War of 1812 Past Paper PDF

The War of 1812 Guide to Reading Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn Beginning in 1812 the United States Taking Notes As you read the sec- how the Briti...

The War of 1812 Guide to Reading Main Idea Reading Strategy Read to Learn Beginning in 1812 the United States Taking Notes As you read the sec- how the British seized and set fire was at war with Britain. Fighting took tion, re-create the diagram below and to Washington, D.C. place in the United States, in Canada, in the boxes describe each battle’s why Andrew Jackson fought a bat- and at sea. outcome. tle after the war was over. Key Terms Battle Outcome Section Theme frigate, privateer Lake Erie Government and Democracy The Washington, D.C. end of the War of 1812 produced a New Orleans new spirit of nationalism. Preview of Events ✦1812 ✦1813 ✦1814 ✦1815 June 1812 September 1813 August 1814 January 1815 United States declares Perry defeats the British The British burn American forces win the war on Britain navy on Lake Erie Washington, D.C. Battle of New Orleans While President Madison awarded peace medals to Native Americans who supported the United States against the British, Congressional War Hawks could be heard singing: Ye Parliaments of England, You’re now at war with Yankees, Ye lords and commons, too, And I’m sure you’ll rue the day Consider well what you’re about, Ye roused the sons of liberty, And what you’re goin’ to do; In North Americay. Madison peace medal War Begins Despite their swaggering songs, the War Hawks did not achieve the quick victory they boldly predicted. The Americans committed a series of blunders that showed how unprepared they were for war. The regular army now con- sisted of fewer than 7,000 troops. The states had between 50,000 and 100,000 militia, but the units were poorly trained, and many states opposed “Mr. Madi- son’s war.” The military commanders, veterans of the American Revolution, were too old for warfare, and the government in Washington provided no lead- ership. The Americans also underestimated the strength of the British and their Native American allies. 296 CHAPTER 9 The Jefferson Era  The war started in July 1812, when General With Lake Erie in American hands, the British William Hull led the American army from and their Native American allies tried to pull back Detroit into Canada. Hull was met by Tecumseh from the Detroit area. Harrison and his troops cut and his warriors. Fearing a massacre by the them off. In the fierce Battle of the Thames on Native Americans, Hull surrendered Detroit to a October 5, the great leader Tecumseh was killed. small British force in August. Another attempt The Americans also attacked the town of York by General William Henry Harrison was unsuc- (present-day Toronto, Canada), burning the par- cessful as well. Harrison decided that the Amer- liament buildings. Canada remained uncon- icans could make no headway in Canada as long quered, but by the end of 1813 the Americans as the British controlled Lake Erie. had won some victories on land and at sea. To lower the national debt, the Republicans Naval Battles had reduced the size of the navy. However, the Oliver Hazard Perry, commander of the Lake navy still boasted three of the fastest frigates, or Erie naval forces, had his orders. He was to warships, afloat. Americans exulted when the assemble a fleet and seize the lake from the Constitution, one of these frigates, destroyed two British. From his headquarters in Put-in-Bay, British vessels—the Guerrière in August 1812 and Ohio, Perry could watch the movements of the the Java four months later. After seeing a shot enemy ships. The showdown came on Septem- bounce off the Constitution’s hull during battle, a ber 10, 1813, when the British ships sailed out to sailor nicknamed the ship “Old Ironsides.” face the Americans. In the bloody battle that fol- American privateers, armed private ships, lowed, Perry and his ships defeated the British also staged spectacular attacks on British ships naval force. After the battle, Perry sent General and captured numerous vessels. These victories William Henry Harrison the message, “We have were more important for morale than for their met the enemy and they are ours.” strategic value. Analyzing Political Cartoons The cartoon shows Brother Jonathan forcing John Bull to drink a tankard of American medicine. Brother Jonathan was used to represent Americans in many cartoons, beginning with the American Revolution. Why