Theories of Personality.docx

**INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY THEORY** **Sigmund Freud** - - **Personality** - - - **Trait** - **Characteristic** - **Theory** - - - - - - **Why different theories?** - - **PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY** **Psychodynamic Theories** -...

**INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY THEORY** **Sigmund Freud** - - **Personality** - - - **Trait** - **Characteristic** - **Theory** - - - - - - **Why different theories?** - - **PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY** **Psychodynamic Theories** - **Humanistic-Existential Theories** - - **Dispositional Theories** - - **Biological-Evolutionary Theories** - **Learning- (Social) Cognitive Theories** - - WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL? **Generates Research** - - - **Is Falsifiable** - **Organizes data** - **Guides Action** - **Internally Consistent** - **Parsimonious** - --------------------------- **PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:\ SIGMUND FREUD** --------------------------- **Overview** - - - SIGMUND FREUD - - - - - - LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE **Conscious Mind** - - **Preconscious Mind** - - **Unconscious** - - **Concepts of Humanity** - - - - - - - - - **EGO** - - - - **SUPEREGO** - - - - - DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY the movement **Drives** - - - **Aggression** - - **Anxiety** - Types: **(ID) Neurotic Anxiety** - **(SUPEREGO) Moral Anxiety** - **(EGO) Realistic Anxiety** - DEFENSE MECHANISMS strategies used by the ego to protect itself from unpleasant /threatening experiences or emotions (all kinds of anxiety) **Repression** - **Reaction Formation** - - **Regression** - **Projection** - - **Displacement** - **Fixation** - **Denial** - **Sublimation** - STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT The first 4 or 5 years of life, or the **infantile stage**, are the most crucial for personality formation **INFANTILE PERIOD (first 4-5 yrs of life)** **Oral Phase/Stage** - Oral Receptive - Oral Aggressive - **Anal Phase/Stage** - - Anal Retentive - Anal Expulsive - Anal Triad - - - **Phallic Phase/Stage** - - - - - - - - - **LATENCY PERIOD(4th or 5th year until puberty)** - - - - **MATURITY** - Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory **Freud's Early Therapeutic Technique** - - **Freud's Later Therapeutic Technique** - **Free Association** - **Transference** - - - **Dream Analysis** - - - **Freudian Slips** - - --------------------------- **ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY:\ CARL JUNG** --------------------------- **Overview** - - - CARL JUNG - - - - - **Levels of Psyche** **Conscious** - - **Personal Unconscious** - - - **Collective Unconscious** - - - ARCHETYPES ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious. should also be distinguished from instincts, an unconscious physical impulse toward action and saw the archetype as the psychic counterpart to an instinct **Persona (mask)** - - **Shadow (darkside)** - - - **Anima** Jung believed that all humans are psychologically bisexual and possess both a masculine and a feminine side - - **Animus** - - - - **Great Mother** - - - **Wise old Man** - - - **Heroes** - - **Self** - - DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY **Causality** - **Teleology** - **Progression** - - **Regression** - - - PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES (MBTI) **Attitudes** - - **Introversion** - - **Extroversion** - - FUNCTIONS - - **Thinking** - - - **Feeling** - - - - - - **Sensing** - - - - - **Intuiting** - - - - - DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY **Stages of Development** - - - - - **Childhood** - - - - **Youth** - - - **Middle Life** - - - - **Old Age** - - Self Realization - - Jung's Methods of Investigation He basically scoured every humanities field (sociology, anthropology, philosophy, mythology, religion and also biology) in studying human personality since he believed that if we want to know more about humans, psychology is just one side, we have to know the whole **Word Association** - - - - **Dream Analysis** - - - **Active Imagination** - - - **Psychotherapy** identified four basic approaches to therapy, representing four developmental stages in the history of psychotherapy **1st stage - Confession of a Pathogenic secret** - - **2nd stage - Includes Interpretation, Explanation, and Elucidation** - - **3rd stage - Includes the education of patients as social beings** - - **4th stage - Transformation** - - - --------------------------- **INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY:\ ALFRED ADLER** --------------------------- ALFRED