The Arches of the Foot PDF

The Arches of the Foot The Arches of the Foot Medial Longitudinal Lateral Longitudinal Transverse Bones Bones Bones Calcaneus...

The Arches of the Foot The Arches of the Foot Medial Longitudinal Lateral Longitudinal Transverse Bones Bones Bones Calcaneus Calcaneus Cuboid Talus Cuboid Three cuneiforms Navicular Metatarsals 3-5 Metatarsals 1-5 Medial Cuneiform Metatarsals 1 and 2 Key Supports Key Supports Key Supports Plantar Aponeurosis Wedge Shape of Cuneiforms Plantar Aponeurosis Short Plantar Ligament Plantar and Interosseous Spring Ligament Long Plantar Ligament Ligaments Between Cuneiforms Plantar and Interosseous Plantar and Interosseous and Metatarsals Ligaments between Bones of the Ligaments Between Bones of the Tendon Peroneus Longus Foot Foot Tendon Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendons of Peroneus Longus and Abductor Hallucis Brevis Medial Parts of Flexor Digitorum Abductor Digiti Minimi Longus and Brevis Lateral Parts of Flexor Digitorum Tendons Tibialis Anterior and Longus and Brevis Posterior  The Foot - Functions http://www.footlogics.co/images/gaitcyclyside.jpg Weight Bearing and Propulsion The Aches of the Foot - Functions https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSh9lZMc0O https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSMbVcPXV0rkFkCMPayokorgPQ https://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/6-Possible-Benefits-O eB3rJy7kqQa7XMlr8D15mUaG6BQQU2NP0x2B-8jkaqisX9F_Nllx_8QIzg Vr8BHYUWjpg&usqp=CAU f-Walking-Barefoot.jpg yI&usqp=CAU  Weight Bearing Points of the Foot - Standing Weight Bearing Points Three Arches Typical Footprint Three Arches of the Foot Medial Longitudinal Arch Transverse Arch Lateral Longitudinal Arch  The Medial Longitudinal Arch The highest and most flexible of the arches. Designed to deform and Navicular Talus Medial absorb forces during weight Cuneiform bearing. Metatarsals 1-2 Calcaneus The Lateral Longitudinal Arch Flatter and more rigid than the medial arch. Provides a firm base of support for walking and weight-bearing Calcaneus Cuboid Metatarsals 3-5  The Transverse Arch Forms a domed curve running across the foot from medial to lateral Includes the three cuneiforms, the cuboid and the bases of the five metatarsals Cuneiforms II III Cuboid I IV V The Arches of the Foot - Support Mechanisms Passive Mechanisms The shape of the bones The plantar and interosseous ligaments connecting individual bones of the foot The long and short plantar ligaments The spring ligament The plantar aponeurosis. Active (Dynamic) Mechanisms Intrinsic foot muscles (Layer 1) Long tendons of the leg muscles  Medial Arch Supports - Passive Support Mechanisms Calcaneonavicular (Spring) Ligament Plantar Aponeurosis The plantar aponeurosis and plantar ligaments provide the primary support to the medial arch The Medial Arch - Plantar Aponeurosis Most important structure supporting the medial arch. Acts as a tie-beam structure that resists separation of the heads of the metatarsals from Plantar Aponeurosis the calcaneus during weight bearing.  Medial Arch Supports - Spring Ligament Next most important structure supporting the medial arch. Acts like a staple to support the head of the talus from underneath. Spring Ligament If torn or stretched the talus can drop between the navicular and calcaneus. Medial Arch Supports - Plantar and Interosseous Ligaments Passive stability also provided by the short plantar and interosseous ligaments that bind the individual bones of the medial arch. Plantar Act like a staples to support the Ligaments head of the talus from underneath.  The Medial Arch - Support Mechanisms Passive Mechanisms The plantar aponeurosis The spring ligament The plantar and interosseous ligaments connecting individual bones of the foot Active (Dynamic) Mechanisms Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Medial parts of flexor digitorum longus and brevis Abductor hallucis Tendons of tibialis posterior and anterior Medial Arch Supports - Tendon Flexor Hallucis Longus The tendon of flexor hallucis longus is the most important of dynamic support of medial arch. Acts as a dynamic tie beam that pulls the first metatarsal head closer to the calcaneus during walking. Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus  Medial Arch Supports - Intrinsic Foot Muscles Dynamic support also provided by: Medial tendons flexor digitorum longus Medial part of flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis But less important than the tendons of flexor hallucis longus. Intrinsic Muscles Long Tendons Flexor Digitorum Brevis Flexor Digitorum Abductor Hallucis Longus Medial Arch Supports - Tendons Tibialis Anterior and Posterior Tendon Tibialis Posterior Tendons of tibialis posterior and Tendon Tibialis tibialis anterior act like Anterior suspension wires to support the medial arch from above. Provide important dynamic support during weight-bearing and walking.  