Pharmacology for Canadian Pharmacy Technicians PDF

Pharmacology for Canadian Pharmacy Technicians First Canadian Edition Chapter 1 The Practice of Pharmacy Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-1 Learning Outcomes...

Pharmacology for Canadian Pharmacy Technicians First Canadian Edition Chapter 1 The Practice of Pharmacy Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-1 Learning Outcomes (1 of 2) LO1: Explain how the science of pharmacy has progressed through time. LO2: List the major drug discoveries of the last 200 to 300 years. LO3: Explain the interdisciplinary nature of pharmacology with examples of areas expertise. LO4: Identify groups of occupations for which knowledge of pharmacology is important. LO5: Explain how the disciplines of therapeutics and pharmacology are interconnected. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-2 Learning Outcomes (2 of 2) LO6: Distinguish between therapeutic drugs and agents such as foods, household products, and cosmetics. LO7: Compare and contrast traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternative therapies. LO8: Distinguish between pharmaceutics and pharmacology. LO9: Describe the evolving role of the pharmacy technician. LO10:Describe the process for becoming a registered pharmacy technician in Canada. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-3 Core Concept 1.1 Pharmacy has been in existence for thousands of years. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-4 History of Pharmacy Pharmacy is rich and exciting, filled with many discoveries and events Its development parallels that of humans and involved a trial and error method for many years Pharmacy differentiates itself from medicine Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-5 New World - Canada The seventeenth century demanded better documentation and basic testing; research was initiated Pharmacists were required to have a university education to practice Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-6 Core Concept 1.2 Many drugs and vaccines were discovered in the last 200 to 300 years. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-7 Table 1.1 Major Discoveries in Medicine and Pharmacy (major Canadian discoveries in bold face) Date Discovery Discovered by: 1906 Vitamins Fredrick Hopkins 1921 Insulin Frederick Banting and Charles Best 1930 Pablum Fredrick Tisdall, Theodore Drake, and Alan Brown 1950 External cardiac pacemaker John Hopps and Wilfred Bigelow 1951 Cobalt bomb, for cancer Harold Johns 1952 Hypothermia, used in open heart surgery Wilfred Bigelow 1956 Artificial heart Paul Winchell 1967 Propranolol – first beta blocker James Black 1999 The Edmonton Protocol-transplantation of James Shapiro human pancreatic islet cells in patients with diabetes Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-8 Some Drugs Are Still Derived from Natural Sources Table 1.2 Sources of Drugs Modern drugs derived from plants: Foxglove = digoxin (congestive heart failure) Belladonna = atropine (dilate pupil) and scopolamine (motion sickness) Autumn crocus = colchicine (gout) Bushy scrub = ephedrine, ephedra (respiratory disease) Yams = estrogen replacement therapy Daffodil bulbs = galantamine (Alzheimer’s disease) Rose hips = vitamin C Willow bark = aspirin Cinchona bark = quinine Opium poppy = morphine Periwinkle = vincristine Snakeroot = reserpine Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1-9 [Table 1.2 Continued] Modern drugs derived from animals: Dried thyroid gland tissue = thyroid supplements Pregnant mares’ urine = Premarin (menopause) Ground up pancreas of cows or pigs = insulin Purified fat of processed sheep’s wool = lanolin Drugs derived from minerals: Calcium, iron Copper, magnesium, selenium, zinc Potassium Red iron oxide as inert ingredient in quinapril (Accupril) Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 10 Core Concept 1.3 Pharmacology is an expansive and challenging topic. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 11 Pharmacology (1 of 2) Defined as “the study of medicine” Improves health if applied properly Results in devastating consequences if applied improperly Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 12 Interrelated Subject Areas Useful application of drugs requires knowledge in: Anatomy and physiology Chemistry Pathophysiology Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 13 Pharmacology (2 of 2) Pharmacology is a challenging topic with different: Drug names Interactions Side effects Mechanisms of action Responses Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 14 Core Concept 1.4 The interconnectedness of the fields of pharmacology and therapeutics is important to health care workers. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 15 Health Care Providers Who Prescribe Drugs Physicians Dentists Advanced Nurse practitioners Provincial or Territorial law dependant some other groups of health care providers may also prescribe Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 16 Pharmacology and Therapeutics Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their use in the body Therapeutics is concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering Pharmacotherapeutics is the use of medicine to treat diseases Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 17 Health Care Professionals Pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, nurses, and other allied health care workers: Are directly involved in medication distribution and administration Drug education Management and/or enforcement of drug laws Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 18 Core Concept 1.5 Agents may be classified as traditional drugs, biologics, and natural alternatives. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 19 Classification of Drugs Table 1.3 Characteristics of Traditional Therapeutic Drugs, Biologics, and Natural Alternative Therapies Traditional drug Chemically produced in a laboratory therapies Routinely used by healthcare providers Biologics Naturally produced by the body itself, in animal cells, or in microorganisms Include hormones and vaccines Routinely used by healthcare providers Naturally produced Natural alternative Include herbs, extracts, vitamins, minerals, or therapies dietary supplements Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 20 Core Concept 1.6 Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 21 Pharmacists Experts at cataloguing signs, symptoms, sides effects, and drug interactions Act as advisors to patients Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 22 Core Concept 1.7 The pharmacy team includes pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy assistants, each with his or her own responsibilities and scope of practice. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 23 Pharmacy Technician Evolving role of the pharmacy technician: – Technical aspects of dispensing prescriptions – Entering patient profile – Preparing products – Performing final accuracy check on prescription – Instruction on medical devices Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 24 The Registered Pharmacy Technician A New Regulated Health Professional Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 25 Summary Pharmacy in existence for many years with many drugs/vaccines discovered within the last 300 years Pharmacology challenging and interconnected topic Agents (drugs) have several classifications Pharmaceutics is the science of pharmacy The pharmacy team has many players each with their own scope of practice and responsibilities Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 - 26