Theoretical Foundations of Nursing PDF

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES MODULE 1: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FACT OPINION NURSING OVERVIEW Something that can be A belief or judgement ve...

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES MODULE 1: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FACT OPINION NURSING OVERVIEW Something that can be A belief or judgement verified about something OUTLINE Based on research or Based on personal I. TERMS observation view A. FACT Verification possible Verification not B. IDEA possible C. CONCEPT Universal Varies from one D. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK person to the next E. HYPOTHESIS Not debatable Debatable F. ASSUMPTION G. THEORY Has power to Has power to H. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK influence influence II. NURSING THEORY A. PURPOSES IDEA III. HISTORICAL NURSING ERAS A. CURRICULUM ERA  A group of interrelated facts. B. RESEARCH ERA  A person’s conception of what is the best C. GRADUATE EDUCATION ERA D. THEORY AREA example of something. E. THEORY UTILIZATION ERA  Less structured in contrast with concept. IV. NURSING PARADIGM A. METAPARADIGM CONCEPT TERMS  Describes the essence of a thing. FACT  More structured in contrast with an idea.  A word or cluster of words describing an  An empirical observation. object, idea or event.  A universally accepted truth.  An abstraction based on observation of  Something that is seen happening or certain behaviors or characteristics. existing.  A piece of information presented as having CONCRETE/EMPIRICAL ABSTRACT Specific to time and Independent of objective reality. place, and observable time or place and ┖ Ex. The heart pumps blood through indirectly the body; Nursing is a profession observable/not regulated, protected, and observable mandated by the constitution Ex. Table & Laptop – are Ex. Peace & Justice tangible objects – intangible concepts TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES BEING A TEENAGER THEORY What it is What it is not A normal transition Fashion  A formal statement that is constructed to Being human Mood swings organize ideas & explain an event. Search for identity Peer acceptance  A group of related concepts that propose and rejection actions that guide practice. Uniqueness of Possessions  A systematic way of looking at the world to personality describe, explain, predict, and control it. COMPONENTS OF A THEORY CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Purpose Explains why the theory was formulated and  Set of interrelated concepts that serve as specifies the context and building blocks of theories. situations in which it should  Interrelated concepts or abstractions that be applied. are assembled in some relational scheme Concepts and Concepts: are logistic by their relevance to a common theme. Definitions labels that are assigned to objects or events. Definition: defines the concept in relation to other concepts and permits the description and classification of phenomena. HYPOTHESIS Theoretical Statements about the Statements relationship between two  An educated guess. or more concepts and are  A temporary stand prediction or guess used to connect concepts to devise the theory. while the investigation goes on. Structure and Structure: provides an  A statement of predicted relationships Linkages overall form to the theory. between two or more variables, subjected to testing in empirical studies. Theoretical Linkages: offer a reasoned explanation of why the variables in the ASSUMPTION theory may be connected in some manner.  Basic principles that are accepted as being true on the basis of logic or reason without proof or verification. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Assumptions The assumptions of a THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK theory are based on what the theorist considers to be  A set of interrelated theories that organize adequate empirical the direction of a research endeavor and evidence to support scientific inquiry. propositions, on accepted knowledge, or on personal NURSING THEORY beliefs or values. Models Schematic representation  An organized and systematic articulation of some aspect of reality of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline. Theoretical Models: represent the real world PURPOSES through language or In Education Theory clarifies the central symbols and directional meanings and improves the arrows. status of the profession. In Research Theory sets limits on what questions to ask and what CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY methods to use to pursue Theories can interrelate concepts in such a way answers to the questions to create a different way of looking at a