Introduction to Personality Theory - Freud
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Questions and Answers

Which concept describes the influence of society on individuality according to Erikson?

  • Id Ego Connection
  • Ego Ideal
  • Ego as a Positive Force (correct)
  • Collective Unconscious

    • What does Erik Erikson suggest is created by the ego as a positive force?

  • A framework for understanding childhood conflicts
  • A mechanism for repressed desires
  • A sense of belonging within society
  • A sense of 'I' that contributes to personality (correct)

    • What is the first stage in Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development?

  • Initiative vs Guilt
  • Basic Trust vs Basic Mistrust (correct)
  • Industry vs Inferiority
  • Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

    • Which aspect of the ego is concerned with one's self-image and aspirations?

    <p>Ego Ideal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core pathology associated with the stage of Initiative vs Guilt?

    <p>Lack of initiative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's theory, what does the 'Epigenetic Principle' entail?

    <p>Development occurs in predetermined stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Erikson's view of the ego differ from Freud's perspective?

    <p>Erikson saw the ego as a positive force fostering individuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Freud's personality theory deals with internal moral standards that dictate behavior?

    <p>Superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic strength developed during the stage of Industry vs Inferiority?

    <p>Competence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anxiety is associated with the id according to Freud's theory?

    <p>Neurotic Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Freud's psychosexual development focuses on issues related to toilet training?

    <p>Anal Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the psychological defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable thoughts to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Jung's theory, what term describes the repository of shared human experiences and archetypes that everyone possesses?

    <p>Collective Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism does Freud propose is used by the ego to alleviate anxiety by pushing troubling thoughts out of consciousness?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves reverting to behaviors typical of an earlier developmental stage?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of free association in Freud's therapeutic technique?

    <p>To identify repressed memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a neurotic need according to the provided content?

    <p>The neurotic need for humility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the idealized self-image reflects unrealistic expectations one places on oneself?

    <p>Neurotic Search for Glory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation behind the neurotic need to exploit others?

    <p>Gaining power and dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotic trend is most associated with withdrawal from social interactions?

    <p>Moving Away From People</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a form of self-hatred that involves harsh self-criticism?

    <p>Self-contempt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'merciless self-accusation' refer to in the context of self-hatred?

    <p>Constantly blaming oneself for failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Self' refer to in Jungian psychology?

    <p>The totality of the psyche, integrating all aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is NOT one of Jung's psychological types?

    <p>Judging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Adlerian theory, what does 'striving for superiority' typically refer to?

    <p>A need to overcome perceived limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Karen Horney's psychoanalytic social theory?

    <p>Socio-cultural influences on personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'Basic Anxiety' refer to in Karen Horney's theory?

    <p>The fundamental fear stemming from feelings of helplessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Jung's 'Anima'?

    <p>The feminine aspect of a man's psyche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Jung's methods of investigation, 'Active Imagination' primarily involves?

    <p>Consciously engaging with the contents of the unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is understood by the term 'Fictionalism' in Adler's theory?

    <p>The idea that humans create goals based on future ideals rather than past experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Jung's concepts of 'Causality' and 'Teleology' represent in personality dynamics?

    <p>The contrasting views of past influences versus future aspirations in shaping behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which safeguarding tendency involves rationalizing unacceptable behavior?

