Therio Sem2 Summary PDF

Part 5.1 (eutocia vs dystocia) & 5.2 (foetal dystocia) Bovine Equine Canine (litter bearing) Dystocia...

Part 5.1 (eutocia vs dystocia) & 5.2 (foetal dystocia) Bovine Equine Canine (litter bearing) Dystocia Stage 1 6-12hr 4hr 6-12hr (36hr) - Birthing di=iculty resulting from prolonged and di=icult parturition longer - Consequences o O=spring Stage 2 4hr 15-20min (SHORT) 6-24hr (30hr) § Incr. still birth and incr. neonate morbidity Very strong expulsive longer o Dam force then 30 min? 5-15min every § Incr. mortality, decr. production and subsequent fertility, incr. risk of puerperal dx, incr. risk of culling Stage 3 6hr 1hr retained if >3hrs Quick DiHuse placenta à Pumping reflex (may not quicker placental see placenta until 3rd separation & hypoxia pup… born from diHerent of foetus horns) Factors a+ecting dystocia - 1. Expulsive force - 2. Birth canal adequacy - 3. Foetal size & position - Classic classification: foetal, maternal, combination, genetic, environment E+ect of Hormonal changes - Prostaglandin (endometrium) o Luteolysis, soften cervix, make myometrium sensible, initiate oxytocin release - Oestrogen (placenta) o Develop mammary gland, oxytocin receptor incr., release cervical seal, soften cervix, incr. secretion of mucous - Relaxin (ovary) o Incr. elasticity in ligaments of pelvis, soften cervix, stimulates mammary gland, decr. tone in uterus - Oxytocin (posterior pituitary lobe) o Maximum pressure & myometrial contractions o Stimulate mammary gland o Comes in last Three Stages of parturition - Stage 1 o Myometrial contractions, colic, restlessness, incr. pulse & RR, placenta starts detachment o Active foetus & turn into position o Longer in primiparous animals - Stage 2 (rupture of membranes and foal delivery) o Maximum abdominal contractions, maximum oxytocin stimulation (Ferguson reflex), birth of calf, umbilical cord rupture - Stage 3 (deliver placenta) o Deliver placenta, suckling à oxytocin à milk letdown & uterine contractions Incidence of dystocia - 1-10% range: but large di=erences: o Is dam drinking & eating? Any other systemic signs (i.e. vomiting) o Species/breeds - Hx helps provide clues about onset & duration of first and second stage parturition, § Devon rex, Belgian blue, brachys cause of dystocia, foetus prognosis, potential iatrogenic injury of genital tract o Maternal, Foetal, Paternal Cow Dystocia cases Findings that MAY indicate Dystocia: - Foetal (75%) & maternal (25%) - Cow o Foetal-maternal (pelvic) disproportion (FPD) o Visible abnormal position or posture of foetus or abnormal foetus/pelvis § E.g. oversize foetus, breed, immaturity of dam, inappropriate sire, proportions in vitro derived embryos o No sign of calving despite gestation >300D o Abnormal foetus disposition; presentation, position or posture (3Ps) o First stage >6hrs o Foetal abnormalities; foetal monsters o Pain reaction when straining w/ no expulsion, strong & frequent abdominal Mare Dystocia cases straining that fails to produce a calf within 4hr - Foetal (95%) o Weak & intermittent straining for 2-3hr o Abnormal foetal disposition: presentation, position, posture (3Ps) o Pathological vaginal discharge § e.g. forelimb retention, include foot-nape posture, lateral deviation o Symptoms of systemic illness & intoxication of head, transverse presentation; dorsotransverse or - Mare ventrotransverse o Abnormal 3Ps § failure to fully rotate into dorsal position o Red bag delivery: premature placental separation o foetal-maternal (pelvic) disproportions (FPD) o Strong pain reaction o twinning o Frequent abdominal contractions >15mins w/ no foal, >10min w/ no amnion o developmental abnormalities; whyneck o No progress after rupture of chorioallantois - Maternal (5% of cases) o No sign of foaling despite gestation >340d o uterine torsion o Note: neither gestation length of mare, mammary development, secretion o incomplete dilation of birth anal electrolyte concentrations, nor cervical softening alone can accurately Canine dystocia cases predict foetal readiness for delivery in mare… - Maternal (75% cases) - Bitch o Breed: small breed, small litters, large dog o Straining (interval) between pups, no longer than 2-4hrs between pups o Abnormal expulsion: obesity, abdominal m. weakness, fear, pain o Same signs as above^ o Abnormal uterus: uterine intertia Clinical Exam o Conformation of birth canal: pelvic size (large foetus head), cervix & vagina - General - Foetal (25% cases) o Physical & general, vitals (TPR), use judgment… don’t waste time o Abnormal 3Ps - Repro exam (vulva membranes & foetal parts) o Abnormal development or foetal death o Genitals: softening indicative of parturition o Incr. size o Amnion, foetus & vaginal discharge; condition, moisture, discharge § Single pup, prolonged gestation, small litter, breed, broad head & including blood shoulders) - Vaginal exam – careful, clean, lubricate Dystocia Diagnosis o NOT a rectal exam: don’t need to confirm she’s pregnant… wastes time, makes dirty - History: breeding dates, expected parturition, parity, previous breeding