In Clinical Guides research. particular phenomena. Practice Theories must be logical in nature. Provides the nurse with Theories should be relatively simple yet goals for assessment, generalizable. diagnosis, and intervention. Theories can be the bases for hypothesis that can be tested. A tool that renders practice Theories contribute to and assist in increasing more efficient, more effective, general body of knowledge within the discipline and goal directed. through the research implemented to validate them. Language of theory provides Theories can be utilized by the practitioner to us with common grounds for guide & improve their practice. communication and with Theories must be consistent with other labels and definitions for validated theories, laws & principles but will phenomena. leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated. Professional autonomy and accountability are enhanced by theory used in practice. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES HISTORICAL NURSING ERAS Focus graduate education on NURSING ERAS knowledge Curriculum Era Nursing strong development. (1900-1940s) emphasis on practice. Master’s degree Standardized programs emerged. curricula for diploma Theory Era Nursing theoretical programs. (1980-1990s) works shift to focus to the patient. Develop specialized knowledge and higher Theories guide education. nursing research and Research Era Emergence of nursing practice. (1950-1970s) as a science. Theory Utilization Gave way to new Era (21st Century) levels of development Problem studies and and use of nursing studies of nurses. theory for evidence- based professional Isolated studies do practice. not yield unified knowledge. NURSING PARADIGM Journal of Nursing Research (1970s):  Patterns or models used to show a clear revealed that nursing relationship among the existing studies lacked theoretical works in nursing. conceptual connections and theoretical frameworks. Graduate Education 1980: Nursing theory Era (1950-1970s) was developed. Is in tandem with the research era. Nurses have an important role in  Metaparadigm: Global perspective of a healthcare. discipline that identifies the primary phenomena of interest to that discipline TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES and explains how the discipline deals with interaction with the rest of the those phenomena in a unique manner. system. ┖ Nursing Metaparadigm: embodies ┖ Systems respond to or interact with the environment in varying degrees. the knowledge base, theory, Therefore, systems vary in their philosophy, research, practice, capacity to be relatively “closed” or educational experience and “open” in nature. literature identified with the  Equilibrium: the state of stability DESPITE profession external disturbances. MODULE 2: NON-NURSING THEORIES OUTLINE I. GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY II. CHANGE THEORY III. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES A. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY B. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY CHANGE THEORY C. THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT  Kurt Lewin: universally recognized as the D. DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS founder of modern social psychology. E. MORAL DEVELOPMENT ┖ He pioneered the use of theory, THEORY using experimentation to test F. INTERPERSONAL hypothesis. DEVELOPMENT  Unfreezing-Change-Refreeze Model: theorized a three-stage model of change that requires prior learning to be rejected GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY and replaced.  Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Austrian  Edgar Schein: provided further detail for a biologist who conceptualized the theory. more comprehensive model of change  Is content free and applicable to many calling this approach “cognitive fields of study. redefinition.”  May be applied to both living as well as non-living structures and organizations.  Systems: are organized wholes comprised of component parts that interact in a distinct way over time. ┖ Are composed of subsystems or parts that are in dynamic TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES THREE-STAGE MODEL Proactive and clear Stage 1: Has three sub-processes communication is crucial. UNFREEZING that relate to a readiness and motivation to change: Concise View: this is Becoming 1. Disconfirmation: required to clearly identify motivated to where present the gap between the present change conditions lead to state and that being dissatisfaction, such proposed. as not meeting Stage 3: It is the final stage where new personal goals. REFREEZING behavior becomes habitual, 2. Previous Beliefs: which includes developing a now being seen as Making the new self-concept & identity invalid creates change and establishing new “survival anxiety.” permanent interpersonal relationships. 