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• Pavement engineering involves creating and maintaining paved structures to meet traffic and environmental needs.
• Pavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering.
• Pavement engineering uses engineering techniques.
• Pavement engineering is used to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements, including streets and highways.
• Pavement engineering requires knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties.
• Pavement engineering involves new construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance of existing pavements.

Benefits of Road Pavement Infrastructure

• Roads drive economic growth and social development.
• Roads enable efficient movement of goods and people.
• Roads lead to increased productivity, reduced transportation costs, and more job opportunities.
• Roads provide safe and comfortable conditions for people and vehicles.
• Well-maintained roads promote quality of life and improve public perception.
• Pavements adapt to changing traffic and environmental conditions.

Pavement Classifications

• Pavements are classified by structural behavior.
• Flexible pavements are also called asphalt pavements.
• Rigid pavements are also called concrete pavements.
• Semi-rigid pavements area also known as composite pavements
• Interlocking cement concrete block pavements exist.

Functions of Pavements

• Pavements must withstand traffic stresses.
• They should distribute loads effectively and be structurally strong.
• Pavements should resist abrasion from vehicles.
• They should provide enough friction to prevent skidding.
• Pavements should be unaffected by water.
• Pavements should have minimal initial and maintenance costs.

Layers of Pavement

• Tack Coat
• Prime Coat
• Surface Course (25-50 mm)
• Binder Course (50-100 mm)
• Base Course (100-300 mm)
• Subbase Course (100-300 mm)
• Compacted Subgrade (150-300 mm)

Types of Pavements

• Flexible pavements are most common in road construction and made of multiple layers, often including asphalt. Flexible pavements reflect subgrade deformations.
• Rigid pavements use a solid concrete slab to distribute loads over a wide area of subgrade, bridging localized failures.
• Contained rock asphalt mats are constructed by placing dense, open-graded aggregate layers between two asphalt layers.
• Full-depth asphalt pavements layer bitumen directly on the soil subgrade, with cheaper quality materials at the bottom due to decreasing stress.

The History of Road Pavement Development

• Ancient roads
• Roman roads
• Silk roads
• Asphalt
• Renaissance
• Industrial Revolution
• Edward de Smedt
• Modern highway construction

Roman Roads

• Romans built stone-paved roads in North Africa and Europe for military operations.

Silk Roads

• The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe.
• The Road was established in 130 B.C. when the Han Dynasty of China opened trade with the West.
• The Silk Road was in use until 1453 when the Ottoman Empire closed it by boycotting trade with China.

Metcalf Roads

• In 1765 Parliament authorized turnpike trusts to build toll roads in the Knaresborough area.
• Metcalf built roads in Lancashire, Derbyshire, Cheshire and Yorkshire.
• Metcalf believed a good road should have good foundations, be well drained and have a smooth convex surface.

Tresaguet Roads

• First, an earth foundation was excavated parallel about ten inches below the surface, with convex cross section.
• Next, large stones were laid on edge, and any protruding pieces were broken off, covered with a second course of smaller rounded stones.
• Finally, a third layer of hard broken stone was spread by a shovel to produce the surface layer.
• This system was used until 1820 when the country changed to the cheaper Macadam method.

Telford Roads

• In 1801, Thomas Telford was commissioned to improve road travel in Scotland.
• This massive project lasted 20 years and included 920 miles (1,480km) of new roads, and 1,000 new bridges.
• Much of the his road for London to Holyhead is now part of the A5.
• Telford's work has been described as a 'model for future engineers'.
• He continued to design and build until his death in 1834.

Macadam Roads

• Macadam roads involve laying layers of crushed stone and are compacted.
• The method was developed by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam in the 1820s.
• MacAdam's method was more efficient and cost-effective than previous methods.
• McAdam's method became the standard for road construction in Britain and North America.

Modern Road Pavements

• The automobile and truck have offered ever higher levels of mobility, and vehicle ownership per head of population has significantly increased.
• Road needs have been strongly influenced by the mass movement of people to cities and thence to low-density suburban fringes.

Roads in Malaysia

• North-South Expressway is Malaysia's longest expressway, running 966 km through seven states.
• Duta-Ulu Klang Expressway (DUKE, E33), is the main expressway network in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
• The West Coast Expressway (E32), (WCE), is an interstate highway running along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
• The East Coast Expressway (ECE; Malay: Lebuhraya Pantai Timur, LPT) is an interstate highway running parallel to the northeastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Agencies and Authorities Involved in Pavement Engineering in Malaysia

• Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) is responsible for planning, design, construction, and maintenance of new roads, as well as standardized policy formulation and financial allocation processing.
• Lembaga Lebuh Raya (LLM) is tasked with supervising and implementing highway design, construction and maintenance.
• Majlis Perbandaran provides infrastructure facilities and maintains roads, taking financial advice from the Ministry of Housing and local government.