    <p>Excuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY THEORY
    • Freud is a foundational figure in personality theory, introducing psychoanalytic concepts.
    • Personality encompasses individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
    • Traits are consistent patterns of behavior or thoughts in various situations, formed over time.
    • Characteristics refer to specific qualities and attributes that make up an individual’s personality.
    • Theories of personality aim to explain human behavior and the nature of personality.
    • Multiple theories exist due to diverse perspectives on human nature and personality development.
    • PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
    • Psychodynamic Theories focus on unconscious processes and early experiences shaping personality.
    • Humanistic-Existential Theories emphasize personal growth, self-actualization, and conscious experience.
    • Dispositional Theories examine traits as the underlying cause of consistent behaviors across situations.
    • Biological-Evolutionary Theories focus on genetic and biological bases of personality and behavior.
    • Learning- (Social) Cognitive Theories analyze how behavior is learned through social interactions and observations.
    • WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL?
    • Useful theories generate research and lead to empirical testing and inquiry.
    • A theory must be falsifiable, allowing for the possibility of being proven wrong.
    • Theories organize data into coherent structures to understand personality.
    • They guide action, influencing therapeutic practices and interventions.
    • Internally consistent theories present ideas without contradictions.
    • Parsimonious theories offer simple explanations without unnecessary complexity.
    • PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD
    • Freud's theory emphasizes the role of the unconscious in shaping personality, highlighting internal conflicts.
    • LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
    • Conscious Mind includes thoughts and feelings actively in awareness.
    • Preconscious Mind stores accessible memories not currently in awareness.
    • Unconscious contains repressed thoughts and instincts that influence behavior.
    • DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
    • Includes drives (motivations), such as sexual and aggressive instincts.
      • Anxiety types:
    • Neurotic Anxiety linked to the id
    • Moral Anxiety related to the superego
    • Realistic Anxiety associated with the ego
    • DEFENSE MECHANISMS
    • Repression: burying distressing thoughts.
    • Reaction Formation: expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings.
    • Regression: reverting to earlier behavior stages.
    • Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable qualities to others.
    • Displacement: shifting emotional responses to a safer target.
    • Fixation: remaining attached to an earlier developmental stage.
    • Denial: refusing to accept reality.
    • Sublimation: channeling unacceptable urges into socially acceptable activities.
    • STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
    • Critical personality formation occurs during the infantile stage (first 4-5 years).
    • Oral Phase: Pleasure focuses on the mouth (can be receptive or aggressive).
    • Anal Phase: Control and independence, either retentive or expulsive.
    • Phallic Phase: Awareness of sexual differences and the development of the Oedipus complex.
    • Latency Period: Focus on social interactions, suppressed sexual urges.
    • Maturity: Development of mature sexual identities and relationships.
    • Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
    • Therapeutic methods include free association, transference, and dream analysis.
    • ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY: CARL JUNG
    • Jung expanded on Freud, focusing on collective unconsciousness and archetypes.
    • LEVELS OF PSYCHE
    • Conscious: Awareness of thoughts and feelings.
    • Personal Unconscious: Unique experiences and forgotten memories.
    • Collective Unconscious: Shared, inherited psychological content.
    • ARCHETYPES
      • Archetypes are universal symbols; examples include:
    • Persona: the social mask one wears.
    • Shadow: the darker, hidden aspect of personality.
    • Anima/Animus: the feminine side of men and masculine side of women.
    • DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
    • Causality emphasizes past influences.
    • Teleology relates to future goals driving behavior.
    • PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES (MBTI)
    • Attitudes: Introversion vs. Extroversion.
    • Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting.
    • DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
    • Stages include childhood, youth, middle life, and old age, culminating in self-realization.
    • JUNG'S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
    • Methods include word association and dream analysis, connecting various fields of study.
    • INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY: ALFRED ADLER
    • Adler emphasized social factors in personality development and the concept of striving for superiority.
    • ADLERIAN THEORY
    • Major tenets include the striving for success, subjective perception, and the importance of social interest.
    • SAFEGAURDING TENDENCIES
    • People may develop excuses, aggressiveness, or withdrawal as responses to feelings of inferiority.
    • PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY: KAREN HORNEY
    • Horney introduced the concept of basic hostility and anxiety as factors in personality development.
    • NEUROTIC NEEDS
    • A range of neurotic needs, such as the need for affection, recognition, and independence, characterize neurotic behavior.
    • POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: ERIK ERIKSON
    • Erikson expanded developmental stages to include lifelong psychosocial development and identity formation.
    • STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
    • Eight stages outline challenges at each life phase, shaping basic strengths and potential core pathologies.

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    Theories of Personality.docx

    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of personality theory, focusing on Sigmund Freud's contributions and various perspectives within the field. This quiz covers key elements such as psychodynamic theories, humanistic-existential theories, and more. Test your understanding of how different theories explain individual personality differences.

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