history & management - Large animal exam à clean bedding, surgical scrub, clean sleeves, gloves, gown, - Questions to ask: genital, lube, insert hand in vagina, palpate tract & foetus o When did straining begin & its nature o Check that cervix is open and that you are palpating calf directly, not § E.g. slight, intermittent, force through vaginal wall o Has ‘water-bag’ appeared o Palpating for: vaginal wall & pelvis, cervix opening, foetal membranes, foetus o Has foetus appeared at vulva? (3Ps, viability: signs of death/life) o Has exam been made & assistance attempted? - Small animal exam à abdominal inspection, palpation, US, clean genital include clip o In multiparous species: have young been born, when & were they alive & clean glove, lube, digital exam of vagina (1 finger) Dystocia – Fault Disposition (3Ps) Abnormal foetal – presentation or position - Abnormal presentation (e.g. oblique, transverse) Foetal causes of dystocia (important in large species with single foetus): - Abnormal position (lateral, ventral in anterior or posterior presentation) - Foetal-maternal disproportions (Cow) - Abnormal 3Ps (Mare) Abnormal foetal posture - Absolute oversize - Bilateral or unilateral (e.g. carpal flexion, shoulder flexion, hip flexion, foot-nape - Foetal monsters & pathology posture, lateral deviation of head) - Twinning PPP in cow Foetus at birth – positioning - Normal - “righting reflex” à twisting motion just prior to/during stage 1 o Longitudinal anterior presentation (95%) and longitudinal posterior o Foetus must be alive & vigorous à dead foals will have postural presentation abnormalities because they can’t twist around. - Faulty foetus disposition (defect 3Ps) – 25% of dystocia o Rare in cow due to narrow uterus/horns (easier to get into longitudinal Presentation, position, posture (3Ps) position) 1. Presentation à spinal axis of foetus in relation to dam o Most common are: lateral deviation of head, carpal flexion, hip flexion a. Longitudinal (anterior or posterior) – spinal axis paired (normal) posture i. In foal posterior is abnormal PPP in mare b. Transverse (oblique, dorsal, ventral) - abnormal - Normal 2. Position à dorsum of foetus to quadrants (sacrum, right ilium, pubis, left ilium) of o ONLY longitudinal anterior presentation, LP often result sin dystocia maternal pelvis - Faulty foetus disposition – 70% of dystocia a. Dorsal (dorsosacral) (normal) o Uterus large à easy for transverse presentation b. Lateral (dorsoiliac) c. Ventral (dorsopubic) PPP in bitch 3. Posture à relation of foetus extremities (head, neck, limb) to own body - Normal a. Extremities extended (normal), flexed, retained o Both LA and LP normal § 60% born anterior (LA) § 40% born posterior (LP) o Rare transverse presentations - In bitch, only 25% of dystocia are foetal origin o Faulty foetus disposition – 15% of dystocia o Foetal monsters, death, maternal disproportion Example - Mare: Soles of 2 hooves sticking out (which legs?) o Front leg: fetlock and carpus bend in same direction o Back legs: fetlock and hock bend in opposite direction - Cow: 4 foetal legs Abnormal PPP o Ventro-transverse or two twins colliding Dystocia - Oversize - Dropsy of foetus (hydrocephalus, foetal ascites, foetal an anasarca) Risk Factors Obstructive Dystocia – Clinical Signs - Foetal pelvic disproportions (most common in dairy cattle) - Depends on progression of parturition when obstruction occurred (PLACE) and how o Determined by: long ago (TIME) § 1. Calf birth weight (CALF) o Place Gender, gestation length, sire, breed, abnormal foetal § If foetus has entered birth canal/pelvic canal à stronger CSx of development, monsters, death trying to express foetus (strong abdominal contractions) § 2. Maternal pelvic size/area (COW & ENVIRONMENT) § If foetus not in birth canal à minimal CSx (minimal contractions Parity, weight at service, nutrition, BCS, age because minimal stimulation of cervix) § Other: IVF, cloning, hydroallantois, genetic factors o Time § Interactions between factors! § Short à normal contractions & frequency o We can manipulation: § Long à develop 2nd uterine intertia (myometrium exhaustion & § Calf birth weight decr. contractions!) Gestation length (premature or oversize) - Vaginal exam is essential for diagnosing suspected foetal dystocia Gender (males: longer gestation, higher body weight) o Vaginal wall & pelvis, Cervix opening, Foetal membrane Abnormal foetal development o Foetus Genotype & breeding § 3Ps § Viability, signs of death/life? Prolonged gestation in cattle (causes dystocia) Management of foetal dystocia - Influenced by breed, cow, bull, calf, environment - Obstructive dystocia - Often miscalculation - human error o Diagnose problem - TRUE prolonged gestation is uncommon o Correct disposition & vaginal delivery o Most cases: foetus dead or severely deformed § Could include traction or foetotomy, C-section - Prevention of factors resulting in FPD Foetal pathology causing dystocia o Dam/o=spring - Incr. diameter of foetus or foetus part = obstructive dystocia o Group of animals/individuals - Death