Upper Limbs Muscles PDF

ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE UPPER LIMBS MUSCLES A DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE MUSCULAR STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY PECTORAL REGION OVERVIEW THE PECTORAL REGION INVOLVES MUSCLES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SHOULDER AND ARM MOVEMENTS. THESE MUSCLES PLAY KEY ROLES IN ACTIONS LIKE ARM...

ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE UPPER LIMBS MUSCLES A DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE MUSCULAR STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY PECTORAL REGION OVERVIEW THE PECTORAL REGION INVOLVES MUSCLES THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR SHOULDER AND ARM MOVEMENTS. THESE MUSCLES PLAY KEY ROLES IN ACTIONS LIKE ARM FLEXION, ADDUCTION AND ROTATION PECTORALIS MAJOR Origin:- Clavicle, Sternum, Costal cartilages of ribs 1-6. Insertion:- Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus. Innervation:- Medial and Lateral pectoral nerves. Action:- Flexes, adducts and medially rotates the arm PECTORALIS MINOR Origin:- Ribs 3-5. Insertion:- Coracoid process of the scapula Innervation:- Medial pectoral nervs Action:- Protracts and depresses the scapula SERRATUS ANTERIOR Origin:- Upper eight ribs Insertion:- Medial border and inferior angle of scapula Innervation:- long thoracic nerve Action:– protracts and stabilizes the scapula SUBCLAVIUS Origin:- 1st rib Insertion:- clavicle Innervation:- Nerve to subclavius Action:- Depresses the clavicle BACK REGION OVERVIEW The back region includes muscles that contribute to the movement and stabilization of the spine, shoulder girdle and the upper limbs. These muscles are crucial for posture, mobility and overall upper body function  Origin:– occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, TRAPEZIUS spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae. Insertion Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula. Innervation:- spinal part of accessory nerve (motor) and C3,C4 (sensory) Action:- Elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula ; extends the neck.  Origin:– spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac LATISSIMUS DORSI crest, the lower three or four ribs and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion:– Floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. Innervation:– Thoracodorasl nerve Action:- Extends, adducts and medially rotates the arm  Origin:- Transverse processes of C1-C4 LEVATOR SCAPULAE vertebrae. Insertion:- Medial border of the scapula. Innervation:– Dorsal scapular nerve and cervical nerves(C3,C4). Action:- Elevates the scapula and titls it downward RHOMBOID MAJOR Origin of the Rhombiod minor:- Ligamentum AND MINOR nuchae and spines of C 7 and T1 vertebrae Origin of the Rhombiod major:- spines of T2- T5 vertebrae Insertion:- Medial border of the scapula Innervation:- Dorsal scapular nerve Action:– Retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula  SHOULDER REGION OVERVIEW The shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the human body. The major muscles that control its movement include the deltoid, rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and major, subscapularis) DELTOID Origin :- Lateral third of the clavicle, Acromion process of the scapula, Spine of the scapula Insertion:- Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Innervation :- Axillary nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Abduction of the arm (main action),Flexion and medial rotation (anterior fibers), Extension and lateral rotation (posterior fibers). SUPRASPINATUS Origin:- Supraspinous fossa of the scapula. Insertion:- Greater tubercle of the humerus (superior facet) and capsule of the shoulder joint. Innervation:- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Abducts the arm (initial 15 degrees), Stabilizes the shoulder joint. INFRASPINATUS Origin:- Infraspinous fossa of the scapula. Insertion:- Greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet) and capsule of the shoulder joint. Innervation:- Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Laterally rotates the arm, Stabilizes the shoulder joint. TERES MINOR Origin:- Upper two thirds of lateral border of the scapula. Insertion:- Greater tubercle of the humerus (inferior facet) and capsule of the shoulder joint. Innervation:- Axillary nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Laterally rotates the arm, Stabilizes the shoulder joint. TERES MAJOR Origin:- Lower third of lateral border of the scapula. Insertion:- Medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. Innervation:- Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Medially rotates, adducts, and extends the arm. SUBSCAPULARIS Origin:- Subscapular fossa of the scapula. Insertion:- Lesser tubercle of the humerus. Innervation:- Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6). Action:- Medially rotates the arm, Stabilizes the shoulder joint.  ARM MUSCLES OVERVIEW The arm consists of muscles that control movement in the elbow and shoulder. These muscles include the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachialis, and coracobrachialis. They enable flexion, extension, and rotation of the arm. BICEPS BRACHII Origin:- Short head: Coracoid process of the scapula. Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. Insertion:-Radial tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia of forearm. Innervation:- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Flexes the forearm at the elbow, Supinates the forearm, Weak flexor of the arm at the shoulder. CORACOBRACHIALIS Origin:- Coracoid process of the scapula. Insertion:- Middle third of the medial surface of the humerus. Innervation:- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Flexes and adducts the arm at the shoulder. BRACHIALIS Origin:-Anterior surface of lower half of the humerus. Insertion:- Coronoid process of the ulna. Innervation:- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6), and a small branch from the radial nerve (C7). Action:- Primary flexor of the elbow. TRICEPS Origin: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. Lateral head: Posterior surface of the humerus, superior to the radial groove. Medial head: Posterior surface of the humerus, inferior to the radial groove. Insertion:- Olecranon process of the ulna. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8). Action:- Extends the forearm at the elbow. FOREARM REGION OVERVIEW The forearm consists of muscles responsible for movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers. These muscles can be classified into two groups: Flexor muscles (on the anterior side of the forearm). Extensor muscles (on the posterior side of the forearm). The muscles of the forearm are involved in actions like flexion, extension, pronation, and supination FLEXOR GROUP (SUPERFICIAL) 1. Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin:- Medial epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion:- Base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals. Innervation:- Median nerve (C6, C7). Action:- Flexes and abducts the wrist. 2. Palmaris Longus Origin:- Medial epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion:- Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis. Innervation:- Median nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Flexes the wrist  3. Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin:- Medial epicondyle of the humerus and olecranon. Insertion:- Pisiform, hook of the hamate, and 5th metacarpal. