Recovery From Work: Advancing The Field Toward The Future PDF

Article: Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the Future -​ Recovery: unwinding and restoration processes during which a person’s strain level that has increased as a reaction to a stressor or any other demand returns to its prestressor level -​ The strain...

Article: Recovery from Work: Advancing the Field Toward the Future -​ Recovery: unwinding and restoration processes during which a person’s strain level that has increased as a reaction to a stressor or any other demand returns to its prestressor level -​ The strain symptoms that occur as a reaction to job demands, decrease after the job demand ended and the recovery process is focused on specific activities such as recovery activities and experiences -​ Effort-recovery model: posits that facing high demands at work will lead to load reactions in the employee, which are experienced as physiological and psychological strain symptoms. The absence of job demands is crucial for recovery. -​ If job demands are not there anymore symptoms might alleviate, but if they continue to be present or mentally present no recovery can take place -​ COR framework: working under high demands threatens employees' energetic and affective resources. So to restore them, employees will invest additional resources that help to replenish the resources needed for the return to work -​ To approaches to study recovery: -​ Focus o activities during which recovery occurs: -​ Usually have a low-duty profile and are associated with well-being and feelings of recovery -​ High intrinsic motivation for low-effort and or physical activities can strengthen their relationship with feelings of recovery -​ Focus on underlying psychological experiences: -​ Psychological states people are in during nonwork time and they experience it -​ Taxonomy of recovery: -​ Psychological detachment from work: refraining from work-related thoughts and gaining mental distance from one's work during nonwork time -​ Relaxation: experience of low sympathetic activation -​ Mastery: experience of growth, for instance by successfully coping with challenges and by undergoing learning experiences -​ Control: some degree of self-determination and agency in deciding what to do during nonwork time -​ DRAMMA framework: adding meaning (leisure experiences that help gain something valuable in life) and affiliation (feelings of interpersonal connectedness) -​ Findings: -​ People with activity profiles comprising physical activities and social activities reported higher levels of psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control -​ People whose profiles also included creative and cultural activities had the highest levels of psychological detachment and mastery -​ Outcomes of recovery process: -​ Well-being and affective states:  -​ Active leisure activities are more helpful than passive leisure activities -​ Particularly physical activities -​ Cyber activities lead to procrastination to sleep which reduce sleep quality but also increased psychological detachment from work which increase sleep quality -​ Psych detachment, relation and control predicted better sleep (not mastery) -​ Motivational constructs: -​ When people feel well rested and recovered in the morning they are more engaged at work – the availability of energy after a successful recovery process makes it easy to fully immerse oneself into work and to be engaged. -​ Mastery and control increase self efficacy -​ Performance-related outcomes: -​ Recovery increase task performance, proactive behavior, and organizational citizenship behavior at work the next day -​ Long-term outcomes of recovery during evening and weekends: -​ Findings are inconsistent because: -​ Between-person differences in well-being and engagement -​ Could be that recovery activities and recovery experiences only matter when demands are high -​ Not all recovery activities and recovery experiences may be equally important for everyone -​ Or study issues -​ Antecedents of effective recovery process - what predicts within-person fluctuations and between-person differences in recovery activities and experiences? -​ Well being and affective states: -​ Well-being and affect during and at the end of the workday are related to recovery activity choice and having intense recovery experiences -​ It's a cycle: when well-being and affect are impaired, recovery is particularly needed and its when people are less prone to engage in -​ Job related factors: -​ Job stressors and job resources: -​ Job stressors: overload and emotional pressure reduce engagement in psychological detachment, relaxation, and control but not with mastery experiences, while cognitive or physical effort doesn't have the same effect. -​ Job resources don't affect engagement in simple recovery activities but positively influence mastery experiences, control, and, to a lesser extent, detachment and relaxation. -​ Job performance and performance-related behaviors:  -​ Workdays that are perceived as successful and satisfactory, detachment and relaxation are high -​ Interpersonal and organizational factors: leaders serve as role models for recovery and influence employees recovery -​ Work Breaks and Energy-Management Strategies at Work: -​ Microbreaks: during work - going on a walk, social chat… (better when physical rather than alone and when proving detachment) -​ Work-related strategies approaching one’s work differently, organizing or scheduling work, reflecting on the meaning of work, or prosocial helping. -​ Microbreaks were more effective for the momentary recovery of energy but although work-related strategies might cost resources in the moment when used it reveal benefits over time with repeated use -​ Combining is the best -​ Interventions: -​ Boundary management: helping employees learn how to segment work from life -​ Mindfulness training Article 2: leaving work at work: -​ Two types of activities during microbreaks/recovery moments: -​ Low-duty: enable the replenishment of resources and reversal of strain through a variety of mechanisms - taking a walk… -​ High duty: demanding activities that potentially impede recovery - house chores, babysitting… -​ Research Question 1: How are the conceptualizations of recovery as activities, experiences, and a state related to one another? -​ Research Question 2: What are the differential effects of recovery activities, experiences, and state with antecedents and outcomes? -​ Research Question 3: What is the temporal stability of recovery activities, experiences, and state over time? -​ 4 subtypes of demands: -​ Overload -​ Physical -​ Emotional -​ Cognitive -​ Recovery’s relationships with physical and cognitive demands should be less negative than emotional and overload demands, since physical and cognitive also provide employees with opportunities to experience mastery or control -​ 2 types of resources: -​ Contextual: located outside of one’s self and can generally be seen as occurring in two domains, work and home -​ Personal: efficacy, self esteem - open opportunities for mastery and learning -​ Outcomes of recovery: -​ Employee well-being is examined in terms of: -​ Psychological: mental well-being (e.g., low anxiety, low perceived stress), the experiences of state affect, and life satisfaction -​ Psychosomatic: physical conditions that may manifest from mental causes  -​ Physiological: bodily indicators, such as cortisol, that may change in direct response to stressors -​ Resources and demands have positive and negative impact on goal attainment and performance episodes -​ Findings: -​ State of being recovered is positively related to recovery experiences and low-duty activities as well as negatively related to high duty activities, albeit at small to moderate magnitudes -​ Demands and resources were shown to have negative and positive relationships (respectively) with state of being recovered as well as recovery experiences -​ Physical demands were the only demands employees experience that did not consistently relate to lower recovery.