of foetus (emphysema) Part 5.3 (maternal dystocia) Vaginal cystocele & vaginal prolapse Abnormal Whelping & Systemic Illness - DiHerentiate from protrusion of foetal membranes - systemic illness & intoxication – bitch - Treatment: prevent straining w/ epidural, retropulse foetus, o septic metritis deliver foetus o pregnancy toxaemia Uterus torsion o uterus torsion (rare) - All species – but diHerences in tract mobility due to diHerences in o uterus rupture (rare) suspension of tract. Not bitches. o inguinal hernia Cow Uterine Torsion Mare Uterine Torsion Overview of Direct & Indirect Causes of Dystocia - Signalment: confined cows & - Uncommon - direct anatomical – physiological factors dairy - Where: left, >360deg, vagina o 3Ps of calf - Where: left, 180deg, vagina - Csx: colic in late preg, o Uterine torsion - Csx: advanced preg, 1st stage chronic torsion signs (e.g. - Indirect anatomical – physiological factors labour, abdominal pain, pyrexia, tachycardia, discomfort, restlessness, anaemia, anorexia) o Calf progress to low grade pain, - Diagnosis: rectal & vaginal o Cow & environment rumen stasis palpation to determine o Other - Diagnosis: inspect vulva for direction & degree - Interaction between all factors! torsion folds and perform a - Treatment: prepartum - We can manipulate maternal pelvic size/area, genetics, animal rectal & vaginal palpation to involves rolling, parturition Inadequate pelvis; size & abnormalities level, herd level determine direction & degree, involves rotating uterus by - Pelvic morphometry (palpation & measurements) - Treatment: rolling, rotate per manipulating foetus through - *Great Overview summary on Gry’s Slide - Radiography; small animals vagina, C-section cervix Incomplete dilation or constriction of birth canal Inadequate expulsive forces - E.g. uterine torsion, vaginal stricture etc. Weak abdominal straining - Cause: pain, fear, obesity, herniation (cannot use abdominal Maternal Dystocia – cow muscles) - 25% of cases due to maternal causes Uterine Inertia o Inadequate pelvis - Common on polytocous species o Constricted soft birth canal - Often seen in cows w/ hypocalcaemia/hypomagnesia o Myometrial insuHiciency: uterine inertia - Primary uterine inertia à Deficiency in contractile potential of o Uterine torsion myometrium delays/prevents 2nd stage parturition. o Uterine rupture o Due to P4:E2 ratio, oxytocin & PGF, Ca & Mg o Uterine spasm deficiencies, overstretching of myometrium, fatty o Abortion disease infiltration - - Secondary uterine inertia à Exhaustion of myometrium often Maternal Dystocia – mare caused by obstruction. Preventative! - 5% of cases due to maternal causes o Tx = remove obstruction, correct dystocia & reinstate o Uterine torsion contractions. Deliver per vagina, foetotomy or C- o Incomplete dilation of birth canal section - Diagnosis via history (1st stage parturition passed, but no/weak Maternal Dystocia – bitch contractions) & vaginal exam - 75% of cases due to maternal causes o Conformation of birth canal (breed, small litters) Species Uterine Inertia Treatment o Abnormal expulsion Cow - Rupture membranes o Abnormal uterus - Calcium borogluconate (even if not hypoCa) - Ensure calf is delivered Bitch (must Medical treatment indicated if good health, dilated cervix, appropriate sized Some conditions: perform foetus (vag delivery), breed, repro history, current lacterations sacral displacement, 3rd degree perineal status duration & stage of foaling, foal & - Post-partum exam laceration, fistula of vagina & rectum mare manipulations, economic o Sedation & GA preferred § Equipment > dystocia box Vaginal Delivery in cow – Traction o Note: C-section &/or OVH oHers better prognoses for § Organise people - Max 3 people! (150-200kg) bitch with putrid foetus than prolonged forced o Evaluation: CVD, C-section, foetotomy - Can use calving jack or pulley block, never tractor! traction § PE, sedation, pre-anaesthetics (xylazine) - Treatment in bitch § Recumbent, elevate hind legs & hoisted 1. Point of traction o ONLY initiate digital manipulation & medical upwards pelvis above floor 2. Direct of pull treatment if: § Lube, monitor 3. Rotation of foetus § Bitch in good health § Vaginal exploration w/ lube - CVD within 4. Force applied & timing § Whelping is not severely protracted 15 min - Anterior presentation: pull fetlocks 10-15cm beyond vulva then § Cervix is fully dilated § Clip & prep for c-section simultaneous allow for vaginal delivery § Foetal size is consistent w/ vaginal o Important for dystocia (due to strong contractions); - Posterior presentation: make hocks appear at vulva then allow delivery § Twitch, sedation, epidural, GA, naso- for vaginal delivery § 4L within first hours - Indications à ring womb/cervix & vaginal not fully dilated, foetal- o Restrain § Coliserum? maternal disproportions, abnormalities of uterus/vagina, o Clip & shave § Check for birth defects retention of of fetus, vaginal prolapse, uterus torsion, uterine o Epidural rupture o Local anaesthetic (inverted “L” block) Bitch – C – section: - Technique; recumbent – left oblique celiotomy o Clenbuterol - When to do surgery? - Comments; abdominal muscle layers are thing, caruncles round o Antibiotics o No response to medical treatment (don’t mistake for foot), uterus fragile at birfurcation; careful o Surgical scrub o Foetal distress despite incr. uterine contractility: retrieval of foetus through ONE incision in utuers - Incision indications o Incise skin deep cut with scalpel § US à reduced HR (18% neutrophils 20-30D PP Foetal Membranes – Cow >10% neutrophils 34 – 47D PP - When do they retain? - Pyometra o Normally shed by 6h PP (8-12hr) in cow o Px o RFM varies with management § Accumulation of purulent or mucopurulent w/in uterine lumen & distension of uterus in presence of o RFM more common in dairy than beef active CL o RFM may be sign of other dx (e.g. metabolic) § PP condition (trichominasis exception) - Normal mechanisms of removal o Pathogenesis o Maternal crypt of epithlium flattens § Dystocia or RFM o Incr. bacterial & leucocyte activity § Incr. lochia duration o Hyalinisation of b.v. walls § PP ovulation at 16-18d o Rapid exsanguination of foetal side (shrinkage of foetal placental villi) § CL formation & P4 production o persistent uterine contractions § Cervix closure o gravitational pull § Severe endometrial damage - Aetiology § Reduced endogenous PG o Failure of placenta to mature § CL persistence § Primary placental problem o Tx Guideliness § Premature parturition § Improve uterine contractility § Induced parturition Evacuate pathologic contents of ueterus § Twins PGF or E2 used § Late abortion § Prostaglandins in therapy of uterine infections o Uterine inertia Elimination of CL (improve contractility, eliminate immunosuppressive egect of P4) § Hypocalcaemia Direct stimulation of function of immune cells in endometrium § Dystocia § Combination of proper anti-infective therapy & prostaglandins allows elimination of existing bacterial o Placenta infection & prevents recurrence of condition in following cycle - Tx § Treatment o Manipulation PGF: closprostenol § Manual removal vs demarcation & spontaneous expulsion D9-12 PP Saline flush § Cover exposed portion with plastic glove  Intrauterine Ab o Check for placentitis around cervical star § Results o Check entire chorionic surface & the avillous area at the UTJ & endometria cup sites regression of CL o Check amnion & umbilical cord dilation of cervix, o If heavy, or placentitis, check foal closely for septicaemia expulsion of purulent fluid w/ oestrus 3-5d later - Risk of metritis § OBS o Remove debris & bacteria Longstanding cases – severe degeneration of endometrium – reduced chance of re- o Gently lavage with warm physiologic saline via sterile tube. 3-6 flushe sor more until egluent is clear conception o Systemic & intrauterine antibiotics after evacuation o Repeated on successive days & US control; ensure that there is no free fluid in uterus Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM) – Mare - 3h max for normal Subinvolution of placenta sites (SIPS) – BITCH o Tie in a knot to prevent touching hocks - Uterine involution complete after 12wPP o Note: often retained after dystocia, placentitis, myometrial exhaustion & induction of parturition - Involution process -- delayed; trophoblast cells not degenerating but continue to invade the endometrium & myometrium - Any time after 3h = retained - Trophoblast-like cells (polynucleated & vaculolated) in vaginal smear in bitches w/ SIPS o MEDICAL EMERGENCY - Often after 1 parturition st - PE of mare include checking if she has foaled, twins? Complications? - Haemorrhagic discharge for several weeks PP. Lochia for up to 3w PP - Tx - Haemorrhagic discharge from vulva in bitch: o 1. Oxytocin bolus (3-8h PP) o Ddx o 2. Remove faeces from rectum, tail wrap & prepare vulva for exam § SIPS, coagulopathy, metritis, brucellosis, inflammation of vagina, trauma & neoplasia o 3. Sterile lubricated gloved hand in vagina - SIPS; spontaneous remission or ovario-hysterectomy o 4. Gentle constant traction on placenta, avoid tearing o 5. If no success – use Burns technique Metabolic Dx (pre-and-post partrum) - Burns Technique - Pregnancy toxaemia; pregnancy dx, lambing sickness & twin-lamb/kid dx - Ketosis - Hypocalcaemia - Gestation DM w/ diabetic ketoacidosis PP follow up - Need to assess for normal uterine involution and assess for PP complications - Then Third stage labour complete o Placenta delivered “inside out” § Allantochorion Allantoic surface Chorionic surface § Amnion o Rince placenta free of gross debris o Weigh placenta; should be approx. 