The Official Highway Code for Northern Ireland 2020 PDF

The OFFICIAL HIGHWAY CODE For Northern Ireland © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government- licence/version/3 or write to the Informati...

The OFFICIAL HIGHWAY CODE For Northern Ireland © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government- licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email [email protected] The publication of facsimile versions of this publication or any other versions that closely resemble the style and appearance of the original may confuse the public. Any publisher wishing to reproduce the content of this publication should not replicate the official version’s style and appearance. Other versions should not be presented as being an official version. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Material used from this document/publication must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source document/publication. Prepared by the Department for Infrastructure. This document/publication is also available at www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-highway-code Twentieth impression 2020 ISBN 978 0337 08886 5 The Department for Infrastructure recognises and values its customers. We will treat all our customers with respect and deliver our services in an objective, polite and fair way. We’re turning over a new leaf.   Contents Introduction 3 Rules for pedestrians 5 Rules for powered wheelchairs and powered scooters 15 Rules about animals 18 Rules for cyclists 21 Rules for motorcyclists 26 Rules for drivers and motorcyclists 28 General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders 34 Using the road 53 Road users requiring extra care 70 Driving in adverse weather conditions 76 Waiting and parking 80 Motorways 85 Breakdowns and incidents 91 Road works 96 Level crossings 97 Tramways 100 Light signals controlling traffic 102 Signals to other road users 103 Signals by authorised persons 104 Traffic signs 106 Road markings 114 Vehicle markings 117 Annexes 1. You and your bicycle 118 2. Motorcycle licence requirements 118 3. Motor vehicle documentation, learner and restricted driver requirements 120 4. The road user and the law 123 5. Penalties 125 6. Vehicle maintenance, safety and security 128 7. First aid on the road 131 8. Safety code for new drivers 133 Other information 135 Appendix 136 Index 141 1 2  Introduction Introduction The Highway Code for Northern Ireland (hereafter referred to as The Highway Code or the Code) is essential reading for everyone. The most vulnerable road users are pedestrians, particularly children, older or disabled people, cyclists, motorcyclists and horse riders. It is important that all road users are aware of the Code and are considerate towards each other. This applies to pedestrians as much as to drivers and riders. Many of the rules in the Code are legal requirements, and if you disobey these rules you are committing a criminal offence. You may be fined, given penalty points on your licence or be disqualified from driving. In the most serious cases you may be sent to prison. Such rules are identified by the use of the words ‘MUST/MUST NOT.’ In addition, each rule includes an abbreviated reference to the legislation which creates the offence. An explanation of the abbreviations is on page 124. Although failure to comply with the other rules of the Code will not, in itself, cause a person to be prosecuted, The Highway Code may be used in evidence in any court proceedings under the Traffic Legislation (see page 124) to establish liability. This includes rules that use advisory wording such as ‘should/should not’ or ‘do/do not’. Knowing and applying the rules contained in The Highway Code could significantly reduce road casualties. Cutting the number of deaths and injuries that occur on our roads every day is a responsibility we all share. The Highway Code can help us discharge that responsibility. Further information on driving/riding techniques can be found in The Official DVSA Guide to Driving – the essential skills, and The Official DVSA Guide to Riding – the essential skills. 3 The Highway Code is based on the Great Britain version. Although Northern Ireland road safety legislation continues to be brought into line with that in Great Britain, there are some differences which it has been necessary to reflect in this issue. For example, many Northern Ireland road users may not be familiar with equestrian crossings or trams. References to these issues have however been included as Northern Ireland residents who plan to visit Great Britain might find them helpful. It is recommended that anyone, especially drivers, intending to visit Great Britain should also purchase the Great Britain version of The Highway Code. It is also recommended that anyone intending to visit the Republic of Ireland should purchase a copy of ‘Rules of the Road’ and note particularly that all speed limit signs in the Republic of Ireland relate to kilometres per hour. The Great Britain Highway Code is available online at www.gov.uk under Driving and transport. The Republic of Ireland Rules of the Road is available at www.rsa.ie/Documents/Learner%20Drivers/Rules_of_ the_road.pdf 4  Rulesforpedestrians Rules for pedestrians General guidance Footways or footpaths (including any path along the 1 side of a road) should be used if provided. Where possible, avoid being next to the kerb with your back to the traffic. If you have to step into the road, look both ways first. Always show due care and consideration for others. If there is no footway or footpath, walk on the right- 2 hand side of the road so you can see oncoming traffic. You should take extra care and be prepared to walk in single file, especially on narrow roads or in poor light keep close to the side of the road. It may be safer to cross the road well before a sharp right- hand bend so that oncoming traffic has a better chance of seeing you. Cross back after the bend. Help other road users to see you. Wear or carry 3 something light-coloured, bright or fluorescent in poor daylight conditions. When it is dark, use reflective materials (e.g. armbands, sashes, waistcoats, jackets, footwear), which can be seen by drivers using headlights up to three times as far away as non-reflective materials. Rule 3 Help yourself to be seen 5  Young children should not be out alone on the footway, 4 footpath or road (see Rule 7). When taking children out, keep between them and the traffic and hold their hands firmly. Strap very young children into push-chairs or use reins. When pushing a young child in a buggy, do not push the buggy into the road when checking to see if it is clear to cross, particularly from between parked vehicles. Organised walks. Large groups of people walking 5 together should use a footway or footpath if available; if one is not, they should keep to the left. Look-outs should be positioned at the front and back of the group and they should wear fluorescent clothes in daylight and reflective clothes in the dark. At night the look-out in front should show a white light and the one at the back a red light. People on the outside of large groups should also carry lights and wear reflective clothing. Motorways. Pedestrians MUST NOT be on motorways 6 or slip roads except in an emergency (see Rules 271 and 275). Laws RO Art 20 & MTR reg 13(1)(b) Crossing the road The Green Cross Code. The advice given below for 7 crossing the road is for all pedestrians. Children should be taught the Code and should not be allowed out alone until they can understand and use it properly. The age when they can do this is different for each child. Many children cannot judge how fast vehicles are going or how far away they are. Children learn by example, so parents and carers should always use the Code in full when out with their children. They are responsible for deciding at what age children can use it safely by themselves. A. First find a safe place to cross and where there is a space to reach the footway or footpath on the other side. Where there is a crossing nearby, use it. It is safer to cross using a subway, a footbridge, an island, a zebra, pelican, toucan or puffin crossing, or where there is a crossing point controlled by a police officer or school 6  Rulesforpedestrians crossing patrol. Otherwise choose a place where you can see clearly in all directions. Try to avoid crossing between parked cars (see Rule 14), on a blind bend or close to the brow of a hill. Move to a space where drivers and riders can see you clearly. Do not cross the road diagonally. B. Stop just before you get to the kerb, where you can see if anything is coming. Do not get too close to the traffic. If there’s no footway or footpath keep back from the edge of the road but make sure you can still see approaching traffic. Rule 7 Look all around and listen for traffic before crossing C. Look all around for traffic and listen. Traffic could come from any direction. Listen as well, because you can sometimes hear traffic before you see it. D. If traffic is coming, let it pass. Look all around again and listen. Do not cross until there is a safe gap in the traffic and you are certain that there is plenty of time. Remember, even if traffic is a long way off, it may be approaching very quickly. E. When it is safe go straight across the road – do not run. Keep looking and listening for traffic while you cross, in case there is any traffic you did not see, or in case other traffic appears suddenly. Look out for cyclists and motorcyclists travelling between lanes of