3. Learning Anxiety: triggers defensiveness and resistance due to the pain of having to unlearn what had been previously accepted. Three stages occur in response to learning anxiety: 1. Denial 2. Scapegoating & passing the buck DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES 3. Maneuvering and  Provide road maps for explaining human Bargaining development. Stage 2: Three possible impacts  Developmental Task: a skill or growth CHANGE from processing new responsibility arising at a particular time in information: an individual’s life, the achievement of Change what 1. Words take on new or which provides a foundation for the needs to be expanded meaning accomplishment of future tasks. changed 2. Concepts are interpreted within a broader context 3. There is an adjustment in the scale used in evaluating new input TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES FREUD’S PYSCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Acquisition of voluntary THEORY sphincter control (toilet training).  Sigmund Freud: Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis. Focus: ┖ Founded the first real theory of ▪ Punishment personality development. ▪ Cleanliness  Sexual Instincts: are significant in the development of the personality. Residuals:  Sexual Energy/Libido: the driving force of ▪ Perfectionist human behavior. ▪ Meticulous  Psychosexual: used to describe any ▪ Organized sensual pleasure ▪ Rigid  A child’s sexual gratification becomes ▪ Obsessive focused on a particular body part. compulsive (OC)  A person may remain stalled or “fixated” Phallic/Oedipal Children’s pleasure zone at a particular stage or regress to an earlier appears to shift from the stage. Preschooler; anal to the genital area. 3-6 PHASES Exhibitionism and Oral Major site of enjoyment & Also known as masturbation are common. tension: Oedipal/Electra Infant; 0-1 ▪ Mouth Stage ▪ Boys experience ▪ Lips “castration fear” ▪ Tongue ▪ Girls experience ▪ Includes biting and “penis envy” sucking activities Gender identity develops. Residuals: ▪ Overeating Superego is internalized. ▪ Gossiping └ moral part of the ▪ Smoking psyche that exerted ▪ Drinking alcohol control over ▪ Chewing gums personality. ▪ Over jealousy Anal Main focus: Residuals: ▪ Anal region: ▪ Exhibitionist Toddler; 1-3 elimination takes on ▪ Pedophile new importance. ▪ Voyeurism Children find pleasure in both the retention of feces and defecation. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Latency Children’s libido (energy) ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT appears to be diverted into THEORY School Age; concrete thinking such as 6-12 school activities.  Erik Erikson: stresses the importance of culture and society in the development of Socialization outside the the personality. home starts.  Most widely accepted theory of personality development. “chum period” – bestfriend  A person’s social view of himself/herself is more important than instinctual drives in Homosexual stage of determining behavior. development. STAGES Genital Main events: STAGE 1: Tasks: ▪ Establishing new ▪ Viewing the world as Adolescent; sexual aims. Crisis: Trust vs. safe and reliable. 12-18 ▪ Finding of new love Mistrust ▪ Relationships as objects. nurturing, stable and Virtue: Hope dependable. Heterosexual stage of development. Infancy; 0-18 Positive Outcome: mos. development of a sense of Becomes independent and trust towards parents and plans for the future. environment. Involves the capacity for Negative Outcome: true intimacy. development of a sense of mistrust and insecurities, sees the world with apprehension. STAGE 2: Task: achieving a sense of control and free will. Crisis: Autonomy Positive Outcome: (Independence) ▪ Confidence vs. Doubt ▪ Independence (Shame) Negative Outcome: Virtue: Will ▪ Lack of confidence ▪ Fear of trying new Toddler; 18 things mos-3 yrs. old ▪ Self-inadequacy TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES STAGE 3: Tasks: self-confidence and a ▪ Beginning feeling of inadequacy. Crisis: Initiative development of STAGE 5: Task: formulating a sense of vs. Guilt conscience. self and belonging. ▪ Learning to manage Crisis: Identity Virtue: Purpose conflict and anxiety. vs. Role Positive Outcome: Early Childhood; Confusion ▪ Strong identity 3-6 Positive Outcome: ▪ Control ▪ Can begin to think for Virtue: Fidelity ▪ Ready to plan for the themselves. future. ▪ Learn to accept Adolescence; without guilt that 12-18 Negative Outcome: certain things are not ▪ Being unsure about allowed. one’s place in the ▪ Will not feel shame world, values, and when using their future direction. imagination and ▪ They may struggle to engaging in make- identify their believe role plays. purpose or path, leading to confusion Negative Outcome: about their personal develop a sense of guilt and identity, sexual may come to believe that it orientation, and is wrong to be independent. vocation. STAGE 4: Tasks: STAGE 6: Task: forming adult, loving ▪ Emerging relationships and Crisis: Industry confidence in own Crisis: Intimacy meaningful attachments to (Competence) abilities. vs. Isolation others. vs. Inferiority ▪ Taking pleasure in accomplishments. Virtue: Love Positive Outcome: they Virtue: Young can form close bonds and Competence Positive Outcome: they Adulthood; 18- are comfortable with gain a sense of industry. 