11% of foal BW o Lay it out for inspection – F shape with chorionic surface out - Placenta evaluation o Should only be one opening around cervical star o Check for tears & missing parts (tip: fill with water) - Part 6.1 (Prevention of fertility female) o Progesterone (e.g. PRID, Altrenogest in mares) Permanent vs temporary prevention of fertility § Inhibit GnRH release - Permanent o Long acting GnRH agonists (e.g. suprelorin or deslorelin) o Animal should not or cannot be used for breeding § Desensitises pituitary gland à impairing pituitary-gonadal axis - Temporary o Intra-uterine devices IUD in mare o Desire to keep intact and use the female as a breeder later on in its life – however currently it is inconvenient (i.e. cycle activity, pregnancy in relation to behaviour or performance) Oestrus suppression – mare - Need to discuss with owner - Altrenogest (e.g. regumate) o Timing; age, puberty, current cycle stage o Help alleviate performance changes associated w/ oestrus o Use of animal for future breeding o NOT a doping substances, o Daily administration Permanent Solutions o Once discontinue, mares exhibit regular oestrus cycles return to estrous within 4-5 days - Surgical approach o Condraindicated in mare with uterine infection o OVH, ovariectomy, incision/removal of uterine tubes o IM product = readyserve infection (every 5-7 days) - Medical approach - Other methods o Vaccination (in development) o Oxytocin injection from day 7-14 of cycle (prolongs CL) o Placement of IUD (prolongs CL and prevents PGF2a release from endometrial cells) o Infusion of interuterine plant oils on day 10 of cycle; prolongation of CL Ovariectomy – Cattle o Permanent solutions include GnRH vaccine & Ovariectomy - Indication: welfare for females when they cannot be separated from males o Allows for females to achieve marketable body condition by preventing the stress of mismanaged pregnancy, Prevention of pregnancy – Medical (temporary) bitch calving & lactation - 1. Steroid treatment - Adv o Progestogens (stop/suppress oestrus) – e.g. megestrol o Prevents dystocia, RFM, peripheral nerve paralysis, mortality § Suppress maturation of follicle, ovulation & transport of semen, antioestrogen egect, antiandrogen o Improved ADG & FCE egect o Able to fatten females under variable seasonal conditions § Medroxyprogesteron Acetate, megestrol acetate, proligestone (e.g. Ovarid, Convinan) o Reduced mounting behaviour à reduced injuries & bruising Egect: anti-gonadotrophic egect, weak gestagen & no androgen egect, low binding to o Allows for better management of stocking rate & welfare outcomes receptors in endometrium -CEH - Dvd Side Egects: lower physical activity & obesity, hair colour change, incr. risk of pyo, o Speyed heifers cant be used as breeding replacement mammary tumours & DM C injection site o Cost § Ovarid o Risk of death Suppress oestrus (proestrous administration) - Methods Postponement (temporarily) or oestrus (anoestrus administration) o Surgery ovariectomy via colpotomy § Convinan (bitch & queen) o Ovariectomy via a flank or ventral abdominal approach Permanent postonement of heat (repeat I in anoestrus) - Other methods: Temporary postonement of heat (single I in anoestrus) o Use Willis dropped-ovary technique (WDOT) à transvaginal approach Suppression of heat (single I at start of prooestrus § Flank approach has incr. risk of haemorrhage, peritonitis, inexperienced personal § A “safe” dose may cause side egects if used: o Ovarian Removal by flank Doestrous, pre-existing dx, pregnant) o Fallopian tube removal by flank § Side egects include CEH pyo , DM Skin reactions, behavioural.metabolic changes, mammary gland tumours, CEH & Surgical Interventions – Other Species pyometra, acromegaly, DM, glucocorticoid egect & cushings syndrome - Bitch & queen; Ovariectomy, OHE, HE o Androgens (suppress oestrus, min 30 days prior to oestrus) – not in Aus o Indications: population control, unwanted pregnancy, tx of dx - 2. GnRH agonists § Help prevent mammary neoplasia & pyometra o Suprelorelin (ONLY male dogs) o OHE & OE increase the risk of: § Og label use in bitches § Urinary incontinence § Side egects in adult & prepubertal bitch § Orthopaedic conditions (CCL) Persistent oestrus § Hip dysplasia § Neoplasia Uterine disorders - Mare; ovariectomy Urinary incontinence o Indications: produce teaser or jumper mares, tx of ovarian dx Hair anomalies - Sheep; ovariectomy Juvenile vaginitis o Indications: libido testing for rams, tx of ovarian dx Delay of epiphyseal closure § Can use 9.4 or 4.7mg implants in prepubertal bitches however may delay epiphyseal closure Permanent – Vaccination - When to use medical management? - GnRH, LH, FSH, gonadotropin receptors, sperm-specific proteins & zona pellucida glycoprotein o Clinical considerations: pregnant, pseudo-pregnant, dioestrus, bleeding from vagina or uterus, prolonged oestrus, - Broadly categorised into 3 groups diabetes o Gamete production à inhibit gamete production by neutralising hormones o Minimum requirement; history & clinical exam: repro history, mammary glands, vaginal smear o Gamete function à block fertilisation - Summary Diagram: o Gamete outcome à target post-fertilisation - No vaccines available at the moment Temporary Infertility - Mares o Oestrus signs can cause performance problems such as tail swishing, attitude changes, digiculty training, squealing, excessive urination, kicking, colic-like discomfort - Bitch o Greyhounds in season are not allowed to race. Females may lose performance in dioestral period. - Medical approach Part 6.2 (Prevention of