The Kinetic Particle Theory of Matter PDF

Content Outline 3RD QUARTER Recitation Frequencies & Points 1-15 = 6 points 16-20 = 7 points 21- 25 = 8 points 26-30 = 9 points 31+ = 10 points  The Kinetic Particle Theory States & Properties of Matter Mr. Norle A. Bajado  Tod...

Content Outline 3RD QUARTER Recitation Frequencies & Points 1-15 = 6 points 16-20 = 7 points 21- 25 = 8 points 26-30 = 9 points 31+ = 10 points  The Kinetic Particle Theory States & Properties of Matter Mr. Norle A. Bajado  Today’s Goals 1. Describe the main assumptions of the kinetic particle theory and how it explains the behavior of matter in different states; 2. Identify the scientists and their contributions to the development of the Kinetic Particle Theory; and 3. Differentiate the characteristics of solids, liquids, gases, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein Condensate based on particle arrangement, movement, energy, etc. INFER DESCRIBE  DIFFUSION OF FOOD DYE IN WARM, HOT, AND COLD WATER What happens immediately after you add the food coloring to each glass?  DIFFUSION OF FOOD DYE IN WARM, HOT, AND COLD WATER Compare the rate of diffusion (spreading) in the cold water versus the warm water versus the hot water. What differences do you observe?  DIFFUSION OF FOOD DYE IN WARM, HOT, AND COLD WATER Based on your observations, how does the temperature of the water affect the rate of diffusion of the food coloring?  DIFFUSION OF FOOD DYE IN WARM, HOT, AND COLD WATER What is happening to the dye at the microscopic level that we cannot see?  DIFFUSION OF FOOD DYE IN WARM, HOT, AND COLD WATER How can the Kinetic Particle Theory explain your observations of the dye in water at varying temperatures? DEFINITION The Kinetic Particle Theory The Kinetic Particle Theory states that matter is made of tiny particles that are in constant, random motion. DEFINITION The Kinetic Particle Theory It describes the relationship between the energy of particles, the physical properties of solids, liquids, gases, and plasma, and the changes they undergo.  01 Main Assumptions of the Kinetic Particle Theory “What are the key assumptions of the kinetic particle theory, and what does it aim to explain about the behavior of matter?” MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 1 Matter Is Composed Of Tiny Particles ATOMS MOLECULES IONS MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 2 These Particles Are In Constant, Random Motion BROWNIAN MOTION Vibrational Rotational Translational  These Particles Are In Constant, Random Motion Example: BROWNIAN MOTION (POLLEN GRAIN)  These Particles Are In Constant, Random Motion Example: BROWNIAN MOTION (SMOKE CELL) MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 3 There Are Spaces Between Particles COMPRESSIBILITY Virtually Nearly Highly Compressible incompressible incompressible Compressible  There Are Spaces Between Particles Example: COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 4 There Are Forces Of Attraction Between Particles Intermolecular Forces (or Interatomic Forces)  There Are Forces Of Attraction Between Particles Example: SURFACE TENSION  There Are Forces Of Attraction Between Particles Example: SURFACE TENSION MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 5 The Kinetic Energy Of Particles Increases With Temperature Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion. “As temperature increases, particles move faster and possess more kinetic energy.”  02 Scientists and Their Contributions “Who are the scientists involved in the Kinetic Particle Theory, and what were their contributions?” Democritus (c. 460–370 BCE) ❏ Proposed the first philosophical concept of atomos (indivisible particles). ❏ Foundation for the idea of discrete matter. Daniel Bernoulli (1738) ❏ In his book Hydrodynamica, he suggested that gases are made up of tiny particles in constant motion. ❏ The gas pressure is caused by these particles colliding with the walls of a container. John Dalton (1803) ❏ Developed the modern atomic theory. ❏ Atomic theory provided a more quantitative and scientific basis for understanding matter. Ludwig Boltzmann ❏ Further developed the (1870s) kinetic theory. ❏ He connected it to thermodynamics, providing interpretation of entropy. Albert Einstein (1905) ❏ Explained Brownian motion. ❏ Brownian motion provided a strong experimental evidence for the existence of atoms and molecules. ❏  02 Scientists and Their Contributions “Who are the scientists involved in the Kinetic Particle Theory, and what were their contributions?”  03 States of Matter and the Kinetic Particle Theory How does the kinetic particle theory explain the motion of particles in solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)? The kinetic particle theory explains the motion of particles in different states of matter based on these 8 characteristics: 1. Particle Arrangement 5. Compressibility 2. Particle Movement 6. Density 3. Interparticle Forces 7. Shape 4. Kinetic Energy 8. Volume  ❏ PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT SOLIDS ❏ Highly ordered, fixed lattice structure ❏ PARTICLE MOVEMENT ❏ Vibrations; fixed positions ❏ INTERPARTICLE FORCES ❏ Very strong ❏ KINETIC ENERGY ❏ Low ❏ COMPRESSIBILITY ❏ Virtually incompressible ❏ DENSITY ❏ High compared to other phases ❏ SHAPE ❏ Definite, fixed shape ❏ VOLUME ❏ Definite, fixed volume EXAMPLES ice, rock, salt Lattice Structure In a crystal lattice, each atom, molecule, or ion is represented by a lattice point. these points are joined by straight lines, forming a 3D arrangement called the Crystal Lattice or Bravais Lattice, which shows the structure of the material. LIQUIDS ❏ PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT ❏ Disordered; close together but can move past each other ❏ PARTICLE MOVEMENT ❏ Random, slide past each other ❏ INTERPARTICLE FORCES ❏ Moderate ❏ KINETIC ENERGY ❏ Medium ❏ COMPRESSIBILITY ❏ Nearly incompressible ❏ DENSITY ❏ Slightly lower than solids but higher than gases ❏ SHAPE ❏ Takes the shape of the container ❏ VOLUME ❏ Definite, fixed volume  EXAMPLES water, oil, alcohol GASES ❏ PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT ❏ Highly disordered; particles