The Fundamental Unit of Life Class 9 Notes PDF

Life, as we know it, took billions of years to evolve. From the very rst precursor of life to the multitude of multicellular organisms that we see around us today, the most basic unit of all these is the cell All About Cells Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life...

Life, as we know it, took billions of years to evolve. From the very rst precursor of life to the multitude of multicellular organisms that we see around us today, the most basic unit of all these is the cell All About Cells Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke. A number of cells can work together to form tissues and organs To know more about Cell, visit here Cellular respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which the food releases energy in the mitochondria. Cells absorb glucose from the food and burn it to produce energy To know more about Cellular respiration, visit here Structural Organization of Cells Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Two types of cell; Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are primitive and lack well de ned nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more advanced and have well de ned nucleus To know more about Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells, visit here Cell structure in Eukaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have the most well de ned structure. These cells have cell membrane, membrane bound cell organelles and a well de ned nucleus. The nucleus has its own membrane called nuclear membrane Cell membrane The cell membrane is the outer covering of a cell It is made up of phospholipid bilayer membrane It is selectively permeable in nature The structure of a cell membrane is best described by the uid mosaic model To know more about Cell Wall and Cell Membrane, visit here Diffusion The movement of molecules from a region of their high concentration to a region of their lower concentration is known as diffusion. E.g. carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the cell membrane by diffusion. fi.. fi..... fl. fi. fi... fi.  Osmosis in selectively permeable membrane Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis is a selective process since the membrane does not allow all molecules to pass through it. Water is usually the only free owing molecule across this membrane To know more about Diffusion and Osmosis, visit here Isotonic, hypotonic solutions, hypertonic solutions Isotonic solutions are those which have the same solute and pH concentration as the surrounding body uid or the cytoplasm Hypotonic solutions contain lesser amount of solute concentration compared to the surrounding uid and can force the cell to rupture due to excess input of water into the cell Hypertonic solutions contain a higher concentration of solute compared to the surrounding uid and thus push water out of the cell, shrinking it Cell walls in plants Plant cells are different from animal cells due to the presence of a cell wall. The cell wall is made of cellulose and gives a rigid structure to the plant cell. It provides structural support to plants. Due to cell walls, cells of plants, fungi and bacteria can withstand greater changes in surrounding conditions than animal cells. E.g. Cell wall enables the cells to withstand hypotonic solution without bursting fl   fl fl..... fl.  Cell Organelles Eukaryotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles that carry out various functions in the cell, e.g. Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, etc Read more: Cell Organelles - Structure and Functions Endocytosis Endocytosis is the invagination of the cell membrane, followed by pinching off forming a membrane- bound vesicle. This is commonly seen in Amoeba Also read: Endocytosis vs Exocytosis Nucleus in cells The nucleus is the processing unit of the cell. It is a double membrane-bound organelle which contains the genetic material for inheritance. The nuclear membrane contains pores that allow the transfer of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The nucleus is the brain of the cell as it controls various functions such as cell division, reproduction, inheritance, etc. The nucleus contains genetic material, i.e. chromosomes that contain DNA. DNA carry information for inheritance from parents to offspring. Prokaryotes lack a well-de ned nucleus and the genetic material is present in a region known as the nucleoid  . fi..  Chromosomes Chromosomes are the genetic material present in the nucleus. It contains DNA with associated proteins. They are present as threads called chromatin. During the growth phase of the cell, the chromatin condenses into a much thicker structure called a chromosome. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) Chromatin Chromatin is a thread-like structure which serves as the genetic material present inside the nucleus of the cell. It is made up of DNA and protein molecules. DNA contains the hereditary information needed for the structure and function of the organism Read more: Chromatin Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the uid found inside the cell. It gives the structure to the cell and houses different organelles of the cell Know more: Cytoplasm Structure and Function  .. fl.  Organelles Organelles are structures present in the cytoplasm of the cell that helps in several functions of the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-bound cell organelle that plays an integral role in the interpretation of the genetic information present in the nucleus Rough ER Rough ER are the ones that have ribosomes on them. The ribosome is made up of nucleic acids and proteins. They are the site of protein synthesis. The Rough ER is also involved in the modi cation and folding of proteins Smooth ER Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and thus are not involved in protein synthesis. They are, however, involved in lipid metabolism and detoxifying of poisonous molecules Read more: Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus is also called the post of ce of the cell. They package and transport the proteins across the cytoplasm Also read: Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes They are referred to as suicide bags of the cell as they contain potent enzymes that can digest a cell. Lysosomes also help in defence by attacking a foreign object Mitochondria Mitochondria are also called the powerhouse of a cell. They generate ATP via the electron transport chain. They also have a DNA called mtDNA, which makes them a semi-autonomous organelle. Mitochondria can make their own proteins Plastids There are various types of plastids in different cells based on the pigment they contain. The chloroplast is the plastid where photosynthesis occurs, they contain chlorophyll. Some of the other plastids are leucoplast and chromoplast. Leucoplasts store starch, oil and protein granules. Chloroplasts contain membranes known as thylakoids embedded in the stroma. Plastids also contain their own DNA and ribosomes... fi.... fi.  Vacuoles Vacuoles are large vesicles that hold water or air in them and give structural rigidity to the cell. Vacuoles are common in plant cells. In animals, the vacuoles are either very small or absent To know more about Cell Organelles, visit here Comparison between plant & animal cells Plants cells are different from animal cells structurally. Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplast which are missing in animal cells. Plants cells also have large vacuoles which are either very small or missing in animal cells. The nucleus is present at the centre of the cell in animal cells and at the periphery in plant cells To know more comparisons between Plant & Animal Cells, visit here Question from The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class 9 Note 1. How does a plant cell differ from an animal cell 2. Differentiate between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell 3. What would be the outcome in a scenario where a rupture occurs in the plasma membrane 4. De ne osmosis 5. How does an amoeba acquire food 6. Growth and repair require which type of cell division Further Reading:- Structure Of The Atom Class 9 CBSE Notes - Chapter 4 CBSE Class 9 Science Notes on Tissues - Chapter 6 NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 9 Science Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 9 Biology Notes Chapter 5: Fundamental Unit of Lif What is a 'Homogenous' mixture A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout the mixture What is an 'Isotonic' medium A solution is isotonic when its effective mole concentration is the same as that of another solution What is a 'Vacuole' fi.. ? ? ? ?. ? ?.. s. ?.. e A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small and help sequester waste products. In the plant cells, vacuoles help in maintaining water balance.