Period 4 Big Ideas-3 PDF - American History

CONTINUED RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Debates about the role/size of the federal government fostered political divisions, while the Supreme Court established supremacy over state rulings and government policy Divisions in Washington’s cabinet (Hamilton v. Jefferson)...

CONTINUED RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Debates about the role/size of the federal government fostered political divisions, while the Supreme Court established supremacy over state rulings and government policy Divisions in Washington’s cabinet (Hamilton v. Jefferson) led to the creation of political parties, who continued to debate foreign diplomacy, tariffs, and powers of the federal government in early 19th century America Federalists (John Adams) endorsed a strong central government, created a federal bank, a warm relationship with Britain (think Jay’s Treaty in 1794) and supported high tariffs Democratic Republicans (Thomas Jefferson) endorsed a smaller central government with more power to the states, opposed a federal bank and high tariffs, and wanted a warm relationship with France  NOTABLE SUPREME COURT CASES Marbury v. Madison (1803) the Supreme Court would demonstrate judicial review (SCOTUS has the authority to interpret the Constitution) in every case henceforth SCOTUS at this time was led by Chief Justice John Marshall (1801-1835) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 1816- U.S. chartered a Second National Bank and Maryland tried to tax the bank James McCulloch refused to pay the tax on the Baltimore charter of the bank Maryland Court of Appeals said Second Bank was unconstitutional BUT-- SCOTUS ruled that Federal Government’s laws trump state laws AND that Congress has the power to make decisions according to the “Necessary and Proper” clause (Article I Section 8) of the Constitution  EXPANSION UNDER JEFFERSON During the Jefferson Presidency, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million in 1803 and sought influence/control over North America (Napoleon needed $$$) This purchase would additionally establish a trade agreement with France, giving them particular trading rights out of New Orleans and accepting citizens of New Orleans into the United States Technically, James Monroe approved this as an ambassador to negotiate with France At first, Jefferson was embarrassed to learn the purchase of the Louisiana Territory had been made in his administration because he always advocated for strict-constructionism of the Constitution The Constitution never says that the United States could buy land, but Jefferson thought this would be good for the nation and quickly embraced it. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the West (1804-1806) with the help of Sacajawea, a Shoshone woman, and discovered 122 new animal species, including the Grizzly Bear and Coyote-- Their adventures inspired more westward movement  AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE The United States flexed its muscles and demonstrated military/political strength on the global stage in the Early Republic Era War of 1812-- “Second War for Independence” The British began forcing American sailors into the Royal Navy (also called impressment), resulting in a declaration of war from President James Madison British soldiers burned down the White House and Capitol Building in August of 1814, while Major General Andrew Jackson’s American soldiers delivered a surprise victory over British forces at New Orleans in January 1815 The conflict basically ended in a tie, yet there was an upsurge in Patriotism (nationalism) in the United States since the nation had rebuffed Britain AGAIN (Wooo America) The Monroe Doctrine-- established in 1823 (written by John Quincy Adams) President James Monroe warned European powers to NO The Battle of New Orleans occurred after the war LONGER colonize lands in the Western Hemisphere -- after, the ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in U.S. government would seek to influence and control the Dec. 1814 hemisphere through military, political, and economic means  POLITICS AND REGIONAL INTERESTS The new nation (which grew larger in size) was split by differences in regional interests, policies, and economies Sectionalism -- loyalty to one’s regional interests and economy New England politicians focused on industrial policies: After Jefferson’s reelection (1804) extreme Federalists in New England were nervous that westward expansion would take away Northern interests and power in government and there was a brief period of conspiracy that New England might secede (Possibly ties to Aaron Burr?) Southern politicians emphasized slavery/agricultural policies Western politicians focused on farming policies Western migration inspired by the growing populations on the East coast from immigration and natural increases Factor System supported westward expansion by providing Native American tribes with “factors” or certain goods to control them and force their movement west out of the way of expanding Americans Henry Clay’s American System was supported by the Whig Party in the North (Which later replaced the Federalist Party) -- its goal was to pass high tariffs to protect American merchants, re-establish the federal bank, and develop infrastructure projects, such as canals and roads  EXPANSION UNDER MONROE In addition to expanding West, the U.S. wanted to expand South and gain Florida Disputes remained over Florida between the U.S. and Spain In 1817, Monroe’s Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams (later President himself) began negotiations with Spanish Luis de Onís While negotiations were happening, U.S. troops were ordered to try and gain the upper hand in Florida anyway by invading Florida, seizing Spanish forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, and hanging British subjects there, blaming the British subjects and Native Americans there This became known as the Seminole War The U.S. government claimed that it was defending itself in this raid where Spain could not/did not do anything about it Onís realized he had to come to terms with the Americans over Florida after the Seminole Wars, and the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 was signed, in which Spain ceded Florida and its claims to the Pacific Northwest to the U.S. as long as the U.S. gave up claims to Texas  1820: THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE Questions arose over whether slavery should expand into new Western States Missouri applied for Admission to the Union in 1819 -- Northerners (opponents of slavery) were afraid that their political power would diminish if MO joind the USA as a slave state Henry Clay created the Missouri Compromise in 1820-- Missouri entered the Union as a slave state, while Maine entered the Union as a free state Additionally, slavery would be prohibited above MO’s Southern The balance of political power in the Senate between free and slave states were in border (36'30') in future states question, but Clay’s agreeable, yet temporary solution to the ongoing problem was necesary to avoid violence...  