ADLER - - - - - - **Concepts of Humanity** - - **Relations with Freud** - - - - - - - - ADLERIAN THEORY - - - - 6 TENETS **Striving for Success or Superiority** - - - - - - **Final Goal** - - - - **Striving force as Compensation** - **Striving for Personal Superiority** - - - **Striving for Success** - - - - - **Subjective Perception** - - - **Fictionalism** - - - **Physical Inferiority** - - **Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality** - - - - **Organ Dialect** - **Conscious and Unconscious** - - **Social Interest** - - - - - **Origins:** - - - - **Importance:** - - - - **Style of Life** - - - - **Creative Power** - - - - - - **Abnormal Development** - - - **Neurotics tend to:** - - - **External factors in Maladjustment** - - - SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES - - - **3 Common Safeguarding Tendencies** Excuses - - **Aggression** - - - - **Withdrawal** - - - - - - ---------------------------------- **PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY:\ KAREN HORNEY** ---------------------------------- Karen Horney - - - - Psychoanalytic social theory - **Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety** each person begins life with the potential for healthy development, however people need favorable conditions for growth - **Basic Hostility** - - **Basic Anxiety** - - - Compulsive Drives - - - - **Neurotic Needs** characterize neurotics in their attempts to combat basic anxiety. describes basic defensive strategies **1. The neurotic need for affection and approval.** - - - - **2. The neurotic need for a powerful partner.** - - - **3. The neurotic need to restrict one's life within narrow borders.** - - - **4. The neurotic need for power.** - - - **5. The neurotic need to exploit others.** - - **6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige.** - - - **7. The neurotic need for personal admiration.** - - **8. The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement.** - - **9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence.** - - - **10. The neurotic need for perfection and unassailability.** - - - - **Neurotic Trends** Horney (1950) used the term basic conflict because very young children are driven in all three directions; toward, against, and away from people. **I. Moving Toward People** - - - - **Moving Against People** - - - - - - **Moving Away From People** - - - - **The Idealized Self-Image** - - - - **3 Aspects of Idealized Image** **I. The Neurotic Search for Glory** - - - - - - - - - - **II. Neurotic Claims** - - - **III. Neurotic Pride** - - - - **Self-Hatred** - - - **6 Major Ways of Self-Hatred** **I. Relentless demands on the self** - - **II. Merciless self-accusation** - - - - **III. Self-contempt** - - **IIII. Self-frustration** - - **V. Self-torment or Self-torture** - - **VI. Self-destructive Actions and Impulses** - - Feminine Psychology - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **POST-FREUDIAN THEORY:** | | | | **ERIK ERIKSON** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Overview** post-Freudian theory extended Freud's infantile developmental stages into adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Erikson suggested that at each stage a specific psychosocial struggle contributes to the formation of personality Erik Erikson - - - - - - - - - - - Ego in Post Freudian theory freud used the analog of a rider on a horseback to describe the relationship between the ego and the id in contrast, erikson held that our ego is a positive force that creates a self-identity, a sense of "I." as the center of our personality, our ego helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling of forces of society **Society's Influence** - - - - **Epigenetic Principle** - - **3 interrelated aspects of ego** **body ego** - **ego ideal** - **ego identity** - - Stages of Psychosocial Development - **Basic Strength** - - **Identity Crisis** - 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development I. - **Basic Trust VS Basic Mistrust** - - - **Basic Strength** - - - **Core Pathology** - - II. - **Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - III. - **Initiative VS Guilt** - - **Basic Strength** - - - - - IV. - **Industry VS Inferiority** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - - V. - - **Identity VS Identity Confusion** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - VI. - - **Intimacy VS Isolation** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - VII. - **Generativity VS Stagnation** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - - VIII. - **Integrity VS Despair** - - **Basic Strength** - - **Core Pathology** - - **Anthropological Studies** - - - - **Psychohistory** -