traffic. Do not walk diagonally across the road. 7  At a junction. When crossing the road, look out for 8 traffic turning into the road, especially from behind you. If you have started and traffic wants to turn into the road, you have priority and they should give way (see Rule 170). Pedestrian safety barriers. Where there are barriers, 9 cross the road only at the gaps provided for pedestrians. Do not climb over the barriers or walk between them and the road. Tactile paving. Raised surfaces that can be felt 10 underfoot provide warning and guidance to blind or partially sighted people. The most common surfaces are a series of raised studs, which are used at crossing points with a dropped kerb, or a series of rounded raised bars which are used at level crossings, at the top and bottom of steps and at some other hazards. One-way streets. Check which way the traffic is 11 moving. Do not cross until it is safe to do so without stopping. Bus and cycle lanes may operate in the opposite direction to the rest of the traffic. Bus and cycle lanes. Take care when crossing these 12 lanes as traffic may be moving faster than in other lanes, or against the flow of traffic. Routes shared with cyclists. Some cycle tracks run 13 alongside footways or footpaths, using a segregating feature to separate cyclists from people on foot. Segregated routes may also incorporate short lengths of tactile paving to help visually impaired people stay on the correct side. On the pedestrian side this will comprise a series of flat-topped bars running across the direction of travel (ladder pattern). On the cyclist side the same bars are orientated in the direction of travel (tramline pattern). Not all routes which are shared with cyclists are segregated. Take extra care where this is so (see Rule 62). 8  Rulesforpedestrians Parked vehicles. If you have to cross between parked 14 vehicles, use the outside edges of the vehicles as if they were the kerb. Stop there and make sure you can see all around and make sure the traffic can see you. Make sure there is a gap between any parked vehicles on the other side so you can reach the footway or footpath. Never cross the road in front of, or behind, any vehicle with its engine running, especially a large vehicle, as the driver may not be able to see you. Reversing vehicles. Never cross behind a vehicle that 15 is reversing, showing white reversing lights or sounding a warning. Moving vehicles. You MUST NOT get on to or hold on 16 to a moving vehicle. Law RTO 1995 Art 37 At night. Wear something reflective to make it easier for 17 others to see you (see Rule 3). If there is no pedestrian crossing nearby, cross the road near a street light so that traffic can see you more easily. Crossings At all crossings. When using any type of crossing you 18 should always check that the traffic has stopped before you start to cross or push a pram onto the crossing always cross between the studs or over the zebra markings. Do not cross at the side of the crossing or on the zigzag lines, as it can be dangerous. You MUST NOT loiter on any type of crossing. Laws RTRO Art 59(4) & PCR reg 17 9  Zebra crossings. Give traffic plenty of time to see you 19 and to stop before you cross. Vehicles will need more time when the road is slippery. Wait until traffic has stopped from both directions or the road is clear before crossing. Remember that traffic does not have to stop until someone has moved onto the crossing. Keep looking both ways, and listening, in case a driver or rider has not seen you and attempts to overtake a vehicle that has stopped. Rule 19 Zebra crossings have flashing beacons Where there is an island in the middle of a zebra crossing, 20 wait on the island and follow Rule 19 before you cross the second half of the road – it is a separate crossing. Rule 20 Zebra crossings with a central island are two separate crossings At traffic lights. There may be special signals for 21 pedestrians. You should only start to cross the road when the green figure shows. If you have started to cross the road and the green figure goes out, you should still 10  Rulesforpedestrians have time to reach the other side, but do not delay. If no pedestrian signals have been provided, watch carefully and do not cross until the traffic lights are red and the traffic has stopped. Keep looking and check for traffic that may be turning the corner. Remember that traffic lights may let traffic move in some lanes while traffic in other lanes has stopped. Rule 21 At traffic lights, puffin and pelican crossings * At pelican crossings only Do not cross Cross with care Do not start to cross* Pelican crossings. These are signal-controlled 22 crossings operated by pedestrians. Push the control button to activate the traffic signals. When the red figure shows, do not cross. When a steady green figure shows, check that traffic has stopped then cross with care. When the green figure begins to flash you should not cross. If you have already started you should have time to finish crossing safely. Puffin crossings differ from pelican crossings as the red 23 and green figures are above the control box on your side of the road and there is no flashing green figure phase. Press the button and wait for the green figure to show. When the road is congested, traffic on your side of the 24 road may be forced to stop even though their lights are green. Traffic may still be moving on the other side of the road, so press the button and wait for the signal to cross. 11  Toucan crossings are light-controlled crossings which 25 allow cyclists and pedestrians to share crossing space and cross at the same time. They are push-button operated. Cyclists are permitted to ride across. Rule 25 Toucan crossings can be used by both cyclists and pedestrians At some crossings there is a bleeping sound or voice 26 signal to indicate to blind or partially sighted people when the steady green figure is showing, and there may be a tactile signal to help deafblind people. Equestrian crossings are for horse riders. They have 27 pavement barriers, wider crossing spaces, horse and rider figures in the light panels and either two sets of controls (one higher), or just one higher control panel. Rule 27 Equestrian crossings are used by horse riders. There is often a parallel crossing 12  Rulesforpedestrians ‘Staggered’ pelican or puffin crossings. When the 28 crossings on each side of the central refuge are not in line they are two separate crossings. On reaching the central island press the button again and wait for a steady green figure. Rule 28 Staggered crossings (with an island in the middle) are two separate crossings Crossings controlled by an authorised person. Do 29 not cross the road unless you are signalled to do so by a police officer or school crossing patrol. Always cross in front of them. Where there are no controlled crossing points available 30 it is advisable to cross where there is an island in the middle of the road. Use the Green Cross Code (see Rule 7) to cross to the island then stop and use it again to cross the second half of the road. Situations needing extra care Emergency vehicles. If an ambulance, fire engine, 31 police or any other emergency vehicle approaches using flashing blue lights, headlights and/or sirens, keep off the road. Buses. Get on or off a bus only when it has stopped to 32 allow you to do so. Watch out for cyclists when you are getting off. Never cross the road directly behind or in front of a bus. Wait until it has moved off and you can see the road clearly in both directions. 13  Tramways. These may run through pedestrian areas. 33 Their path will be marked out by shallow kerbs, changes in the paving or other road surface, white lines or yellow dots. Cross at designated crossings where provided. Elsewhere treat trams as you would other vehicles and look both ways along the track before crossing. Do not walk along the track as trams may come up behind you. Trams move quietly and cannot steer to avoid you. Railway level crossings. You MUST NOT cross or 34 pass a stop line when the red lights show, (including a red pedestrian figure). Also do not cross if an alarm is sounding or the barriers are being lowered. The tone of the alarm may change if another train is approaching. If there are no lights, alarms or barriers, stop, look both ways and listen before crossing. A tactile surface comprising rounded bars running across the direction of pedestrian travel may be installed on the footway or footpath approaching a level crossing to warn visually impaired people of its presence. The tactile surface should extend across the full width of the footway or footpath and should be located at an appropriate distance from the barrier or projected line of the barrier. Law TSR reg 39 Street, footway and footpath repairs. A footway or 35 footpath may be closed temporarily because it is not safe to use. Take extra care if you are directed to walk on or to cross the road. Where should horse riders be when using roundabouts? Turn to rule 187 (page 65) 14 Rulesforusersofpoweredwheelchairsandpoweredmobilityscooters Rules for users of powered wheelchairs and powered mobility scooters (Called Invalid Carriages in law) There is one class of manual wheelchair (called a Class 1 36 Invalid Carriage) and two classes of powered wheelchairs and powered mobility scooters. Manual wheelchairs and Class 2 vehicles are those with an upper speed limit of 4 mph (6 km/h) and are designed to be used on footways or footpaths. Class 3 vehicles are those with an upper speed limit of 8mph (12 km/h) and