WHAT WAS THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS?” When James Monroe was president (1817- 1825), there was only ONE party in Congress -- only the Democratic- Republicans The Federalists lost political power and never recovered -- they later became the Whigs No opposition in government nor political gridlock-- hence “Era of Good Feelings” The era ended after the controversial 1824 election between JQA and Andrew Jackson -- the once united Democratic-Republicans started to split...  MARKET REVOLUTION: INDUSTRIALIZATION Industrialization (factories, inventions, technology, infrastructure) transformed the nation in the early 19th century Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1793) -- since cotton seeds could quickly be removed, # of cotton plantations and enslaved Africans in the South drastically increased in the first half of the nineteenth century (1800s) Cotton (aka ‘white gold’) was in high demand in New England, Britain, and France Francis Cabot Lowell’s Power Loom (1813) -- this machine revolutionized the textile industry in Massachusetts where young women created clothes in factories using Southern cotton (the Lowell Girls acquired economic independence & began to organize in groups --> early start to the women’s suffrage movement) Robert Fulton’s Steamboat (1807) -- steam powered craft with paddle wheels allowed merchants to ship slaves & consumer goods up/down the Mississippi River quickly Government-funded roads, railroads, and canals (like the Eerie Canal in New York) were primarily built in the Northern states and linked New England to the Northwest Territories Eli Whitney’s Ineterchangeable Parts (early 1800s) were used in factory machines -- demand for factory laborers increased as consumer products were mass produced --> these were the seeds of American Capitalism  MARKET REVOLUTION: SOCIETY/CULTURE Innovation in technology, agriculture & commerce affected various segments of American society Over 2 million German/Irish immigrants moved to industrializing Northern cities (during Irish famine for example) while # of homesteads/farms increased in the West (new territories/ Manifest Destiny - philosophy that USA should spread across the continent to the pacific ocean) The growth of manufacturing drove a significant increase in prosperity for some -- which led to the creation of a larger middle class... but ALSO a large and growing poorer population (the poor would live in city slums) An increasing number of Americans no longer relied on semi-subsistence agriculture; instead they supported themselves by producing goods for distant markets Gender and family roles evolved during the era -- in the Cult of Domesticity, a woman’s purpose included childbearing & making her home a haven for the husband (Tsk Tsk Ms. Sather... a traitor to womanhood)  EXPANDING DEMOCRACY The nation transitioned to a more participatory democracy, which ended the aristocratic presidencies & paved the way for Jacksonian Democracy In the 1820s, states expanded suffrage (right to vote) to all adult white men, dropping all property ownership requirements (called White Male Suffrage) In the 1824 presidential election, no candidate received a majority of the electoral college votes -- Henry Clay persuaded the House of Representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams (#6) (The last silver spoon of the ‘aristocratic presidents’) instead of Andrew Jackson, a ‘commoner’ and hero of the War of 1812 Later, JQA offered Henry Clay the secretary of state job, which made Jackson furious-- He called this decision the “Corrupt Bargain” as JQA give Clay a job in exchange for getting him elected Nicknamed “Old Hickory,” Andrew Jackson oversaw the birth of modern In the 1828 presidential election, Jackson decisively defeated democracy in America, where all white men received the vote -- he was JQA by receiving a majority of the electoral votes in the South highly popular, yet created many political enemies as his party began to split into factions in the 1830s & West (farmers and plantation owners) This was because JQA was out-of-touch with a majority of Americans (farmers) and highly unpopular at the end of 1828)  JACKSON AND FEDERAL POWER Andrew Jackson used his presidential powers to reward loyal supporters, settle states’ rights disputes, violently relocate Native Americans from the East and destroy the federal bank. Jackson created the Spoils System after winning the election -- he appointed loyalists from the Democratic Party to government jobs; education and experience took a back seat. During the Nullification Crises (1832-1833), ‘bad’ South Carolina tried to nullify (or cancel/void) the Congressional tariffs of 1828 & 1832 -- Jackson threatened to use military action to restore peace -- Henry Clay saved the day by writing a compromise... VP John C. Calhoun argued that a state could declare a federal law unconstitutional and later resigned in disgust after the president publicly disagreed with him By the 1830s, frontier Americans viewed the Natives as “savages” & agreed with Jackson in removing them from ‘American Lands’ -- starting with the 1830 Indian Removal Act, the president forced the Cherokee tribe in Georgia to the Indian Territory (today Oklahoma)  TRAIL OF TEARS (1838/1839) The Removal Act of 1830 was passed by Congress in response to Southern States like Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama desired harsher regulation for the remaining Native American tribes living there The act financed federal and state negotiations with these southern tribes, making it nearly impossible for them to continue resisting Some tribes, such as the Cherokee in Georgia, did try to legally resist by appealing to the Supreme Court (Cherokee Nation v. Georgia) BUT a small minority of Cherokee eventually signed a treaty with the U.S. that gave up their land in Georgia to the U.S. for $5 million and reservation land west of the Mississippi Beginning in the winter of 1838, the many southern Native American tribes began their journey to “Indian Territory” (Oklahoma) This long, emotional, and dangerous journey in harsh winter conditions became known as the Trail of Tears.  