Arches of the Foot - Anatomy PDF

ARCHES OF THE FOOT UMANAH, S. J (PhD) 2/11/2025 Google.comg1 CONTENT Introduction. Classification of Arches. Longitudinal Arch. Transverse Arch. Maintenance of the Arches. Functions of the Arch. Clinical. References 2/11/2025...

ARCHES OF THE FOOT UMANAH, S. J (PhD) 2/11/2025 Google.comg1 CONTENT Introduction. Classification of Arches. Longitudinal Arch. Transverse Arch. Maintenance of the Arches. Functions of the Arch. Clinical. References 2/11/2025 2 INTRODUCTION An arch is a curve structure that spans a space and may of may not support weight above it. The foot is the terminal portion of the lower limb which bears the weight of the entire body. The arches of the foot is formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bone and is strengthened by ligaments and tendons. 2/11/2025 3 BONES OF THE FOOT  The skeleton of the foot is divided into Tarsus Metatarsus Phalanges  The bones are arranged in longitudinal and transverse arch to support the various muscles and ligaments.  The bones of the foot number up to 26. 2/11/2025 4 2/11/2025 5 Goggle.co 2/11/2025 6 THE FOOT JOINTS The joints found in the foot includes;  Tarsal joint: composed of the talocalcaneal and the talocalcaneonavicular joint.  Midtarsal joint: composed of calcaneocuboid joint.  Other joints of the foot: tarsometatarsal joint, intermetatarsal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint, interphalangeal joint. 2/11/2025 7 FOOT JOINT 2/11/2025 8 LIGAMENTS OF THE FOOT Ligaments hold the tendons in place and stabilize the joints. Allow the arch to curve or flatten, providing balance and giving the foot strength to initiate the act of walking by stretching and contracting. 2/11/2025 9 LIGAMENTS CONT.D Spring ligament: from sustentaculum tali to the navicular bone. Long plantar ligament: calcaneus to cuboid. Short plantar ligament: plantar surface of calcaneus to cuboid. 2/11/2025 10 Keith moore LIGAMENT OF THE FOOT 2/11/2025 11 Google.com MUSCLES AND TENDONS Tendons are inelastic but flexible and serve to concentrate the pull of a muscle on a small area of attachment Example:  tibialis anterior,  tibialis posterior,  tendon of flexor digitorum longus 2/11/2025 12 FUNCTION OF THE FOOT As a platform to support the body weight As a lever to propel the body forwards in running ,walking and jumping. To achieve these function the human foot is designed in the form of elastic arches 2/11/2025 13 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARCHES OF THE FOOT Longitudinal Arches Medial arch Lateral arch Transverse arch 2/11/2025 14 ARCHES OF THE FOOT CONT.D Each arch made up of ;  Bones that form that form the arch.  Anterior pillar  Posterior pillar.  Summit.  Main joint of the arch. arch 2/11/2025 15 Medial longitudinal arch  Bones: calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bone and their metatarsals.  Anterior pillar: Shafts of the medial 3 metatarsals.  Posterior pillar: Medial part of the calcaneum.  Summit: Trochlear upper surface of the Talus.  Main joint of the arch: Talo- calcaneo-navicular. Keith moore 2/11/2025 16 MEDIAL ARCH CONT.D  Visible arch formed on the medial margin of the foot.  Higher arch than counterpart.  Extremely resilient due to its large number of component bones  Shock absorber of body weight. 2/11/2025 17 LATERAL LONGITUDINAL ARCH  Bones: calcaneus, cuboid and the lateral two metatarsal bones.  Anterior pillar: Shafts of 4th & 5th metatarsals  Posterior pillar: Lateral part of the calcaneum  Summit: Facet on the superior surface of the Calcaneum  Main joint of the arch: Calcaneo-cuboid 2/11/2025 Keith moore 18 LATERAL ARCH CONT.D  The arch is flat and lies on the lateral margin of the foot.  It contains less number of bones.  Transmit weight and thrust to the ground. 2/11/2025 19 TRANSVERSE ARCH  Bones: three cuneiform bones, cuboid and the metatarsals..  Anterior: Heads of the metatarsals  Posterior: A complete transverse arch is formed when the medial borders of both feet are approximated.  Pillars:medial and lateral part of the longitudinal arches. Clinical anatomy textbook 2/11/2025 20 TRANSVERSE ARCH CONT.D Its an incomplete arch It is formed by the wedge shape of the three cuneiform bone. Bases of the three metatarsals accentuate the arch. 2/11/2025 21 2/11/2025 22 Goggle.com 


Maintenance of Medial Longitudinal arch


Shape of the bone: talus is the ‘key stone’ of the arch.  Intersegmental ties: Spring ligament, Long plantar ligament & dorsal ligaments  Tie beams: Medial part of the plantar aponeurosis, Medial part of the flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus  Sling support: Tibialis posterior, Flexor hallucis longus & digitorum longus 2/11/2025 23 2/11/2025 24 


Maintenance of lateral Longitudinal arch


 Shape of the bone: Calcanean angle of the cuboid  Intersegmental ties: Long & short plantar ligaments, dorsal ligaments  Tie beams: Lateral part of the plantar aponeurosis, Lateral part of the flexor digitorum longus.  Sling support: Peroneus longus and brevis. 2/11/2025 25 2/11/2025 26 


Maintenance of Transverse arch


 Shape of the bone: Wedge shaped 3 cuneiforms & bases of middle 3 metatarsals  Intersegmental ties: Deep transverse ligaments, Dorsal interossei, Adductor hallucis  Tie beams: Tendon of peroneus longus  Sling support: Tendon of Peroneus brevis & tertius on lateral side, Tendon of tibialis anterior on medial side 2/11/2025 27 2/11/2025 28 FUNCTIONS OF THE ARCHES OF THE FOOT
1. Distribute body weight to the weight bearing areas 2.Springs which is of great help in walking. 3.shock absorbers in stepping and in jumping 4.protect soft tissues of the sole 5.Resilence and rigidity
2/11/2025 29  CLINICALS 2/11/2025 30 PES PLANUS A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is depressed. There is lateral deviation of the forefoot. The head of talus is forced downward & medially. 2/11/2025 31 PES PLANUS 2/11/2025 32 CLUB FOOT The foot is inverted and the ankle is plantarflexed. Weight is borne on the lateral surface of the forefoot. 2/11/2025 33 Google.com  Clinicals contd a) Talipes Equinu: patient walks on the toes with the heel raised
(b) Talipes calcaneus: patient walks on the heal with the fore foot raised
(c) Talipes varus:patient walks on the outer border of the foot which is inverted and adducted
2/11/2025 34 REFRENCES Singh, V. (2014), Textbook of Anatomy (Regional and Clinical) Abdomen and Lower Limb, 2nd ed., page 432-438, Elsevier Health Science, India. Snell, R.S. (2011), Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 9th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. Keith Moore, Clinical oriented Anatomy,5th ed.,Lippincott Williams and wilkins, Baltimore. 2/11/2025 35