40 mutual dependency. Elementary- └ a feeling of Middle School; competence and Intimacy: involves the 6-12 belief in their skills. ability to be open and share oneself with others, as well Negative Outcome: they as the willingness to start to feel that they aren’t commit to relationships and as good as their peers or make personal sacrifices that their efforts aren’t for the sake of these valued, leading to a lack of relationships. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Negative Outcome: ▪ Characterized by a Isolation refers to the sense of acceptance inability to form meaningful, of their life as it was, intimate relationships with the ability to find others. This could lead to coherence and feelings of loneliness, purpose in their alienation, and exclusion. experiences, and a STAGE 7: Tasks: sense of wisdom and ▪ Being creative and fulfillment. Will not Crisis: productive. fear death. Generativity vs. ▪ Establishing the next Stagnation generation. Negative Outcome: feelings of regret, Virtue: Care Positives Outcomes: bitterness, and Generativity involves disappointment with one’s Middle concern for others and the life, and a fear of impending Adulthood; 40- desire to contribute to death. 65 future generations, often through: ▪ Parenting ▪ Mentoring Leadership roles ▪ Creative output that adds value to society Negative Outcomes: Stagnation involves feeling unproductive and uninvolved, leading to self- absorption, lack of growth, PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE and feelings of emptiness. DEVELOPMENT STAGE 8: Task: accepting responsibility for one’s self  Jean Piaget: Swiss psychologist who Crisis: Integrity and life. introduced the concepts of cognitive vs. Despair development or the way children learn and Virtue: Wisdom Positive Outcome: think that have roots similar to those of ▪ If individuals feel both Freud and Erikson, yet separate from Late Adulthood; they have lived a each. 65+ fulfilling and  Defined four stages of cognitive meaningful life, they development. will experience ego ┖ Within each stage are four units or and integrity. schemas. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES STAGES Assimilation: taking in Sensorimotor Sensorimotor Intelligence: information and changing it Stage (0-2) practical intelligence to fit their existing ideas. ▪ Development of Animism: or “magical reflexes. thinking.” ▪ Basic concept that people are entities Egocentrism: this denotes a separate from tendency of a child to only objects. think from her or his own ▪ Development of point of view. habits. ▪ Object permanence Reasoning is “transductive” ▪ Goal-directed └ knowledge of one behavior. characteristic is ▪ Use of trial and error transferred to to discover new another. characteristics of Concrete Characterized by the objects and events. Operational appropriate use of logic. Preoperational Use of symbols to represent Stage (7-11) Stage (2-7) objects or something that is Discover concrete solutions not physically present. to everyday problems and recognize cause-and-effect Toddlers draw conclusions relationships. from obvious facts they see. Conservation: Intuitive Thought: why she understanding that quantity, or he believes it. length or number of items is unrelated to the Centering/Centration: arrangement or appearance children tend to look at an of the object or items. object and see only one of its characteristics Reasoning tends to be lack of conservation and inductive. reversibility. └ specific to general (Ex: school-age Conservation: the ability to children tend to discern truth, even though reason that a toy they physical properties change. are holding is broken, the toy is made of Reversibility: ability to plastic, so all plastic retrace steps. toys break easily) TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Formal Abstract thought ▪ Achieve personal Operational independence Stage (11+) Draw conclusions from the Develop attitudes information available. toward social group Adolescence ▪ Achieve new and Able to understand such (13-18) mature relations with things as love, "shades of