Questions and Answers
Which concept describes the influence of society on individuality according to Erikson?
What does Erik Erikson suggest is created by the ego as a positive force?
What is the first stage in Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development?
Which aspect of the ego is concerned with one's self-image and aspirations?
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What is the core pathology associated with the stage of Initiative vs Guilt?
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In Erikson's theory, what does the 'Epigenetic Principle' entail?
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How does Erikson's view of the ego differ from Freud's perspective?
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What aspect of Freud's personality theory deals with internal moral standards that dictate behavior?
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What is the basic strength developed during the stage of Industry vs Inferiority?
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Which type of anxiety is associated with the id according to Freud's theory?
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Which stage of Freud's psychosexual development focuses on issues related to toilet training?
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What is the term used for the psychological defense mechanism where one attributes their own unacceptable thoughts to others?
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In Jung's theory, what term describes the repository of shared human experiences and archetypes that everyone possesses?
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What mechanism does Freud propose is used by the ego to alleviate anxiety by pushing troubling thoughts out of consciousness?
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Which defense mechanism involves reverting to behaviors typical of an earlier developmental stage?
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What is the purpose of free association in Freud's therapeutic technique?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a neurotic need according to the provided content?
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Which aspect of the idealized self-image reflects unrealistic expectations one places on oneself?
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What is the primary motivation behind the neurotic need to exploit others?
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Which neurotic trend is most associated with withdrawal from social interactions?
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Which of the following is a form of self-hatred that involves harsh self-criticism?
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What does 'merciless self-accusation' refer to in the context of self-hatred?
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What does the term 'Self' refer to in Jungian psychology?
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Which of the following aspects is NOT one of Jung's psychological types?
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In Adlerian theory, what does 'striving for superiority' typically refer to?
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What is the primary focus of Karen Horney's psychoanalytic social theory?
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What does the concept of 'Basic Anxiety' refer to in Karen Horney's theory?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Jung's 'Anima'?
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In the context of Jung's methods of investigation, 'Active Imagination' primarily involves?
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What is understood by the term 'Fictionalism' in Adler's theory?
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What do Jung's concepts of 'Causality' and 'Teleology' represent in personality dynamics?
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Which safeguarding tendency involves rationalizing unacceptable behavior?
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Study Notes
- INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY THEORY
- Freud is a foundational figure in personality theory, introducing psychoanalytic concepts.
- Personality encompasses individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
- Traits are consistent patterns of behavior or thoughts in various situations, formed over time.
- Characteristics refer to specific qualities and attributes that make up an individual’s personality.
- Theories of personality aim to explain human behavior and the nature of personality.
- Multiple theories exist due to diverse perspectives on human nature and personality development.
- PERSPECTIVES IN THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
- Psychodynamic Theories focus on unconscious processes and early experiences shaping personality.
- Humanistic-Existential Theories emphasize personal growth, self-actualization, and conscious experience.
- Dispositional Theories examine traits as the underlying cause of consistent behaviors across situations.
- Biological-Evolutionary Theories focus on genetic and biological bases of personality and behavior.
- Learning- (Social) Cognitive Theories analyze how behavior is learned through social interactions and observations.
- WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL?
- Useful theories generate research and lead to empirical testing and inquiry.
- A theory must be falsifiable, allowing for the possibility of being proven wrong.
- Theories organize data into coherent structures to understand personality.
- They guide action, influencing therapeutic practices and interventions.
- Internally consistent theories present ideas without contradictions.
- Parsimonious theories offer simple explanations without unnecessary complexity.
- PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY: SIGMUND FREUD
- Freud's theory emphasizes the role of the unconscious in shaping personality, highlighting internal conflicts.
- LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
- Conscious Mind includes thoughts and feelings actively in awareness.
- Preconscious Mind stores accessible memories not currently in awareness.
- Unconscious contains repressed thoughts and instincts that influence behavior.
- DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- Includes drives (motivations), such as sexual and aggressive instincts.
- Anxiety types:
- Neurotic Anxiety linked to the id
- Moral Anxiety related to the superego
- Realistic Anxiety associated with the ego
- DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- Repression: burying distressing thoughts.
- Reaction Formation: expressing the opposite of one’s true feelings.
- Regression: reverting to earlier behavior stages.
- Projection: attributing one's own unacceptable qualities to others.
- Displacement: shifting emotional responses to a safer target.
- Fixation: remaining attached to an earlier developmental stage.
- Denial: refusing to accept reality.
- Sublimation: channeling unacceptable urges into socially acceptable activities.
- STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Critical personality formation occurs during the infantile stage (first 4-5 years).
- Oral Phase: Pleasure focuses on the mouth (can be receptive or aggressive).
- Anal Phase: Control and independence, either retentive or expulsive.
- Phallic Phase: Awareness of sexual differences and the development of the Oedipus complex.
- Latency Period: Focus on social interactions, suppressed sexual urges.
- Maturity: Development of mature sexual identities and relationships.
- Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory
- Therapeutic methods include free association, transference, and dream analysis.
- ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY: CARL JUNG
- Jung expanded on Freud, focusing on collective unconsciousness and archetypes.
- LEVELS OF PSYCHE
- Conscious: Awareness of thoughts and feelings.
- Personal Unconscious: Unique experiences and forgotten memories.
- Collective Unconscious: Shared, inherited psychological content.
- ARCHETYPES
- Archetypes are universal symbols; examples include:
- Persona: the social mask one wears.
- Shadow: the darker, hidden aspect of personality.
- Anima/Animus: the feminine side of men and masculine side of women.
- DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
- Causality emphasizes past influences.
- Teleology relates to future goals driving behavior.
- PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES (MBTI)
- Attitudes: Introversion vs. Extroversion.
- Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuiting.
- DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
- Stages include childhood, youth, middle life, and old age, culminating in self-realization.
- JUNG'S METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
- Methods include word association and dream analysis, connecting various fields of study.
- INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY: ALFRED ADLER
- Adler emphasized social factors in personality development and the concept of striving for superiority.
- ADLERIAN THEORY
- Major tenets include the striving for success, subjective perception, and the importance of social interest.
- SAFEGAURDING TENDENCIES
- People may develop excuses, aggressiveness, or withdrawal as responses to feelings of inferiority.
- PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY: KAREN HORNEY
- Horney introduced the concept of basic hostility and anxiety as factors in personality development.
- NEUROTIC NEEDS
- A range of neurotic needs, such as the need for affection, recognition, and independence, characterize neurotic behavior.
- POST-FREUDIAN THEORY: ERIK ERIKSON
- Erikson expanded developmental stages to include lifelong psychosocial development and identity formation.
- STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
- Eight stages outline challenges at each life phase, shaping basic strengths and potential core pathologies.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of personality theory, focusing on Sigmund Freud's contributions and various perspectives within the field. This quiz covers key elements such as psychodynamic theories, humanistic-existential theories, and more. Test your understanding of how different theories explain individual personality differences.