fertility male) - Cats (GonaCon) o Reduce undesirable behaviours Why to prevent fertility? - Sexual & aggressive behaviour normally associated with testosterone production Issues to be considered with respect use of GnRH based immune-contraception o Decr. aggressiveness, mounting, injuries - Variable anti-GnRH antibody response between individuals o Improve carcas price - Variable anti-GnRH antibody response over extended time frames (>6 mnths) o Production of andosterone & skatole cause boar taint. Removing androsterone removes taint - “non-responders” in population o Improve on farm safety - Need 2 immunisations o Decr. costs compared to managing intact males - Site injection reactions o Prevent mating of inferior livestock & impregnating young females (red. dystocia risk) - OH&S risks of human self-inoculation Surgical (invasive) methods – pros & cons Other alternatives to castration? - Bilateral orchidectomy - Major issue about not castrating males is egect on carcass quality & taste, boar taint, elevated androstenon & skatole o High stress - Castration reduces social behaviour & incr. feeding behaviour in some animals (e.g. finisher pigs) o Mortality due to infection & inflammatory pain - Adv of leaving males intact is that there is no need to treat with hormonal growth promoter implants o Safety o Procedure inhibits hormones that control growth & development à risk of castrated animal being thin & dysplastic Research? - Disruption of testicular blood supply (e.g. elastrator) - Cytotoxins - Vasectomy & epididymectomy - Kisspeptin recombinant oral vaccine - Penile deviation - Neonatal EB - Contraception by intratesticular injection of necrotising/sterilising chemical - Gene therapy - Genomic selection Non-surgical approaches - Sex selection - Implant GnRH Agonists (deslorelin) or GnRH antagonists (acyline) o Response to tx varies across species § Bulls have paradoxical enhanced steroidogenic capacity § Stallion is not followed by loss of testicular function § Rams respond conventionally (like dogs) with transient stimulatory response followed by suppressed secretion of LH & T - GnRH vaccines (immune-contraception) GnRH agonist male dogs - Deslorelin and azagly-nafarelin - Desensitization of pituitary gland to GnRH - 1-2hrs later there is marked incr. in Testosterone but undetectable (low) in most dogs 12-17 d later o 4.7mg of deslorelin = low testone to at least 180d (400d in small dogs) - Onset of azoospermia conincides with sustained decrease in testosterone concentration - Must have no contact with oestrus bitch for 4wks following implant - After removal, all dogs reach physiolotical testosterone levels within 7-9wks, and seminal quality recovered fully - Repeated treatments safe - Uses of Deslorelin Implants o Fertility suppression in mature male o Three of label uses § Fertility control in pre-pubertal males § Treatment of behavioural problems § Treatment of BPH in intact male dogs GnRH agonist male cats - Similar response pattern to dogs, but high individual variability (4.7mg implant) - Negative influence on make behaviour & reduction in testicular size - Decrease in seminal quality 2-3mnths after implantation. Sperm production only partly suppressed - Side Egects include decline in BW, decreased food intake - Rapid re-establishment of spermatogenesis 1mnths after implant removal Issues to be considered with respect use of GnRH agonists - Highly variable (suppression & repro function) - OH&S risks of human self-inoculation - High costs - Require repeat treatment to maintain infertility Immunocastration – vaccination against GnRH - Reduce circulating T, concomitant reduction in size of testes & assessor sex glands, as well as egects on spermatogenesis & the number & size of Leydig cells - Bopriva (cattle) à control sexual & aggressive behaviour, improved meat quality o Treatment protocol § 2vac 3 wks apart § Suppression for at least 12 weeks - Improvac (pigs) à control taint & aggressive behaviours o Treatment protocol § 2vac 4 wks apart, commencing 8-9wks prior to slaughter Female Reproduction - CAMEL REPRO (GOBI) § Small follicles > less E2 > not enough expression of NGF receptors > not enough binding of NGF from seminal plasma > Female Reproduction not enough LH > no ovulation § Growing/ static/ regressing follicles > if enough E2 > bind to Reproductive anatomy receptors > LH surge > ovulation Reproduction status o Ovulatory stimuli > o Puberty @ 12-14m or 30-40kg § Mounting o No oestrus cycles § Intromission o Follicular waves § Semen deposition § Same endocrinology as cows § Orgling sound § Follicular wave emergence at 2-3mm § Leg clasp § Deviation of DF at 4-5mm Ideal time for mating § POF at 8-10mm o from 6mm in Alpaca § POF more than 12mm in alpaca and 14mm in llama > o from 7mm in Llama considered a follicular cyst § to ensure sufficient E2 § Growth for 10d, static for 1-2d, regression for 6-8d enough, NGF receptor expression, binding > GnRH § Next wave starts at 15d or take 2-3d more and start at 20d surge > LH surge > to cause ovulation § Interwave interval is 15-20d § must be growing or static phase follicle § Follicle diameter/ hormone receptivity § breeding 1x a week for 3wks E2 conc. Correlated to follicular diameter o PP breeding P4 conc. Is dependant on CL only § Initiation of ovarian activity > 5d Receptive regardless of E2 conc. Or follicular diameter § Uterine involution > 20d Receptive when P4 is low Non-receptive behaviours o Induced ovulators o Seasonal/ non-seasonal o Male chases females o Non-receptive female > ”spit off” persistent - CL Receptive behaviours § Dominant female > female with high P4 o Male chases females ovulated, not fertilised, and have CL o Receptive for female > allow male to force them to go down “cushing” ovulated, fertilised, and have CL > pregnant o Breeding in ventral recumbency and 5-50 mins luteal cyst o Males make an “orgling” noise o Receptive females form a line next to breeding male Mechanisms of ovulation Female Pregnancy Diagnosis o Mating > intromission > release of seminal plasma from sex glands not pregnant o Seminal plasma contains OIF/B-NGF o blood progesterone o OIF absorbs though uterine endometrium > via endometritis from § rise around 4 days and decline around 6 days = mated and breeding ovulated but not pregnant o Acts on B-NGF receptors on kisspeptin neurons § no increase > non-mated or mated but not ovulated o GnRH surge > LH surge > induced ovulation pregnant o NOTE: expression of B-NGF receptors dependant on estradiol o blood progesterone concentration § >2ng/ml if pregnant § 30d > economical and accurate o Stage 2 § >90d is best to feel foetal parts § 30-60mins § >165d = 100% accuracy § Amniotic breaks § Foetal viability based on foetal movements § Delivery of cria o transrectal US § Cria has 4th membranes (epidermal) § real-time B-mode with 5-7.5MHz o Stage 3 RFM if >3-6 hours >60d = transabdominal § Expulsion of placenta (diffuse, epitheliochorial, F-shaped) § 16d > embryonic vesicle Eutocia § 21d > embryo proper o Anterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral > 98% § 26d> heartbeat o Posterior, longitudinal, dorsosacral > 2% § 50d > limb buds Dystocia § 70d > vertebrae o Lateral head deviation o Ventral head deviation High-Risk Pregnancies o Carpal flexion o Shoulder flexion Uterine torsion > uncommon Epidermal/ 4th membrane Pregnancy toxaemia o Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin Twins > uncommon o Assists with slippery delivery o Spontaneous reduction underdeveloped o Do not suffocate Older females > fibrotic endometrium o Get dry off within a few hours of birth Dystocia > same causes as horses Common abnormalities/ mortalities Birth weight 95% deaths within 0-6mths Gestation length > average 340d § >85% within 1st week Induction of abortion/ parturition § Hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, starvation o Induce abortion > PGF2a > cloprostenol > not o Induce parturition > PGF2a > cloprostenol - descamethasone Peri-Partum Disorders Signs of parturition o May have udder development > 1-3wks prior Uterine torsion o 2wks prior > relaxation of sacro-sciatic ligament Uterine rupture Stages of parturition Uterine prolapse o Stage 1 Incomplete cervical dilation § 2-6 hours Leg/ neck flexion  Hydrocephalus o Cartilaginous process at glans penis RFM Accessory sex glands Endometritis/ metritis Sexual behaviour and mating Agalactia o 5-50mins/ female o Up to 18 females/ day Female Infertility o 1.5-15h breeding/ day o If same groups of females > lose interest in 2 weeks > need to keep Constant receptivity changing o No ovulation o Avoid summer breeding § Follicular cysts § Poor semen quality + hydrocele § Vaginal septum Mating frequency + semen quality o Other causes o Ideally then 2 days break § Management errors o Then, every other day for 10d Constant rejection Sperm transport o Persistence progesterone o By 18h sperm at uterine tube § Pregnancy o By 12h at UTJ § Luteal cyst o Other causes Semen Collection + Evaluation § Pain § dominance Post-coital vaginal aspiration Alternate receptivity/ injection Electroejaculation o Pathologies Artificial vagina § Oviductal Chemical ejaculation § Uterine > endometritis Evaluation o Other causes o Amount alive around 60-80% § Early embryonic death o Motility around 15-50% § Management errors/ wrong timing o Morphology >50% normal o Satisfactory breeder Male Reproduction § Normal libido § 2 scrotal testicles Scrotum + testicles § Each testi 3.7cm in length, 2.5cm in width o Testicular descent > at birth or may take until puberty § >60% live sperm o Spermatogenesis > start around 1.5yrs, puberty @ 2yrs § >30-50% motile sperm o Sperm production > dependant via testicular weight and size > should § >50-70% morphologically normal sperm be >4cm long at 3yo o Small testes > testicular hypoplasia, or degeneration o Large testes > orchitis/ tumour or hydrocele/ hemocele Prepuce, penis, frenulum o Prepuce faces backwards > urinate caudally o During erection > penis protrude cranially o Fibroelastic penis with prescrotal sigmoid flexure Female Reproduction Problems - BIRDS salpingohysterectomy > last resort as difficult