is the name “Perry” on the tankard? A B A John Bull represents Britain B Brother Jonathan represents the United States CHAPTER 9 The Jefferson Era 297  Setbacks for Native Americans The British Offensive With the death of Tecumseh in 1813, hopes for British fortunes improved in the spring of a Native American confederation died. In his 1814. They had been fighting a war with travels two years before his death, Tecumseh Napoleon and had won. Now they could send had discussed plans for a confederation with the more forces to America. Creeks in the Mississippi Territory. In March 1814, a lanky Tennessee planter Attack on Washington, D.C. named Andrew Jackson attacked the Creeks. In August 1814, the British sailed into Chesa- Jackson’s forces slaughtered more than 550 of peake Bay. Their destination was Washington, the Creek people. Known as the Battle of Horse- D.C. On the outskirts of Washington, D.C., the shoe Bend, the defeat broke the Creeks’ resist- British troops quickly overpowered the Ameri- ance and forced them to give up most of their can militia and then marched into the city. “They lands to the United States. proceeded, without a moment’s delay, to burn and destroy everything in the most distant Evaluating Do you think the United degree connected with government,” reported a States was prepared to wage war? Explain. British officer. In The War of 1812 Motion Lake MAINE R. Superior Montreal ce (Mass.) en IND. CANADA wr La TERR. La k Lake 0 300 miles. St n York 5 Champlain e ga H (Toronto) VT. 0 300 kilometers chi uro a ri o N.H. Albers Conic Equal-Area projection Lak e Mi MICH. e Ont n ILL. Lak TERR. TERR. Ft. Niagara MASS. 3 N.Y. Ft. Detroit 1 The British navy blockades R.I. 40°N the coast, 1812 Ft. Dearborn Lake Erie 2 PA. CONN. sh R. N.J. N 2 Perry defeats the British on aba Ft. McHenry Baltimore Fort W Lake Erie, 1813 E IND. W American forces OHIO DEL. S TERR. 4 3 Harrison defeats British and R. Washington, D.C. MD. io Native American forces at British forces Oh Chesapeake the Battle of Thames, 1813 VA. KY. Bay ATlantic American victory OCEaN 4 The British burn Washington, D.C. Americans recapture the R. British victory TENN. N.C. city and defeat the British ppi at Ft. McHenry, 1814 s si 1 s si British naval Mi 70°W blockade 5 Americans win the Battle of Horseshoe S.C. Lake Champlain, 1814 Bend GA. 6 Jackson defeats the British MISS. at New Orleans, 1815 TERR. LA. Pensacola 6 New Orleans FLA. (Spanish) 1. Movement How did the British navy strengthen Gulf of Mexico the British land troops? 90°W 2. Analyzing Information Who won the Battle of New Orleans? 298  Born in North Carolina, The following year she she showed remarkable Dolley Payne grew up in married James Madison. bravery. In 1814, as the Virginia until, at age 15, While her husband was British approached the her family moved to secretary of state, Dolley capital, she refused to Philadelphia. There she Madison served as unoffi- leave the executive man- married John Todd, Jr. As cial first lady for the wid- sion until she had packed Dolley Todd, she gave ower president, Thomas up many valuable govern- birth to two children, but Jefferson. She became the ment documents, a paint- lost her husband and one nation’s official first lady ing of George Washington, child in 1793 during a when James Madison was and other priceless yellow fever epidemic. elected president in 1808. valuables. During the War of 1812 The Capitol and the president’s mansion were Defeat at Plattsburgh among the buildings burned. Watching from Meanwhile, in the north, General Sir George outside the city, President Madison and his cab- Prevost led more than 10,000 British troops into inet saw the night sky turn orange. Fortunately New York State from Canada. The first British a violent thunderstorm put out the fires before goal was to capture Plattsburgh, a key city on they could do more damage. August 24, 1814, the shore of Lake Champlain. The invasion was was a low point for the Americans. stopped when an American naval force on Lake Champlain defeated the British fleet on the lake Baltimore Holds Firm in September 1814. Knowing the American ships Much to everyone’s surprise, the British did could use their control of the lake to bombard not try to hold Washington. They left the city and them and land troops behind them, the British sailed north to Baltimore. Baltimore, however, retreated to Canada. was ready and waiting—with barricaded roads, After the Battle of Lake Champlain, the British