are equipped to be used on the road as well as footways or footpaths. When you are on the road you should obey the guidance 37 and rules for other vehicles; when on the footway or footpath you should follow the guidance and rules for pedestrians. On footways or footpaths Footways or footpaths are safer than roads and should 38 be used when available. You should give pedestrians priority and show consideration for other footway or footpath users, particularly those with a hearing or visual impairment who may not be aware that you are there. Powered wheelchairs and scooters MUST NOT travel 39 faster than 4 mph (6 km/h) on footways or footpaths or in pedestrian areas. You may need to reduce your speed to adjust to other footway or footpath users who may not be able to move out of your way quickly enough or where the footway or footpath is too narrow. Law MV(IC)R reg 4 When moving off the footway or footpath onto the 40 road you should take special care. Before moving off, always look round and make sure it’s safe to join the traffic. Always try to use dropped kerbs when moving 15  off the footway or footpath, even if this means travelling further to locate one. If you have to climb or descend a kerb, always approach it at right angles and don’t try to negotiate a kerb higher than the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations. On the road You should take care when travelling on the road as you 41 may be travelling more slowly than other traffic (your machine is restricted to 8 mph (12 km/h) and may be less visible). When on the road, Class 3 vehicles should travel in the 42 direction of the traffic. Class 2 users should always use the footway or footpath when it is available. When there is no footway or footpath, you should use caution when on the road. Class 2 users should, where possible, travel in the direction of the traffic as this is safer. If you are travelling at night, when lights MUST be used, you should travel in the direction of the traffic to avoid confusing other road users. Law MV(IC)R reg 9 You MUST follow the same rules about using lights, 43 indicators and horns as for other road vehicles if your vehicle is fitted with them. At night lights MUST be used. Be aware that other road users may not be able to see you and you should make yourself more visible – even in the daytime and also at dusk – by, for instance, wearing a reflective jacket or reflective strips on the back of the vehicle. Law MV(IC)R reg 9 What should you do if the traffic lights are not working? Turn to rule 176 (page 61) 16 Rulesforusersofpoweredwheelchairsandpoweredmobilityscooters Take extra care at road junctions. When going straight 44 ahead, check to make sure there are no vehicles about to cross your path from the left, the right, or overtaking you and turning left. There are several options for dealing with right turns, especially turning from a major road. If moving into the middle of the road is difficult or dangerous, you can stop on the left hand side of the road and wait for a safe gap in the traffic negotiate the turn as a pedestrian, i.e. travel along the footway or footpath and cross the road between the footways or footpaths where it is safe to do so. Class 3 users should switch the vehicle to the lower speed limit when on footways or footpaths. If the junction is too hazardous, it may be worth considering an alternative route. Similarly, when negotiating major roundabouts (i.e. with two or more lanes) it may be safer for you to use the footway or footpath or find a route which avoids the roundabout altogether. All normal parking restrictions should be observed. Your 45 vehicle should not be left unattended if it causes an obstruction to other pedestrians – especially those in wheelchairs. Parking concessions provided under the Blue Badge scheme (see page 136) will apply to those vehicles displaying a valid badge. These vehicles MUST NOT be used on motorways (see 46 Rule 253). They should not be used on unrestricted dual carriageways where the speed limit exceeds 50 mph (80 km/h) but if they are used on these dual carriageways, they MUST have a flashing amber beacon. A flashing amber beacon should be used on other dual carriageways (see Rule 220). Laws RO Art 20(1), (3) & (4), & RVLR regs 20(1) & 29 17  Rules about animals Horse-drawn vehicles Horse-drawn vehicles used on the road should be 47 operated and maintained in accordance with standards set out in the Department for Transport’s Code of Practice for Horse-Drawn Vehicles. This Code lays down the requirements for a road driving assessment in Great Britain and includes a comprehensive list of safety checks to ensure that a carriage and its fittings are safe and in good working order. Safety equipment and clothing. All horse drawn 48 vehicles should have two red rear reflectors. It is safer not to drive at night but if you do, a light showing white to the front and red to the rear MUST be fitted. Law RVLR reg 4 Horse riders Safety equipment. Children under the age of 14 MUST 49 wear a helmet which complies with the Regulations. It MUST be fastened securely. Other riders should also follow these requirements. These requirements do not apply to a child who is a follower of the Sikh religion while wearing a turban. Laws H(PHYR)O Art 3 & H(PHYR)R Other clothing. You should wear 50 boots or shoes with hard soles and heels light-coloured or fluorescent clothing in daylight reflective clothing if you have to ride at night or in poor visibility. 18  Rulesaboutanimals Rule 50 Help yourself to be seen At night. It is safer not to ride on the road at night or in 51 poor visibility, but if you do, make sure your horse has reflective bands above the fetlock joints. A light which shows white to the front and red to the rear should be fitted, with a band, to the rider’s right arm and/or leg/ riding boot. If you are leading a horse at night, carry a light in your right hand showing white to the front and red to the rear and wear reflective clothing on both you and your horse. It is strongly recommended that a fluorescent/ reflective tail guard is also worn by your horse. Riding Before you take a horse on to a road you should 52 ensure all tack fits well and is in good condition make sure you can control the horse. Always ride with other, less nervous horses if you think that your horse will be nervous of traffic. Never ride a horse without both a saddle and bridle. Before riding off or turning, always look behind you to 53 make sure it is safe, then give a clear arm signal. When riding on the road you should keep to the left keep both hands on the reins unless you are signalling keep both feet in the stirrups 19  not carry another person not carry anything which might affect your balance or get tangled up with the reins keep a horse you are leading to the left move in the direction of the traffic flow in a one-way street never ride more than two abreast, and ride in single file on narrow or busy roads and when riding around bends. You should not take a horse on to a footway, footpath 54 or cycle track. In Great Britain, use a bridleway where possible. In Great Britain equestrian crossings may be provided for horse riders to cross the road and you should use these where available (see Rule 27). You should dismount at level crossings where a 'Horse Rider Dismount' sign is displayed. Avoid roundabouts wherever possible. If you use them 55 you should keep to your left and watch out for vehicles crossing your path to leave or join the roundabout signal right when riding across exits to show you are not leaving signal left just before you leave the roundabout. Other animals Dogs. Do not let a dog out on the road on its own. Keep 56 it on a short lead when walking on the footway, footpath, road or path shared with cyclists or horse riders. When in a vehicle, make sure that dogs and other animals 57 are suitably restrained so they cannot distract you while you are driving or injure you, or themselves if you stop quickly. A seat belt harness, pet carrier, dog cage or dog guard are ways of restraining animals in cars. 20  Rulesforcyclists Animals being herded. These should be kept under 58 control at all times. You should, if possible, send another person along the road in front to warn other road users, especially at a bend or the brow of a hill. It is safer not to move animals after dark, but if you do, then wear reflective clothing and ensure that lights are carried (white at the front and red at the rear of the herd). Rules for cyclists These rules are in addition to those in the following sections, which apply to all vehicles (except the motorway section on page 85). See also on page 118 – You and your bicycle. Clothing. You should wear in the correct size and 59 securely fastened a cycle helmet which conforms to current regulations appropriate clothes for cycling. Avoid clothes that may get tangled in the chain, or in a wheel or may obscure your lights light-coloured or fluorescent clothing which helps other road users see you in daylight and poor light reflective clothing and/or accessories (belt, arm or ankle bands) in the dark. Rule 59 Help yourself to be seen 21  Between sunset and sunrise your cycle MUST have 60 white front and red rear lights lit. It MUST also be fitted with a red rear reflector (and amber pedal reflectors, if manufactured after 24/1/96). White front reflectors and spoke reflectors will also help you to be seen. Flashing lights are permitted but it is recommended that cyclists who are riding in areas without street lighting use a steady front lamp. Law RVLR regs 13, 15, 21 & 27 (as amended by RVL(A)R) When cycling Cycle routes and other facilities. Use cycle routes, 61 advanced stop lines, cycle boxes and toucan crossings unless at the time it is unsafe to do so. Use of these facilities is not compulsory and will depend on your experience and skills, but they can make your journey safer. Cycle tracks. These are normally located away from 62 the road but may also be found alongside footways or footpaths. Cyclists or pedestrians may be segregated or they may share the same space (unsegregated). When using segregated tracks you MUST keep to the side intended for cyclists as the pedestrian side remains a footway or footpath. Take care when passing pedestrians, especially children, older or disabled people, and allow them plenty of room. Always be prepared to slow down and stop if necessary. Take care near road junctions as you may have difficulty seeing other road users, who might not notice you. Law RTRO Arts 3 & 4(5) Cycle lanes. These are marked by a white line (which 63 may be broken) along the carriageway (see Rule 140). When using a cycle lane, keep within the lane when practicable. Before leaving a cycle lane check that it is safe to do so and signal your intention clearly to other road users. Use of cycle lanes is not compulsory and will depend on your experience and skills, but they can make your journey safer. 