The Medial Arch - Support Mechanisms Passive Mechanisms The plantar aponeurosis The spring ligament The plantar and interosseous ligaments connecting individual bones of the foot Active (Dynamic) Mechanisms Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Medial parts of flexor digitorum longus and brevis Abductor hallucis Tendons of tibialis posterior and anterior The Lateral Longitudinal Arch - Passive Support Mechanisms Short Plantar Ligament Long Plantar Ligament Plantar Aponeurosis The long and short plantar ligaments and the plantar aponeurosis provide the primary passive support to the lateral arch  Lateral Arch Supports - Long and Short Plantar Ligaments Short Plantar Ligament Most important passive structure supporting the lateral arch. Act like staples. Short plantar ligament prevents the calcaneus and cuboid Long Plantar Ligament separating Long plantar ligament maintains concavity. Lateral Arch Supports - Plantar Aponeurosis Lateral bands support the lateral arch. Acts as a tie-beam structure that resists separation of the heads of the 4 and 5th Plantar Aponeurosis metatarsals from the calcaneus during weight bearing.  Lateral Arch Supports - Tendons Peroneus Longus and Brevis Tendon Peroneus Brevis Tendon Peroneus Longus Tendon Peroneus Longus The tendon of peroneus longus The tendon of peroneus brevis pulls the lateral arch upwards prevents the fifth metatarsal from above as it passes under the separating from the cuboid. calcaneus and cuboid. Lateral Arch Supports - Intrinsic Foot Muscles The lateral part of flexor digitorum brevis and the abductor digiti minimi muscles provide dynamic support. Abductor Digiti Less important than the plantar Minimi ligaments and the tendon of peroneus longus. Flexor Digitorum Brevis  The Lateral Arch - Support Mechanisms Passive Mechanisms The long and short plantar ligaments The lateral part of the plantar aponeurosis Active (Dynamic) Mechanisms Tendon of peroneus longus and brevis Lateral parts of flexor digitorum longus and brevis Abductor digiti minimi Transverse Arch Supports - Bony Mechanisms Cuneiforms Cuboid The wedge shape of the cuneiform bones essentially squeezes adjacent bones together when weight bearing Transverse Arch Supports - Plantar and Interosseous Ligaments The short plantar and interosseous ligaments that bind the cuneiforms to the bases of the metatarsals prevent the arch from collapsing during weight bearing. Plantar Ligaments Transverse Arch Supports - Tendon Peroneus Longus Tendon peroneus longus most important support mechanism for the transverse arch. Tendon Peroneus Acts as a dynamic beam which Longus pulls the medial and lateral pillars of the arch closer together during weight bearing.  The Transverse Arch - Support Mechanisms Passive Mechanisms The wedge shape of the cuboid and cuneiforms. The short plantar and interosseous ligaments that bind the cuneiforms and bases of metatarsals Active (Dynamic) Mechanisms Tendon of peroneus longus II I III IV V In Review 1 The foot is arranged into three arches - a medial and lateral longitudinal arch and a transverse arch. 2 The medial arch is the highest and most elastic and includes the calcaneus, the talus, the navicular, the medial cuneiform and the heads of the first two metatarsals. 3 The lateral arch is flatter and more stable and includes the calcaneus, the cuboid, and the lateral three metatarsals. 4 The transverse arch is dome shaped and includes the three cuneiforms, the cuboid and the bases of the metatarsals. 5 The arches allow the foot to deform, absorb energy, then release energy during weight-transfer. 6 The arches are supported by both passive and dynamic support mechanisms. 8 Passive support mechanisms include the plantar aponeurosis, the short plantar ligament, the long plantar ligament, the spring ligament and the short plantar and interosseous ligaments that connect individual bones. 9 Dynamic support mechanisms include the long tendons of flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus and brevis, and tibialis anterior and posterior. 10 And the intrinsic foot muscles of layer 1 that includes abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis and abductor digiti minimi. 11 Each of these active and dynamic support mechanisms contributes to the stability of the medial, lateral and transverse arches to varying degrees.