a blocked harbor, and some 13,000 militiamen. decided the war in North America was too costly The British attacked in mid-September. They and unnecessary. Napoleon had been defeated in were kept from entering the town by a deter- Europe. To keep fighting the United States mined defense and ferocious bombardment would gain little and was not worth the effort. from Fort McHenry in the harbor. During the night of September 13–14, a young The War Ends attorney named Francis Scott Key watched as American and British representatives signed a the bombs burst over Fort McHenry. Finally “by peace agreement in December 1814 in Ghent, the dawn’s early light,” Key was able to see that Belgium. The Treaty of Ghent did not change the American flag still flew over the fort. Deeply any existing borders. Nothing was mentioned moved by patriotic feeling, Key wrote a poem about the impressment of sailors, but, with called “The Star-Spangled Banner.” In 1931, Con- Napoleon’s defeat, neutral rights had become a gress designated “The Star-Spangled Banner” dead issue. as the National Anthem. ; (See page 616 of the Appen- Before word of the treaty had reached the dix for an excerpt from “The Star-Spangled Banner.”) United States, one final—and ferocious—battle CHAPTER 9 The Jefferson Era 299  occurred at New Orleans. In December 1814, British army troops moved toward New Orleans. Awaiting them behind earthen fortifications was an American army led by Andrew Jackson. On January 8, 1815, the British troops America’s Flags advanced. The redcoats were no match for Jack- son’s soldiers, who shot from behind bales of cot- The First Star-Spangled Banner, ton. In a short but gruesome battle, hundreds of 1779–1818 The Stars and Stripes flag gained two more stars and two more British soldiers were killed. At the Battle of New stripes in 1795, after Kentucky and Ver- Orleans, Americans achieved a decisive victory. mont joined the Union. Andrew Jackson became a hero, and his fame helped him win the presidency in 1828. Congress realized that the flag would become too large if a stripe were added for every new state. It American Nationalism decided in 1818 to keep the stripes at 13—for the thirteen original colonies—and to add a star for each New England Federalists had opposed “Mr. new state. Madison’s war” from the start. In December 1814, unhappy New England Federalists gath- ered in Connecticut at the Hartford Convention. The young nation had gained new respect from A few favored secession. Most wanted to remain other nations in the world. Americans felt a new within the Union, however. To protect their sense of patriotism and a strong national identity. interests, they drew up a list of proposed Although the Federalist Party weakened, its amendments to the Constitution. philosophy of strong national government was After the convention broke up, word came of carried on by the War Hawks who were part of Jackson’s spectacular victory at New Orleans, the Republican Party. They favored trade, west- followed by news of the peace treaty. In this ern expansion, the energetic development of the moment of triumph, the Federalist grievances economy, and a strong army and navy. seemed unpatriotic. The party lost respect in the eyes of the public. Most Americans felt proud Analyzing Did the Treaty of Ghent and self-confident at the end of the War of 1812. resolve any major issues? Explain. TM Study Central To review this section, go to TM tarvol1.glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Visuals 1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph 4. Drawing Conclusions Why did peo- 6. Geography Skills Study the map on in which you use the terms frigate ple from the North, South, and the page 298. On what lake did Perry and privateer. West feel differently about going to defeat the British? Which battle— 2. Reviewing Facts Who won the Bat- war with Britain? Lake Champlain or Thames—took tle of Lake Champlain? Why was it an 5. Determining Cause and Effect Re- place later in time? important victory? create the diagram below. In the ovals, list four effects that the War of Reviewing Themes 1812 had on the United States. 3. Government and Democracy Why did the Federalist Party lose support Music Imagine if Francis Scott Key after the War of 1812? had been at the Battle of New Effects of the War of 1812 Orleans instead of in Baltimore. Rewrite the first verse of “The Star- Spangled Banner” based on what occurred in that battle. 300 CHAPTER 9 The Jefferson Era