22  Rulesforcyclists You MUST NOT cycle on a footway or footpath unless on 64 a cycle track where one has been provided. Law RTRO Art 3 Bus lanes. Most bus lanes, excluding motorway bus 65 lanes, may be used by motorcyclists and cyclists as indicated on signs. Watch out for people getting on or off a bus. Be very careful when overtaking a bus or leaving a bus lane as you will be entering a busier traffic flow. You should 66 keep both hands on the handlebars except when signalling or changing gear keep both feet on the pedals never ride more than two abreast, and ride in single file on narrow or busy roads or when riding round bends not ride close behind another vehicle not carry anything that will affect your balance or may get caught up with your wheels or chain be considerate of other road users, particularly blind and partially sighted pedestrians. Let them know you are there when necessary, for example by sounding your bell or horn. You should 67 look all around before moving away from the kerb, turning or manoeuvring, to make sure it is safe to do so. Give a clear signal to show other road users what you intend to do (see page 103) look well ahead for obstructions in the road, such as drains, pot-holes and parked vehicles so that you do not have to swerve suddenly to avoid them. Leave plenty of room when passing parked vehicles and watch out for doors being opened or pedestrians stepping into your path be aware of traffic coming up behind you take extra care near road humps, narrowings and other traffic calming features take care when overtaking (see Rules 162–169). 23  You MUST NOT 68 carry a passenger unless your cycle has been built or adapted to carry one hold on to a moving vehicle or trailer ride in a dangerous, careless or inconsiderate manner ride when under the influence of drink or drugs including medicine. Law RTO 1995 Arts 35, 37, 42, 43 & 44 You MUST obey all traffic signs and traffic light signals. 69 Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & TSR reg 8 When parking your cycle 70 find a conspicuous location where it can be seen by passers-by use cycle stands or other cycle parking facilities wherever possible do not leave it where it would cause an obstruction or hazard to other road users secure it well so that it will not fall over and become an obstruction or hazard. You MUST NOT cross the stop line when the traffic lights 71 are red. Some junctions have an advanced stop line to enable you to wait and position yourself ahead of other traffic (see Rule 178). Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & TSR reg 33(1) Road junctions On the left. When approaching a junction on the left, 72 watch out for vehicles turning in front of you, out of or into the side road. Just before you turn, check for undertaking cyclists or motorcyclists. Do not ride on the inside of vehicles signalling or slowing down to turn left. 24  Rulesforcyclists Pay particular attention to long vehicles, which need a lot 73 of room to manoeuvre at corners. Be aware that drivers may not see you. They may have to move over to the right before turning left. Wait until they have completed the manoeuvre because the rear wheels come very close to the kerb while turning. Do not be tempted to ride in the space between them and the kerb. On the right. If you are turning right, check the traffic to 74 ensure it is safe, then signal and move to the centre of the road. Wait until there is a safe gap in the oncoming traffic before completing the turn. It may be safer to wait on the left until there is a safe gap or to dismount and push your cycle across the road. Dual carriageways. Remember that traffic on most dual 75 carriageways moves quickly. When crossing, wait for a safe gap and cross each carriageway in turn. Take extra care when crossing slip roads. Roundabouts Full details about the correct procedure at roundabouts 76 are contained in rules 184–190 and in the Appendix on pages 136–140. Roundabouts can be hazardous and should be approached with care. You may feel safer walking your cycle round on the 77 footway, footpath or verge. If you decide to keep to the left you should be aware that drivers may not easily see you take extra care when cycling across exits. You may need to signal right to show you are not leaving the roundabout watch out for vehicles crossing your path to leave or join the roundabout. 25  Give plenty of room to long vehicles on the roundabout 78 as they need more room to manoeuvre. Do not ride in the space they need to get round the roundabout. It may be safer to wait until they have cleared the roundabout. Crossing the road Do not ride across equestrian crossings, as they are for 79 horse riders only. Do not ride across a pelican, puffin or zebra crossing. Dismount and wheel your cycle across. Toucan crossings. These are light-controlled crossings, 80 which allow cyclists and pedestrians to share crossing space and cross at the same time. They are push-button operated. Pedestrians and cyclists will see the green signal together. Cyclists are permitted to ride across. Cycle-only crossings. Cycle tracks on opposite sides 81 of the road may be linked by signalled crossings. You may ride across but you MUST NOT cross until the green cycle symbol is showing. Law TSR reg 33(1) Level crossings/Tramways. Take extra care when 82 crossing the tracks (see Rule 306). You should dismount at level crossings where a ‘Cyclist Dismount’ sign is displayed. Rules for motorcyclists These rules are in addition to those in the following sections, which apply to all vehicles. For motorcycle licence requirements see pages 118–119. On all journeys, the rider and pillion passenger on a 83 motorcycle, scooter, moped or motor quadricycle, also called quadbike, MUST wear a protective helmet. This does not apply to a follower of the Sikh religion while wearing a turban. Helmets MUST comply with the 26  Rulesformotorcyclists regulations and they MUST be fastened securely. Riders and passengers of motor tricycles should also wear a protective helmet. Before each journey check that your helmet visor is clean and in good condition. Laws MC(PH)R (as amended) reg 2 & RTO 1995 Arts 27 & 28 It is also advisable to wear eye protectors, which MUST 84 comply with the Regulations. Scratched or poorly fitting eye protectors can limit your view when riding, particularly in bright sunshine and the hours of darkness. Consider wearing ear protectors. Strong boots, gloves and suitable clothing may help to protect you if you are involved in a collision. Laws MC(EP)R (as amended) reg 2 & RTO 1995 Art 29 You MUST NOT carry more than one pillion passenger, 85 who MUST sit astride the machine on a proper seat. They should face forward with both feet on the footrests. You MUST NOT carry a pillion passenger unless your motorcycle is designed to do so. Provisional licence holders MUST NOT carry a pillion passenger. Laws RTO 1995 Art 34, MV(DL)R reg 12(5) & CUR reg 118 Daylight riding. Make yourself as visible as possible 86 from the side as well as the front and the rear. You could wear a light or brightly coloured helmet and fluorescent clothing or strips. Dipped headlights, even in good daylight, may also make you more conspicuous. However, be aware that other vehicle drivers may still not have seen you, or judged your distance or speed correctly, especially at junctions. Rule 86 Help yourself to be seen 27  Riding in the dark. Wear reflective clothing or strips to 87 improve your visibility in the dark. These reflect the light from the headlamps of other vehicles, making you visible from a long distance. See Rules 113–116 for lighting requirements. Manoeuvring. You should be aware of what is behind 88 and to the sides before manoeuvring. Look behind you; use mirrors if they are fitted. When in traffic queues, look out for pedestrians crossing between vehicles and vehicles emerging from junctions, or changing lanes. Position yourself so that drivers can see you in their mirrors. Additionally, when filtering in slow-moving traffic, take care and keep your speed low. Remember: Observation–Signal–Manoeuvre Rules for drivers and motorcyclists Vehicle condition. You MUST ensure your vehicle and 