widely spaced ❏ PARTICLE MOVEMENT ❏ Rapid, random motion, independent ❏ INTERPARTICLE FORCES ❏ Very weak (almost negligible) ❏ KINETIC ENERGY ❏ High ❏ COMPRESSIBILITY ❏ Highly compressible ❏ DENSITY ❏ Extremely low compared to solids and liquids ❏ SHAPE ❏ Takes the shape of the container ❏ VOLUME ❏ No fixed volume, fills the container  EXAMPLES air, oxygen, helium PLASMAS ❏ PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT ❏ Highly disordered, free ions and electrons, no specific arrangement ❏ PARTICLE MOVEMENT ❏ Extremely rapid, random motion ❏ INTERPARTICLE FORCES ❏ Negligible ❏ KINETIC ENERGY ❏ High ❏ COMPRESSIBILITY ❏ Very high, enough to ionize atoms ❏ DENSITY ❏ Varies greatly, depending on the environment ❏ SHAPE ❏ No fixed shape ❏ VOLUME ❏ No fixed volume  EXAMPLES lightning, stars, neon signs, plasma TVs Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis GREEN The most common color, caused by oxygen molecules at lower altitudes (around 100 km). RED A rarer color, produced by oxygen molecules at higher altitudes (above 200 km). PURPLE/VIOLET Caused by nitrogen molecules , often seen at the edges of auroras. BLUE Also due to nitrogen molecules , typically at lower altitudes.  BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC) A Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that forms when a group of bosons (e.g.photon) is cooled to a temperature near absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15°C). The concept was theorized by Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924.  BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC) The first BEC was experimentally created in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman, using rubidium atoms. Applications: BECs are important for studying quantum mechanics, superfluidity, and developing advanced technologies like quantum computing and precision measurements. BOSE-EINSTEIN ❏ PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT ❏ Extremely ordered, particles occupy the CONDENSATES same quantum state ❏ PARTICLE MOVEMENT (BEC) ❏ Minimal motion, particles behave as a single quantum entity ❏ INTERPARTICLE FORCES ❏ Extremely strong ❏ KINETIC ENERGY ❏ Extremely low, near absolute zero ❏ COMPRESSIBILITY ❏ Virtually incompressible ❏ DENSITY ❏ Very low, often comparable to gas densities ❏ SHAPE ❏ Definite shape ❏ VOLUME ❏ Definite volume  EXAMPLES Rb supercooled rubidium atoms, Bose-Einstein condensates in laboratories  04 Properties of Matter What properties are used to describe matter?  Physical Physicaland Chemical Properties Chemical Properties Properties These are characteristics of a These describe how a substance that can be substance interacts with other observed or measured without substances or undergoes changing its chemical chemical changes to form new composition. substances. Key Point: Observing Key Point: Observing physical properties does not chemical properties involve a chemical change. requires the substance to undergo a chemical transformation. Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance LORCO COLOR The hue or shade of the substance (e.g., gold is yellow, copper is reddish-brown). Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance SIDETYN DENSITY The mass per unit volume of a substance, which remains constant regardless of the sample size. Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance EMINGLT PNTOI MELTING POINT The temperatures at which a substance changes from solid to liquid (melting). Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance ILBOGIN OIPNT BOILING POINT The temperatures at which a substance changes from liquid to gas (boiling). Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance BISOTYLULI SOLUBILITY The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent like water. Examples of Physical Properties That Can Be Observed Without Changing the Substance TASTE FO TERMAT STATE OF MATTER Whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas at a given temperature.  Intensive and Extensive Properties Physical properties can further be classified as either Intensiveintensive or extensive: Extensive Properties Properties These do not depend on the These depend on the amount amount of substance present. of substance present and They are intrinsic to the change as the sample size material itself. changes. DENSITY MASS COLOR BOILING POINT TOTAL ENERGY HEAT CAPACITY LENGTH TEMPERATURE HARDNESS  How Chemical Properties Become Evident Chemical properties are observable only when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, which leads to the formation of new substances. COMBUSTION  How Chemical Properties Become Evident REACTIVITY  How Chemical Properties Become Evident OXIDATION  05 Changes in Matter What are the changes that matter undergoes?  Physical Change and Chemical Change The difference between a physical reaction and a chemical reaction is composition. Physical Change Chemical Change In a physical change there is In a chemical reaction, a difference in the there is a change in the appearance, smell, or simple composition of the display of a sample of matter without a change in substances in question. composition.  Physical Changes Do Not Make A New Physical changesSubstance. come in many forms. A physical change is usually easy to reverse the change. ALL physical changes that involve change from one state to another is reversible.  Chemical Changes Make New Substances Anytime a new substance is made, a chemical change or chemical reaction takes place. A chemical change can produce amazing explosions, like fireworks or a more difficult to spot, like when a nail rusts. Flammability VS Burning  Observation Is it a chemical or physical change? Digesting a chocolate bar Cigarette being smoked Bread dough rises when yeast is added Charcoal burns in a grill Ripening of avocado Increasing pressure in a tire Burning of candle Condensation of water vapor  Obrigado! Você tem alguma pergunta? [email protected] +91 620 421 838 seusite.com CRÉDITOS: este modelo de apresentação foi criado pelo Slidesgo, e inclui ícones do Flaticon e infográficos e imagens da Freepik Por favor, mantenha este slide para atribuição