and dangerous egg binding (dystocia) Problems With Egg-laying o predisposing factors § age > very young and very old Chronic/ excessive egg laying § malnutrition + obesity o Px - § excessive egg production § Most seen in cockatiels + chickens § lack of physical fitness in caged birds § Depletes Ca2+ reserve o causes - § Causes oviductal inflammation § oviductal mm. dysfunction § Causes § calcium deficiency High fat diet § myositis due to excess egg production Inappropriate diurnal rhythm § concurrent salpingitis or metritis A mate § excessive size or malformed eggs A secure nest sites § systemic illness o Tx o CSx § Identification + elimination of behavioural, environmental, and § Excessive straining dietary causes § Penguin like posture Environment § Collapse o Establish normal diurnal cycle § Dyspnoea o Territory > move cage, have night cage, re- § Coelomic distension arrange cage, remove nest sites, leave eggs in o Dx cage § History Behavioural modifications § CSx o Basic training § Coelomic palpation o Social interactions > kissing, grooming, § Coelomic radiology shoulder § Coelomic US o One-person bonding o Tx Dietary modification § Mild signs o Dec. fat and sugar Confirm when last laid > usually 23-26hrs apart § Convert to pellets Place in heated hospital cage with humidity § Minimise seed and nuts Give calcium gluconate IM every 3-6hrs § Feed vegetables Consider tube-feeding to provide rapid source of § Minimal/ no fruit energy butophano - § Hormonal therapy/ manipulation Minimise stress and handling Deslorelin § If no response Leuprolide acetate Oxytocin -not PaFZa HCG - Intra-cloacal PGE2 - MPA Manual manipulation cabergoline § If distressed/ dyspnoeic § surgery Manipulate egg under GA Ovocentesis + egg collapse such out egg  Coleiotomy and C section may be needed Retained eggs > chronic egg binding Cloacal Problems o Shell malformed or collapsed o Surgery needed Cloacal prolapse Ectopic eggs o From straining, pressure, or neurological disease o Straining ruptured the oviduct § Can be cloacal mucosa, rectum, or oviduct o Fail to response to egg binding Tx Oviductal prolapse o Surgery needed o Usually, fatal due to internal haemorrhage Diseases With Ovaries Male Reproduction Problems Ovarian cysts Aggression o Dx > US, endoscopy, exploratory o Guided aspiration of cysts Causes Oophoritis o Social aspects > overcrowding, incompatibility o Haematology and endoscopy o Territorial behaviour o AM therapy + surgery § Defence of mate or nest site Neoplasia § Warning signs o Carcinomatosis § Ignore at peril o Sexual frustration Problems With Oviduct § Directed at mate and can range in severity > - can cause yolk peritonitis § Solutions Metritis, salpingitis, pyometra Next box design o Predisposing factors Alternative activities § Age Wing clipping § Diet > high fat Mandibular separation § High egg production Aggression in backyard poultry § Hx of repro problems o Roosters > territorial o CSx o Drakes > mating § SBL Solutions to aggression § Malformed eggs o Medical + surgical § Distended coelom o Separation o Dx o rehoming § Physical exam crowing § Haematology o normal behaviour but expressed inappropriately § Biochemistry o Tx o Tx § Imaging - + Suprelovi § Medical Hormonal implant > oral megestrol acetate + § Conservative injectable deslorelin implants PGs § Surgical devocalisation NSAIDs Orchidectomy can also be used § Surgical > salpingohysterectomy take § Behavioural modification does notall out  Keep rooster confined at night § Cloacopexy Confinement in low crate or use crowing collars § Hormonal manipulation Waterfowl Orchitis o Most common in drakes o Associated with sexual overwork Bacterial o Tx o Ascending or haematogenous infections § Seperation CSx § Ventoplasty o Infertility § Amputation o sepsis § Hormonal manipulation Dx o biopsy Infertility Tx o AM Review records o Orchidectomy o Generalised problem or whole collection o Localised problem or in species, pairs etc. Neoplasia Look at the birds o Healthy Sertoli cell tumour o Opposite sex Seminoma o Old enough Effects related to o Synchronised o Hormone secretion o Compatible § Sertoli cells secrete oestradiol > prevent apoptosis of Look at husbandry spermatozoa o Diet o Anatomical location and site o Aviary design CSx o Predator and vermin control o Chronic weight loss o Next boxes > number, security, design o Unilateral paresis of leg o Privacy provision + stress reduction o feminising CPE2 secretion) o Environmental enrichment Dx Revisit proximate factors o Radiology o Weather o Endoscopic biopsy § Rain/ sprinkler system Tx § Artificial lighting o Orchidectomy o Diet > flushing o Suitable nesting sites > is it species appropriate, security and privacy Cloacal Prolapse o Suitable mate Hormonal manipulation Parrots o Short-acting GnRH agonists o Most common in male cockatoos § Buserelin o Associated with masturbatory behaviour § May stimulate FSH and LH production > inc. steroidogenesis o Tx Infertile eggs § Correct behaviour o Early embryonic death § Ventoplasty o Infertility § Causes Failure male to transfer sperm to female