89 trailer comply with the full requirements of the Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations (NI) and the Road Vehicles Lighting Regulations (NI) (see page 124). Laws CUR, RVLR Fitness to drive Make sure that you are fit to drive. You MUST report to 90 the Driver and Vehicle Agency any health condition likely to affect your driving. Law RTO 1981 Art 11 Driving when you are tired greatly increases your risk of 91 collision. To minimise this risk make sure you are fit to drive. Do not begin a journey if you are tired. Get a good night’s sleep before embarking on a long journey avoid undertaking long journeys between midnight and 6am, when natural alertness is at a minimum 28  Rulesfordriversandmotorcyclists plan your journey to take sufficient breaks. A minimum break of at least 15 minutes after every two hours of driving is recommended if you feel at all sleepy, stop in a safe place. Do not stop on the hard shoulder of a motorway the most effective ways to counter sleepiness are to drink, for example, two cups of caffeinated coffee and to take a short nap (up to 15 minutes). Vision. You MUST be able to read a vehicle number 92 plate, in good daylight, from a distance of 20 metres (or 20.5 metres where the old style number plate is used). If you need to wear glasses (or contact lenses) to do this, you MUST wear them at all times while driving. The police have the power to require a driver to undertake an eyesight test. Laws RTO 1981 Art 154, MV(DL)R reg 29 & sch 7, & MVDL(A)R Slow down, and if necessary stop, if you are dazzled by 93 bright sunlight. At night or in poor visibility, do not use tinted glasses, 94 lenses or visors if they restrict your vision. Alcohol and drugs Do not drink and drive as it will seriously affect your 95 judgement and abilities. You MUST NOT drive with a breath alcohol level higher than 35 microgrammes/100 millilitres of breath or a blood alcohol level of more than 80 milligrammes/100 millilitres of blood. Alcohol will give a false sense of confidence reduce co-ordination and slow down reactions affect judgement of speed, distance and risk reduce your driving ability, even if you’re below the legal limit take time to leave your body; you may be unfit to drive in the evening after drinking at lunchtime, or in the morning after drinking the previous evening. 29  The best solution is not to drink at all when driving, because any amount of alcohol can impair driving ability. If you are going to drink, arrange other means of transport. Law RTO 1995 Arts 13, 15 & 16 You MUST NOT drive under the influence of drugs or 96 medicine. Check the instructions or ask your doctor or pharmacist. Using illegal drugs is highly dangerous. Never take them if you intend to drive; the effects are unpredictable but can be even more severe than alcohol and may result in fatal or serious road crashes. Law RTO 1995 Art 15 Before setting off. You should ensure that 97 you have planned your route and allowed sufficient time clothing and footwear do not prevent you using the controls in the correct manner you know where all the controls are and how to use them before you need them. Not all vehicles are the same; do not wait until it is too late to find out your mirrors and seat are adjusted correctly to ensure comfort, full control and maximum vision head restraints are properly adjusted to reduce the risk of neck and spine injuries in the event of a collision you have sufficient fuel before commencing your journey, especially if it includes motorway driving. It can be dangerous to lose power when driving in traffic your vehicle is legal and roadworthy you have switched off your mobile phone. Rule 97 Make sure head restraints are properly adjusted 30  Rulesfordriversandmotorcyclists Vehicle towing and loading. As a driver 98 you MUST NOT tow more than your licence permits. If you passed a car test after 1 January 1997 you are restricted on the weight of trailer you can tow you MUST NOT overload your vehicle or trailer. You should not tow a weight greater than that recommended by the manufacturer of your vehicle you MUST secure your load and it MUST NOT stick out dangerously. Make sure any heavy or sharp objects and any animals are secured safely. If there is a collision, they might hit someone inside the vehicle and cause serious injury you should properly distribute the weight in your caravan or trailer, with heavy items mainly over the axle(s) and ensure a downward load on the tow ball. Manufacturers’ recommended weight and tow ball load should not be exceeded. This should avoid the possibility of swerving or snaking and going out of control. If this does happen, ease off the accelerator and reduce speed gently to regain control carrying a load or pulling a trailer may require you to adjust the headlights. In the event of a breakdown, be aware that towing a vehicle on a tow rope is potentially dangerous. You should consider professional recovery. Laws CUR reg 115 & MV(DL)R reg 32 Seat belts and child restraints You MUST wear a seat belt in cars, vans and other 99 goods vehicles if one is fitted (see table below). Adults and children aged 14 years and over MUST use a seatbelt where fitted, when seated in minibuses, buses and coaches. Exemptions are allowed for the holders of medical exemption certificates and those making deliveries and collections in goods vehicles when travelling less than 50 metres (approx. 162 feet). Laws RTO 1995 Arts 23 & 24, RTO 2007 Art 26, MV(WSB)R, MV(WSBCFS)R & MV(WSB)(A)R 31  Seat belt requirements. This table summarises the main legal requirements for wearing seatbelts in cars, vans and other goods vehicles. Who is Front seat Rear seat responsible? Seat belt Driver MUST be Driver worn if fitted Correct child restraint Correct child Child under MUST be used. If one restraint 3 years of is not available in a taxi Driver MUST be age the child may travel used unrestrained Child from Correct child restraint 3rd birthday MUST be used where up to 1.35 seat belts fitted. MUST metres use adult belt if correct (approx 4ft Correct child child restraint is not 5 inches) restraint available in a licensed Driver in height MUST be taxi or private hire (or 12th used vehicle, or for reasons birthday, of unexpected necessity whichever over a short distance, or they reach if two occupied restraints first) prevent fitment of a third Child over Seat belt 1.35 metres MUST Seat belt MUST be worn in height or Driver be worn if if available 12 or 13 available years Adult Seat belt passengers MUST Seat belt MUST be worn Passenger aged 14 and be worn if if available over available The driver MUST ensure that all children under 14 years 100 of age in cars, vans and other goods vehicles wear seat belts or sit in an approved child restraint where required (see table above). If a child is under 1.35 metres (approx 4 feet 5 inches) tall, a baby seat, child seat, booster seat or booster cushion suitable for the child’s weight and fitted to the manufacturer’s instructions MUST be used. Laws RTO 1995 Arts 23 & 24, MV(WSB)R, MV(WSBCFS)R & MV(WSB)(A)R 32  Rulesfordriversandmotorcyclists Rule 100 Make sure that a child uses a suitable restraint which is correctly adjusted A rear-facing baby seat MUST NOT be fitted into a seat 101 protected by an active frontal airbag, as in a crash it can cause serious injury or death to the child. Laws RTO 1995 Arts 23 & 24, MV(WSB)R, MV(WSBCFS)R & MV(WSB)(A)R Children in cars, vans and other goods vehicles. 102 Drivers who are carrying children in cars, vans and other goods vehicles should also ensure that children should get into the vehicle through the door nearest the kerb child restraints are properly fitted to manufacturer’s instructions children do not sit behind the rear seats in an estate car or hatchback, unless a special child seat has been fitted the child safety door locks, where fitted, are used when children are in the vehicle children are kept under control. 33  General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders This section should be read by all drivers, motorcyclists, cyclists and horse riders. The rules in The Highway Code do not give you the right of way in any circumstance, but they do advise you when you should give way to others. Always give way if it can help to avoid an incident. Signals Signals warn and inform other road users, including 103 pedestrians (see page 103) of your intended actions. You should always give clear signals in plenty of time, having checked it is not misleading to signal at that time use them to advise other road users before moving off, changing course or direction or stopping cancel them after use make sure your signals will not confuse others. If, for instance, you want to stop after a side road, do not signal until you are passing the road. If you signal earlier it may give the impression that you intend to turn into the road. Your brake lights will warn traffic behind you that you are slowing down use an arm signal to emphasise or reinforce your signal if necessary. Remember that signalling does not give you priority. You should also 104 watch out for signals given by other road users and proceed only when you are satisfied that it is safe be aware that an indicator on another vehicle may not have been cancelled. 