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Flexes and adducts the wrist. 4. Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Origin:- Medial epicondyle of the humerus coronoid process of the ulna, and anterior border of the radius. Insertion:- Middle phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. Innervation:- Median nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Flexes the fingers at the PIP joints and flexes the wrist. FLEXOR GROUP (DEEP) 1. Flexor Digitorum Profundus Origin:- Proximal three-quarters of the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna. Insertion:- Distal phalanges of the 2nd to 5th digits. Innervation:- Median nerve (lateral half), Ulnar nerve (medial half). Action:- Flexes the fingers at the DIP joints and flexes the wrist. 2. Flexor Pollicis Longus Origin:- Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane. Insertion:- Distal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Median nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Flexes the thumb.  3. Pronator Quadratus Origin:- Distal quarter of the anterior surface of the ulna. Insertion:- Distal quarter of the anterior surface of the radius. Innervation:- Median nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Pronates the forearm EXTENSOR GROUP (SUPERFICIAL) 1. Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Origin:- Lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus. Insertion:- Base of the 2nd metacarpal. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Extends and abducts the wrist. 2. Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Origin:- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion:- Base of the 3rd metacarpal. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action: Extends and abducts the wrist.  3. Extensor Digitorum Origin:- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion:- Extensor expansions of the 2nd to 5th digits. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends the fingers and wrist. 4. Extensor Digiti Minimi Origin:- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Insertion:- Extensor expansion of the 5th digit. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends the 5th digit and wrist.  5. Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Origin:- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior border of the ulna. Insertion:- Base of the 5th metacarpal. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends and adducts the wrist. EXTENSOR GROUP (DEEP) 1. Supinator Origin:- Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral ligament, and annular ligament. Insertion:- Lateral surface of the proximal third of the radius. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C5, C6). Action:- Supinates the forearm. 2. Abductor Pollicis Longus Origin:- Posterior surface of the radius and ulna. Insertion:- Base of the 1st metacarpal. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Abducts the thumb and wrist.  3. Extensor Pollicis Brevis Origin:- Posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane. Insertion:- Proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends the thumb. 4. Extensor Pollicis Longus Origin:- Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane. Insertion:- Distal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends the thumb.  5. Extensor Indicis Origin:- Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane. Insertion:- Extensor expansion of the 2nd digit. Innervation:- Radial nerve (C7, C8). Action:- Extends the index finger. HAND REGION OVERVIEW The hand is a highly specialized part of the upper limb, consisting of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The intrinsic muscles are located within the hand itself, while the extrinsic muscles originate in the forearm. These muscles work together to produce complex movements for grasping, manipulating, and fine motor control. THENAR MUSCLES 1. Abductor Pollicis Brevis Origin:- Flexor retinaculum and scaphoid bone. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Median nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Abducts the thumb. 2. Flexor Pollicis Brevis Origin:- Flexor retinaculum and trapezium. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Median nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Flexes the thumb.  3. Opponens Pollicis Origin:- Flexor retinaculum and trapezium. Insertion:- Lateral side of the 1st metacarpal. Innervation:- Median nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Opposes the thumb. 4. Adductor Pollicis Muscle Origin:- Oblique head: Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpals and capitate bone. Transverse head: Anterior surface of the shaft of the 3rd metacarpal. Insertion:- Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Deep branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Adducts the thumb toward the lateral border of the palm. HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES 1. Abductor Digiti Minimi Origin:- Pisiform bone and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Abducts the little finger. 2. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Origin:- Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Flexes the little finger.  3. Opponens Digiti Minimi Origin:- Hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. Insertion:- Medial border of the 5th metacarpal. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Opposes the little finger. 4. Palmaris Brevis Muscle Origin:- Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis. Insertion:- Skin of the medial border of the palm. Innervation:- Superficial branch of the ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Tenses the skin of the palm during gripping to improve grip strength. MIDPALMAR MUSCLES 1. Adductor Pollicis Origin:- Oblique head: Capitate, base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; Transverse head: 3rd metacarpal. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Adducts the thumb. 2. Lumbricals (4) Origin:- Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus. Insertion:- Extensor expansions of the 2nd to 5th digits. Innervation:- Median nerve (lateral 2), Ulnar nerve (medial 2). Action:- Flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints. INTEROSSEI MUSCLES 1. Dorsal Interossei (4) Origin:- Adjacent sides of two metacarpals. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the 2nd to 4th digits. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Abducts the fingers. 2. Palmar Interossei (3) Origin:- Sides of the 2nd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals. Insertion:- Base of the proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of the 2nd, 4th, and 5th digits. Innervation:- Ulnar nerve (C8, T1). Action:- Adducts the fingers. “Q&A SESSION: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR INTERACTION AND CLARITY” Before we conclude, let’s take a moment to address any questions or thoughts you may have. This is an opportunity to clarify concepts, explore details further, and ensure a deeper understanding of the topic. Feel free to ask about anything related to the muscles, their functions, or the fascinating anatomy we’ve discussed today. IN CONCLUSION, WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME, ATTENTION, AND GOOD LISTENING. THIS PRESENTATION WAS BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE STUDENTS: ANAS MALIK MOHAMED ABDULMUEEN