AFTER JACKSON’S PRESIDENCY (1837-1841) Andrew Jackson retired from politics after two terms and & personally selected his 2nd VP Martin Van Buren as his successor Martin Van Buren mishandled the Panic of 1837, which was caused by the lack of a central bank and crop failures in the West Unemployment soared, state banks closed, bread riots occurred, and American citizens blamed the Democratic Party during the Panic The economic panic was a major blow to Jacksonian Democracy, paving the way for a Whig president in 1841, William Henry Harrison, (the president who was only in office for 32 days!) -- succeeded by John Tyler  DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMERICAN CULTURE In an attempt to distinguish themselves from their British cousins, the new nation created their own culture (changes in literature, art, philosophy, and architecture) Artists in the Hudson River School, including Frederic Edwin Church and Thomas Cole, painted America’s beautiful landscapes and fueled people’s imaginations of the romantic and opportunistic West. Writers, including Herman Melville and Edgar Allen Poe, published widely-read novels’poems -- including Moby Dick and The Raven The English language in the United States received an “update” -- Noah Webster wrote the first American Dictionary in 1828 Benjamin Rush led the national medicine movement by studying mental health, funding medical schools and advocating for personal hygiene  THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING The upsruge of individualistic beliefs and changes to society caused by the Market Revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants Joseph Smith, an Illinois preacher, created the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830 -- Mormons believed that every man or woman could aspire to become a saint and reunite with their ancestors in Heaven The Mormons faced religious persecution in Missouri, Ohio, and Illinois before their final move to Salt Lake City, Utah with Brigham Young During this religious revival, male/female societies (including the American Bible Society, founded in 1816), & numerous publications promoted Christian education The establishment of Baptist and Methodist Churches in the SOuth and North during the Second Great Awakening inspired slaves to demand freedom-- most notably, Gabriel Prosser’s (1800) and Nat Turner’s (1831) Rebellions...  AN AGE OF REFORM The rise of democratic beliefs as well as drastic changes to ssociety caused by the Market Revolution influenced various moral and social reform movements in the Early Republic While Southern states restricted African-American rights, the Abolition Movement (anti-slavery) increased in the North, contributing to the growth of the free Black-American population Abolitionist leaders including Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison created anti-slavery newspapers and publicly called for the emancipation of slaves Women who grew frustrated of their abusive, drunk husbands urged state legislators to restrict alcoholic consumption/purchasing/manufacturing -- the Temperance Movement grew in this era & ended with the passage of the 18th Amendment later on in 1920 In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, & a group of women at the Seneca Falls Convention in New York demanded that women be seen as equals in all areas of life -- from an educational, economic, political, and religious standpoint Other Women’s Suffrage leaders later included Susan B. Anthony and Margaret Sanger  AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC While enslaved African resistance was rare in the Early Republic, slave communities designed to protect family structures were common. Enslaved black individuals in the South created a unique culture that was comprised of African speech patterns, music that highlighted dreams/freedom, and kinship networks Slave revoluts in the South were rare since misbehavior was always met with punishment (whipping, lynching, shackles, hot box, etc.) In the 1831 Turner’s Rebellion, Nat Turner (an enslaved preacher) led a group of armed slaves thorugh Southern Virginia & slaughtered 60 white men, women, and children (Turner avoided capture for 2 months prior to his capture) More than 100 black individuals were executed in the rebellion’s aftermath, Turner was lynched, and Southern states passed new laws prohibiting black vicil liberties (including education, possession of abolitionist materials, rights of assembly)  SOUTHERN SOCIETY IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC Despite a majority of Southerners not owning slaves, slavery continued to expand west because of the enormous demand for cotton during Britain’s Industrial Revolution and New England’s textile boom. The typical Southerner was a yeoman farmer, not a slaveowner-- they accepted the system of slavery & depended on the plantations’ cotton gins, markets for cash crops, livestock, etc. Cotton Brokers & merchants in Charleston/New Orleans relied on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples (principal travel was via water) The small group of Southerners who owned slaves were the apex of society (like Jefferson and Washington) & determined the political, economic, and social life of the South The Southern Aristocracy engaged in a glittering lifestyle of leisure & vacations-- they were determined to defend their livelihoods As over-cultivation of tobacco & cotton crops depleted the land in the Southeast, slaveholders began to relocate their plantations to more fertile lands in the West...