34  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders You MUST obey signals given by police officers and 105 Driver and Vehicle Agency Enforcement Officers (see pages 104–105) and signs used by school crossing patrols. Laws RTRO Art 60, RTO 1995 Arts 49, 75 & 76, & RTO 1981 Arts 180 and 180A Police stopping procedures. If police in a vehicle want 106 to stop your vehicle, they will, where possible, attract your attention by flashing blue lights or headlights or sounding their siren or horn, usually from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and/or using the left indicator. You MUST then pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Then switch off your engine. Law RTO 1981 Art 180 Other stopping procedures Driver and Vehicle Agency Enforcement Officers 107 have powers to stop vehicles on all roads, including motorways. They will attract your attention by flashing amber lights either from the front requesting you to follow them to a safe place to stop or from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and/or using the left indicator. It is an offence not to comply with their directions. You MUST obey any signals given (see page 105). Law RTO 1981 Art 180A Traffic officers have powers to stop vehicles on most 108 motorways and some ‘A’ class roads in England and Wales. If traffic officers in uniform want to stop your vehicle on safety grounds (e.g. an insecure load) they will, where possible, attract your attention by flashing amber lights, usually from behind directing you to pull over to the side of the road by pointing and/or using the left indicator 35  You MUST then pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Then switch off your engine. It is an offence not to comply with their directions. Law RTA 1988 sects 35 & 163 as amended by TMA sect 6 Traffic light signals and traffic signs. You MUST 109 obey all traffic light signals (see page 102) and traffic signs giving orders, including temporary signals and signs (see pages 106–111). Make sure you know, understand and act on all other traffic and information signs and road markings (see pages 106–117) Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & TSR regs 8, 13, 14, 24, 25, 25A, 25B, 26 & 33 Flashing headlights. Only flash your headlights to let 110 other road users know that you are there. Do not flash your headlights to convey any other message or to intimidate other road users. Never assume that flashing headlights is a signal inviting 111 you to proceed. Use your own judgement and proceed carefully. The horn. Use only while your vehicle is moving and you 112 need to warn other road users of your presence. Never sound your horn aggressively. You MUST NOT use your horn while stationary on the road when driving in a built-up area between the hours of 11.30 pm and 7.00 am except when another road user poses a danger. Law CUR reg 114 36  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Lighting requirements You MUST 113 ensure all sidelights and rear registration plate lights are lit between sunset and sunrise use headlights at night use headlights when visibility is seriously reduced (see Rule 226). Night (the hours of darkness) is defined as the period between half an hour after sunset and half an hour before sunrise. Laws RVLR regs 2, 27 & 28, & RV(DRM)R reg 9 You MUST NOT 114 use any lights in a way that would dazzle or cause discomfort to other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders use front or rear fog lights unless visibility is seriously reduced. You MUST switch them off when visibility improves to avoid dazzling other road users (see Rule 226). In stationary queues of traffic, drivers should apply the parking brake and, once the following traffic has stopped, take their foot off the footbrake to deactivate the vehicle brake lights. This will minimise glare to road users behind until the traffic moves again. Law RVLR reg 30 You should also 115 use dipped headlights in dull daytime weather, to ensure that you can be seen keep your headlights dipped when you are overtaking until you are level with the other vehicle and then change to main beam if necessary, unless this would dazzle oncoming road users 37  slow down, and if necessary stop, if dazzled by oncoming headlights. Law RVLR reg 30 Hazard warning lights. These may be used when 116 your vehicle is stationary, to warn that it is temporarily obstructing traffic. Never use them as an excuse for dangerous or illegal parking. You MUST NOT use hazard warning lights while driving or being towed unless you are on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway and you need to warn drivers behind you of a hazard or obstruction ahead. Only use them for long enough to ensure that your warning has been observed. Law RVLR reg 30 Control of the vehicle Braking In normal circumstances. The safest way to brake is to 117 do so early and lightly. Brake more firmly as you begin to stop. Ease the pressure off just as the vehicle comes to rest to avoid a jerky stop. In an emergency. Brake immediately. Try to avoid 118 braking so harshly that you lock your wheels. Locked wheels can lead to loss of control. Skids. Skidding is usually caused by the driver braking, 119 accelerating or steering too harshly or driving too fast for the road conditions. If skidding occurs, remove the cause by releasing the brake pedal fully or easing off the accelerator. Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. For example, if the rear of the vehicle skids to the right, steer immediately to the right to recover. 38  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Rule 119 Rear of the car skids to the right. Driver steers to the right ABS. If your vehicle is fitted with anti-lock brakes, you 120 should follow the advice given in the vehicle handbook. However in the case of an emergency, apply the footbrake firmly; do not release the pressure until the vehicle has slowed to the desired speed. The ABS should ensure that steering control will be retained, but do not assume that a vehicle with ABS will stop in a shorter distance. Brakes affected by water. If you have driven through 121 deep water your brakes may be less effective. Test them at the first safe opportunity by gently pushing on the brake pedal to make sure that they work. If they are not fully effective, gently apply light pressure while driving slowly. This will help to dry them out. Coasting. This term describes a vehicle travelling in 122 neutral or with the clutch pressed down. It can reduce driver control because engine braking is eliminated vehicle speed downhill will increase quickly increased use of the footbrake can reduce its effectiveness steering response will be affected, particularly on bends and corners it may be more difficult to select the appropriate gear when needed. The vehicle is also less likely to be heard by other road users. 39  The Driver and the Environment. You MUST NOT 123 leave a parked vehicle unattended with the engine running or leave a vehicle engine running unnecessarily while that vehicle is stationary on a public road. Generally, if the vehicle is stationary and likely to remain so for more than a couple of minutes you should apply the parking brake and switch off the engine to reduce emissions and noise pollution. However, it is permissible to leave the engine running if the vehicle is stationary in traffic or for diagnosing faults. Law CUR regs 113 & 123 Speed limits Built-up areas* Single carriage- ways Dual carriage- ways Motorways mph mph mph mph Type of vehicle (km/h) (km/h) (km/h) (km/h) Cars & motorcycles 30 (48) 60 (96) 70 (112) 70 (112) (including car-derived vans up to 2 tonnes maximum laden weight) Cars towing caravans or trailers 30 (48) 50 (80) 60 (96) 60 (96) (including car-derived vans and motorcycles) Buses, coaches and minibuses 30 (48) 50 (80) 60 (96) 70 (112) (not exceeding 12 metres in overall length) 30 50 60 70 † Goods vehicles (not exceeding 7.5 tonnes (48) (80) (96) (112) maximum laden weight) Goods vehicles 30 40 50 60 (exceeding 7.5 tonnes maximum (48) (64) (80) (96) laden weight) * The 30 mph limit usually applies to all traffic on all roads with street lighting unless signs show otherwise. † 60 mph (96 km/h) if articulated or towing a trailer. 40  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Speed limits You MUST NOT exceed the maximum speed limits 124 for the road and for your vehicle (see the table on page 40). The presence of street lights generally means that there is a 30 mph (48 km/h) speed limit unless otherwise specified. Laws RTRO Arts 36, 39 & 43, & MV(SL)R The speed limit is the absolute maximum and does not 125 mean that it is safe to drive at that speed irrespective of the conditions. Driving at speeds too fast for the road and driving conditions can be dangerous. You should always reduce your speed when the road layout or condition presents hazards such as bends sharing the road with pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders, particularly children and motorcyclists weather conditions make it safer to do so driving at night, as it is more difficult to see other road users. Rule 126 Use a fixed point to help measure a two-second gap Stopping distances. Drive at a speed that will allow you 126 to stop well within the distance you can see to be clear. You should leave enough space between you and the vehicle in front so that you can pull up safely if it suddenly slows down or stops. The safe rule is to never get closer than 41 Typical stopping distances 20 mph = 12 metres (40 feet) (32 km/h) 6m 6m or three car lengths 30 mph = 23 metres (75 feet) (48 km/h) 9m 14 m or six car lengths 40 mph = 36 metres (118 feet) (64 km/h) 12 m 24 m or nine car lengths 50 mph (80 km/h) 15 m 38 m 60 mph (96 km/h) 18 m 55 m 70 mph (112 km/h) 21 m the overall stopping distance (see the Typical Stopping Distances diagram