead to increased productivity, reduced transportation costs, and more employment opportunities Safety and comfort Road pavements are designed to provide safe and comfortable riding conditions for people and vehicles. Environmental impact Lorem ipsum The resources dolor used tositbuild amet, road consectetur pavement and the energy used to move and adipiscing elit. Suspendisse viverra felis construct them can have a significant environmental impact. However, there are nisl, sed pulvinar risus lobortis vitae. innovations in paving technologies that can help reduce environmental impact. Public perception The quality of life in a community is promoted by well-maintained roads. The public values the appearance of public spaces, and poor road quality can lead to increased noise levels. Adaptability Pavements should be designed to adapt to changing traffic and environmental conditions Page No - 03 Pavement classifications and functions Pavements are classified based on their structural behavior and can be categorized as flexible, rigid, semi-rigid, composite, or interlocking cement concrete block The functions of pavements include: Withstanding traffic stresses: Pavements should be structurally strong enough to withstand the stresses imposed by traffic. Distributing loads: Pavements should have adequate thickness to distribute loads. Resisting abrasion: Pavements should have hard wearing surfaces to resist abrasion caused by vehicles. Providing friction: Pavements should provide enough friction to prevent skidding and for tractive effort. Being unaffected by water: Pavements should not be affected by water. Having minimal costs: Pavements should have minimal initial and maintenance costs. Page No - 04 Page No - 08  Here are some types of pavements: 1 3 Flexible Pavement Flexible pavements 4 These are the most commonly used pavement type in road construction. They are made up of multiple layers, often with asphalt making up the Contained Rock Asphalt surface layers. Flexible pavements reflect 2 Contained rock asphalt mat subgrade deformations These are constructed by placing dense, open-graded aggregate layers in between two asphalt layers Full-depth asphalt pavement These are made by layering bitumen directly on the soil subgrade. Cheaper quality materials are layered Rigid Pavement at the bottom as the stresses decrease with the depth of the pavement. Rigid pavements These use a solid concrete slab to distribute loads over a wide area of subgrade. Rigid pavements can bridge over localized failures in the subgrade Page No - 07  The history of road pavement development Ancient roads 1 4 Renaissance Roman roads 2 5 Industrial Revolution Asphalt 3 6 Edward de Smedt 7 Modern highway construction Page No - 10  Roman roads 1 The Romans built stone-paved roads in North Africa and Europe for military operations Silk roads 2 The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. It was established in 130 B.C. when the Han Dynasty of China opened trade with the West. The Silk Road was in use until 1453 when the Ottoman Empire closed it by boycotting trade with China Page No - 11 ROAD PAVEMENTS IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  METCALF ROADS In 1765 Parliament passed an act authorising turnpike trusts to build toll roads in the Knaresborough area. There were few people with road-building experience and Metcalf seized the opportunity, building on his practical experience as a carrier. He won a contract to build a three-mile (5 km) section of road between Minskip and Ferrensby on the road from Harrogate to Boroughbridge. He explored the section of countryside alone and worked out the most practical route. Metcalf built roads in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, including roads between: Knaresborough and Wetherby Wakefield, Huddersfield and Saddleworth (via the Standedge pass) Bury and Blackburn with a branch to Accrington Skipton, Colne and Burnley Metcalf believed a good road should have good foundations, be well drained and have a smooth convex surface to allow rainwater to drain quickly into ditches at the side. He understood the importance of good drainage, knowing it was rain that caused most problems. He worked out a way to build a road across a bog using a series of rafts made from ling (a type of heather) and furze (gorse) tied in bundles as foundations. It established his reputation as a road builder because other engineers believed it could not be done.  TRESAGUET ROADS First of all, an earth foundation was excavated parallel with but about ten inches below the finished surface of the new road. This was convex in cross section to encourage water to drain off the finished surface. Next, large stones were laid on edge and any protruding pieces on their upper edges broken off to leave an even surface. This stone foundation was covered with a second course of smaller rounded stones. Finally, a third layer of hard broken stone, (about the size of walnuts) was spread by a shovel to produce the surface layer. This system was used continuously in France from 1775 until 1820 when the country changed to the cheaper Macadam method.  TELFORD ROADS In 18th and early 19th century Britain transport was mostly on foot, horseback or by stagecoach. Many roads were rough, sometimes little more than tracks, and progress could be very slow, especially in bad weather. In 1801 after a career mostly designing and building bridges and canals engineer Thomas Telford was commissioned by the government to improve road travel in his native Scotland. This massive project lasted 20 years and included 920 miles (1,480km) of new roads, as well as 1,000 new bridges, improvements to canals and 32 new churches. Telford was also responsible for rebuilding sections of the London to Holyhead road. Much of his road is now part of the A5. Beyond Shrewsbury the work often meant building a highway from scratch. Other projects included work on the north Wales coast road between Chester and Bangor and a road to cross the Isle of Arran. Nicknamed the ‘string road’ it allowed traffic to get from east to west without using the lengthy coastal route. Telford’s work on improving the road from Glasgow to Carlisle (now the A74) has been described as a ‘model for future engineers’. He continued to design and build until his death in 1834 – a total of 33 years improving road communication around the UK.  MACADAM ROADS Macadam roads are a type of road construction method that involves laying down layers of crushed stone and compacting them. The method was developed by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the 1820s. McAdam's method was more efficient and cost-effective than previous methods, and it quickly became the standard for road construction in Britain and North America. The word "macadam" is derived from McAdam's nam  MODERN ROAD PAVEMENTS Since the beginning of the 20th century, as the automobile and truck have offered ever higher levels of mobility, vehicle ownership per head of population has increased. Road needs have been strongly influenced by this popularity and also by the mass movement of people to cities and thence to suburban fringes—a trend that has led to increasing travel needs and road congestion and to low-density cities, which are difficult to service by public transport.  MODERN ROAD AT MALAYSIA NORTH–SOUTH EXPRESSWAY WCE Malaysia's longest expressway, The West Coast Expressway (E32), abbreviated running 966 km through seven states WCE, is an interstate controlled-access highway in Peninsular Malaysia running along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The 233-kilometre (145-mile) expressway is currently under construction, with several sections open for public use. Once DUKE completed, the expressway will run between Changkat Jering, Perak and Banting, Selangor, Duta–Ulu Klang Expressway (DUKE, E33), is the main expressway network in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The 18 ECE km (11 mi) expressway connects New Klang Valley Expressway's Jalan Duta Interchange (E1) to Taman The East Coast Expressway (ECE; Malay: Lebuhraya Hillview Interchange on Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Pantai Timur, LPT) is an interstate controlled-access Road 2 28 in Ulu Klang. highway running parallel to the northeastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The currently operational 433- kilometre (269-mile) segment of the expressway runs through Karak, Pahang and Kuala Nerus, Terengganu. AGENCIES AND AUTHORITIES INVOLVED IN PAVEMENT ENGINEERING IN MALAYSIA