shown above) allow at least a two-second gap between you and the vehicle in front on roads carrying fast-moving traffic and in tunnels where visibility is reduced. The gap should be at least doubled on wet roads and increased still further on icy roads remember large vehicles and motorcycles need a greater distance to stop. If driving a large vehicle in a tunnel, you should allow a four-second gap between you and the vehicle in front. If you have to stop in a tunnel, leave at least a 5-metre gap between you and the vehicle in front. What parts of your vehicle must you keep clear of snow? Turn to rule 229 (page 77) 42  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders The distances shown are a general guide. The distance will depend on your attention (thinking distance), the road surface, the weather conditions and the condition of your vehicle at the time. Thinking Distance Braking Distance Average car length = 4 metres (13 feet) = 53 metres (175 feet) or thirteen car lengths = 73 metres (240 feet) or eighteen car lengths = 96 metres (315 feet) 75 m or twenty-four car lengths Lines and lane markings on the road Diagrams of all lines are shown on page 114. A broken white line. This marks the centre of the road. 127 When this line lengthens and the gaps shorten, it means that there is a hazard ahead. Do not cross it unless you can see the road is clear and wish to overtake or turn off. Double white lines where the line nearest to you is 128 broken. This means you may cross the lines to overtake if it is safe, provided you can complete the manoeuvre before reaching a solid white line on your side. White direction arrows on the road indicate that you need to get back onto your side of the road. Double white lines where the line nearest you is 129 solid. This means you MUST NOT cross or straddle it unless it is safe and you need to enter adjoining premises or a side road. You may cross the line if necessary, provided the road is clear, to pass a stationary vehicle, or overtake a pedal cycle, horse or road maintenance vehicle, if they are travelling at 10 mph (16 km/h) or less. Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & TSR reg 25 43  Areas of white diagonal stripes or chevrons painted 130 on the road. These are to separate traffic lanes or to protect traffic turning right. If the area is bordered by a broken white line, you should not enter the area unless it is necessary and you can see that it is safe to do so If the area is marked by chevrons and bordered by solid white lines, you MUST NOT enter it, except in an emergency Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & TSR reg 8 Lane dividers. These are short broken white lines which 131 are used on wide carriageways to divide them into lanes. You should keep between them. Rule 132 Reflective road studs mark the lanes and edges of the carriageway Reflective road studs may be used with white lines 132 White studs mark the lanes or the middle of the road Red studs mark the left edge of the road Amber studs mark the central reservation of a dual carriageway or motorway. Green studs mark the edge of the main carriageway at lay-bys and slip roads Green/yellow studs indicate temporary adjustments to lane layouts e.g. where road works are taking place. 44  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Multi-lane carriageways Lane discipline If you need to change lane, first use your mirrors and if 133 necessary take a quick sideways glance to make sure you will not force another road user to change course or speed. When it safe to do so, signal to indicate your intentions to other road users and when clear move over. You should follow the signs and road markings and get 134 into the lane as directed. In congested road conditions do not change lanes unnecessarily. Merging in turn is recommended but only safe and appropriate when vehicles are travelling at very low speed, e.g. when approaching road works or a road traffic incident. It is not recommended at high speed. Single carriageway Where a single carriageway has three lanes and the road 135 markings or signs do not give priority to traffic in either direction use the middle lane only for overtaking or turning right. Remember, you have no more right to use the middle lane than a driver coming from the opposite direction do not use the right-hand lane. Where a single carriageway has four or more lanes, use 136 only the lanes that signs or markings indicate. Dual carriageways A dual carriageway is a road which has a central reservation to separate the carriageways. On a two-lane dual carriageway you should stay in the 137 left-hand lane. Use the right-hand lane for overtaking or turning right. After overtaking, move back to the left-hand lane when it is safe to do so. 45  On a three-lane dual carriageway, you may use the 138 middle lane or the right-hand lane to overtake but return to the middle and then the left-hand lane when it is safe. Climbing and crawler lanes. These are provided on 139 some hills. Use this lane if you are driving a slow-moving vehicle or if there are vehicles behind you wishing to overtake. Be aware of the signs and markings which indicate the lane is about to end. Cycle lanes. These are shown by road markings and 140 signs. You MUST NOT drive or park in a cycle lane marked by a solid white line during its time of operation. Do not drive or park in a cycle lane marked by a broken white line unless it is unavoidable. You MUST NOT park in any cycle lane whilst waiting restrictions apply. Law RTRO Art 4(5) Bus lanes. These are shown by road markings and signs 141 that indicate which (if any) other vehicles are permitted to use the bus lane, and the times of operation. Unless otherwise indicated, you MUST NOT drive or ride in a bus lane during its period of operation. Law RTRO Art 4(1, 2 & 3) High occupancy vehicle lanes (Great Britain only) 142 and other designated vehicle lanes. Lanes may be restricted for use by particular types of vehicle; these restrictions may apply some or all of the time. The operating times and vehicle types will be indicated on the accompanying traffic signs. You MUST NOT drive in such lanes during their times of operation unless signs indicate your vehicle is permitted. (see page 112). Vehicles permitted to use designated lanes may or may not include cycles, buses, taxis, licensed private hire vehicles, motorcycles, heavy goods vehicles (HGVs), and high occupancy vehicles (HOVs). 46  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Where HOV lanes are in operation, they MUST only be used by vehicles containing at least the minimum number of people indicated on the traffic signs any other vehicles, such as buses and motorcycles, as indicated on signs prior to the start of the lane, irrespective of the number of occupants. Law RTRO Art 4(5) One-way streets. Traffic MUST travel in the direction 143 indicated by signs. Buses and/or cycles may have a contraflow lane. Choose the correct lane for your exit as soon as you can. Do not change lanes suddenly. Unless road signs or markings indicate otherwise, you should use the left-hand lane when going left the right-hand lane when going right the most appropriate lane when going straight ahead. Remember, traffic could be passing on both sides. Laws RTO 1995 Art 50 & RTRO Arts 4(5) & 5(9) General advice You MUST NOT 144 drive dangerously drive without due care and attention drive without reasonable consideration for other road users. Law RTO 1995 Arts 10 & 12 You MUST NOT drive on or over a footway or footpath 145 except to gain lawful access to property, or in the case of an emergency. Law RTRO Art 3 47  Adapt your driving to the appropriate type and 146 condition of the road you are on. In particular do not treat speed limits as a target. It is often not appropriate or safe to drive at the maximum speed limit take the road and traffic conditions into account. Be prepared for unexpected or difficult situations, for example the road being blocked beyond a blind bend. Be prepared to adjust your speed as a precaution where there are junctions, be prepared for road users emerging in side roads and country lanes look out for unmarked junctions where nobody has priority be prepared to stop at traffic control systems, road works, pedestrian crossings or traffic lights as necessary try to anticipate what cyclists or pedestrians might do. If pedestrians, particularly children, are looking the other way, they may step out into the road without seeing you. Be considerate. Be careful and considerate towards 147 other road users, especially those requiring extra care (see Rule 204). You MUST NOT throw anything out of a vehicle; for example, food or food packaging, cigarette ends, cans, paper or carrier bags. This can endanger other road users, particularly motorcyclists and cyclists. Try to be understanding if other road users cause problems; they may be inexperienced or not know the area well. Be patient; remember that anyone can make a mistake. Do not allow yourself to become agitated or involved if someone is behaving badly on the road. This will only make the situation worse. Pull over, calm down and, when you feel relaxed, continue your journey. Slow down and hold back if a road user pulls out into your path at a junction. Allow them to get clear. Do not over-react by driving too close behind to intimidate them. Law LO 48  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Safe driving and riding needs concentration. Avoid 148 distractions when driving such as loud music (this may mask other sounds) trying to read maps starting or adjusting any music or radio arguing with your passengers or other road users eating and drinking smoking You MUST NOT smoke in public transport vehicles or in vehicles used for work purposes in certain prescribed circumstances. Laws SO & SF(EVPDA)R reg 12(1) Mobile phones and in-vehicle technology You MUST exercise proper control of your vehicle at all 149 times. You MUST NOT use a hand-held mobile phone, or similar device, when driving or when supervising a learner driver, except to call 999 or 112 in a genuine emergency when it is unsafe or impractical to stop. Never use a hand-held microphone when driving. Using hands-free equipment is also likely to distract your attention from the road. It is far safer not to use any telephone while you are driving or riding - find a safe place to stop first or use the voicemail facility and listen to messages later. Laws RTO 1995 Arts 10, 12 & 56A, & CUR regs 120 & 125A There is a danger of driver distraction being caused by 150 in-vehicle systems such as satellite navigation systems, congestion warning systems, PCs, multimedia, etc. You MUST exercise proper control of your vehicle at all times. Do not rely on driver assistance programs such as cruise control or lane departure warnings. They are available to assist but you should not reduce your concentration levels. Do not be distracted by maps or screen-based information (such as navigation or vehicle management systems) while driving or riding. If necessary find a safe place to stop. Laws RTO 1995 Arts 10 & 12, & CUR reg 120 49  Rule 151 Do not block access to a side road In slow-moving traffic. You should 151 reduce the distance between you and the vehicle ahead to maintain traffic flow never get so close to the vehicle in front that you cannot stop safely leave enough space to be able to manoeuvre if the vehicle in front breaks down or an emergency vehicle needs to get past not change lanes to the left to overtake allow access into and from side roads, as blocking these will add to congestion be aware of cyclists and motorcyclists who may be passing on either side. Driving in built-up areas Residential streets. You should drive slowly and 152 carefully on streets where there are likely to be pedestrians, cyclists and parked vehicles. In some areas a 20 mph (32 km/h) maximum speed limit may be in force. Look out for vehicles emerging from junctions or driveways vehicles moving off vehicle doors opening pedestrians children running out from between parked vehicles cyclists and motorcyclists. 50  Generalrules,techniquesandadviceforalldriversandriders Traffic calming measures. On some roads there are 153 features such as road humps, chicanes and narrowings which are intended to slow you down. When you approach these features reduce your speed. Allow cyclists and motorcyclists room to pass through them. Maintain a reduced speed along the whole of the stretch of road within the calming measures. Give way to oncoming road users if directed to do so by signs. You should not overtake other moving road users while in these areas. Rule 153 Chicanes may be used to slow traffic down Country roads Take extra care on country roads and reduce your speed 154 at approaches to bends, which can be sharper than they appear, and at junctions and turnings, which may be partially hidden. Be prepared for pedestrians, horse riders, cyclists, slow moving farm vehicles or mud on the road surface. Make sure you can stop within the distance you can see to be clear. You should also reduce your speed where country roads enter villages. When can you use a mobile phone in your car? Turn to rule 149 (page 49) 51  Single-track roads. These are only wide enough for one 155 vehicle. They may have special passing places. If you see a vehicle coming towards you, or the driver behind wants to overtake, pull into a passing place on your left, or wait opposite a passing place on your right. Give way to road users coming up hill whenever you can. If necessary reverse until you reach a passing place to let the other road user pass. Slow down when passing pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders. Do not park in passing places. 156 Vehicles prohibited from using roads, footways and footpaths Certain motorised vehicles do not meet the construction 157 and technical requirements for road vehicles and are generally not intended, not suitable and not legal for road, footway, footpath or cycle path use. These include most types of miniature motorcycles, also called mini motos, and motorised scooters also called gopeds, which are powered by electric or internal combustion engines. These types of vehicles MUST NOT be used on roads, footways or footpaths. Law RTO 1995 Arts 48, 56, 58, 63 & 72 Certain models of motorcycles, motor tricycles and 158 quadricycles, also called quad bikes, are suitable only for off-road use and do not meet the legal standards for use on roads. Vehicles that do not meet these standards MUST NOT be used on roads. They MUST NOT be used on footways, footpaths or cycle paths either. You MUST make sure that any motorcycle, motor tricycle, quadricycles or any other motor vehicle meets legal standards and is properly registered, taxed and insured before using it on the roads. Even when registered, taxed and insured for the road, vehicles MUST NOT be used on footways or footpaths. Laws RTO 1995 Arts 48, 56, 63 & 72, & VERA sects 1, 29, 31A & 43A 52  Usingtheroad Using the road General rules Before moving off you should 159 use all mirrors to check the road is clear look round to check the blind spots (the areas you are unable to see in the mirrors) signal if necessary before moving out look round for a final check. Move off only when it is safe to do so. Rule 159 Check the blind spot before moving off Once moving you should 160 keep to the left, unless road signs or markings indicate otherwise. The exceptions are when you want to overtake, turn right or pass parked vehicles or pedestrians in the road keep well to the left on right-hand bends. This will improve your view of the road and help avoid the risk of colliding with traffic approaching from the opposite direction drive or ride with both hands on the wheel or handlebars, where possible. This will help you to remain in full control of the vehicle at all times 53  be aware of other vehicles especially cycles and motorcycles that may be filtering through traffic. These are more difficult to see than larger vehicles and their riders are particularly vulnerable. Give them plenty of room especially if you are driving a long vehicle or towing a trailer select a lower gear before you reach a long downhill slope. This will help to control your speed when towing, remember the extra length will affect overtaking and manoeuvring. The extra weight will also affect the braking and acceleration. Mirrors. All mirrors should be used effectively throughout 161 your journey. You should use your mirrors frequently so that you always know what is behind and to each side of you use them in good time before you signal or change direction or speed be aware that mirrors do not cover all areas and that there will be blind spots. You will need to look round and check. Remember: Mirrors–Signal–Manoeuvre Overtaking Before overtaking you should make sure 162 the road is sufficiently clear ahead road users are not beginning to overtake you there is a suitable gap in front of the road user you plan to overtake. Overtake only when it is safe and legal to do so. You 163 should not get too close to the vehicle you intend to overtake use your mirrors, signal when it is safe to do so, take a quick sideways glance if necessary into the blind spot area and then start to move out 54  Usingtheroad not assume you can simply follow a vehicle ahead which is overtaking; there may only be enough room for one vehicle move quickly past the vehicle you are overtaking, once you have started to overtake. Allow plenty of room. Move back to the left as soon as you can but do not cut in Rule 163 Give vulnerable road users at least as much space as you would a car take extra care at night and in poor visibility when it is harder to judge speed and distance give way to oncoming vehicles before passing parked vehicles or other obstructions on your side of the road only overtake on the left if the vehicle in front is signalling to turn right, and there is room to do so stay in your lane if traffic is moving slowly in queues. If the queue on your right is moving more slowly than you are, you may pass on the left give motorcyclists, cyclists and horse riders at least as much room as you would when overtaking a car (see Rules 211–215). Remember: Mirrors–Signal–Manoeuvre 55  Large vehicles. Overtaking these is more difficult. 164 You should drop back. This will increase your ability to see ahead and should allow the drivers of large vehicles to see you in their mirrors. Getting too close to large vehicles, including agricultural vehicles such as a tractor with a trailer or other fixed equipment, will obscure your view of the road ahead and there may be another slow moving vehicle in front Rule 164 Do not cut in too quickly make sure that you have enough room to complete your overtaking manoeuvre before committing yourself. It takes longer to pass a large vehicle. If in doubt, do not overtake not assume you can follow a vehicle ahead which is overtaking a long vehicle. If a problem develops, they may abort overtaking and pull back in. You MUST NOT overtake 165 if you have to cross or straddle double white lines with a solid line nearest to y