age mates of both gray", and values. sexes ▪ Prepare for marriage and family life HAVIGHURSTS’S DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS ▪ Prepare for economic  Robert J. Havighurst: stated that the career Achieve social number of tasks in different age levels responsibility depends on the person and the society he Early ▪ Achieve relative lives in. Adulthood independence from  Added that biology and society have a lot (19-30) parents of influence, but personal values of the ▪ Develop a sense of people who prepare them have as much responsibility for one’s influences on identifying the task. own life ▪ Select a mate STAGES ▪ Start a family Infancy & ▪ Learn to walk ▪ Manage a home Early ▪ Learn to take solid food ▪ Choose and start an Childhood ▪ Learn to talk occupation or vocation (0-6) ▪ Control elimination of Middle ▪ Assist children to body wastes Adulthood become responsible ▪ Learn sex differences (30-60) and happy adults and sexual modesty ▪ Achieve adult social ▪ Let ready to read and civic responsibility ▪ Learn to distinguish ▪ Develop adult leisure right and wrong time activities Middle ▪ Learn physical skill ▪ Relate to spouse as a Childhood necessary for ordinary person (6-12) games ▪ Attain and maintain ▪ Build wholesome satisfactory attitudes toward performance in oneself occupation ▪ Learn to get along with ▪ Adjust to aging parents age-mates Later ▪ Adjusting to decreasing ▪ Develop fundamental Maturity physical strength and skills in reading, writing (60+) health and calculating TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES ▪ Adjusting to retirement realistic They avoid punishment and reduced income orientation/self- and obey without ▪ Adjusting to death of a interest orientation question those who spouse have the power to ▪ Establishing an explicit determine and enforce affiliation with one’s the rules and labels. age group Adopting and adapting social roles in Later, children a flexible way determine that the right ▪ Establishing behavior consists of satisfactory physical that which satisfies living arrangements their own needs (and sometimes the needs of others). Conventional The conventional level of moral reasoning is Stage 3: typical of adolescents Interpersonal accord and adults. and conformity of “good boy, nice girl” Child follows rules social concept because of a need to be a “good” person in his Stage 4: The “law own eyes and eyes of and order” others. Behavior that KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY orientation/ authority meets the approval of and social order others is considered to  Lawrence Kohlberg: developed a theory orientation be good. One earns of the way children gain knowledge of right approval by being and wrong or moral reasoning. “nice.”  Value System: based on a series of life experiences that stimulate and shape It is important to obey problem solving. laws, dictums and social conventions STAGES because of their Preconventional Cultural labels of importance in good/bad and maintaining a Stage 1: Punishment right/wrong. functioning society. and obedience Postconventional/ Realization that orientation Children determine the Principled individuals are goodness or badness separate entities from Stage 2: The of an action in terms of society now becomes instrumental its consequences. salient. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Stage 5: The social One's own perspective STAGES contract, utilitarian should be viewed Infancy Primary need for orientation before the society's. contact and Birth to onset of tenderness Stage 6: The Correct behavior tends language universal ethical to be defined in terms Primary Zones: oral principle orientation of general individual and anal. rights and standards that have been Met Needs: infant has examined and agreed sense of well-being. on by the entire society. Unmet Needs: leads to The most advanced dread and anxiety. level of moral development is one in Prototaxic Mode which self-chosen dominates ethical principles guide └ brief, decisions of unconnected conscience. experiences that have no relation to one SULLIVAN’S INTERPERSONAL DEVELOPMENT another.  Herbert “Harry” Stack Sullivan: an Childhood Parents are viewed as American psychiatrist who extended the source of praise and theory of personality development to Language to 5 years acceptance. include the significance of interpersonal relationships. Primary Zone: anal. ┖ He believed in the existence of relationships, but not of Gratification leads to individuals. positive self-esteem.  One’s personality involved more than individual characteristics, particularly Moderate Anxiety: how one interacted with others leads to uncertainty  Inadequate or unsatisfying relationships and insecurity produced anxiety, which Sullivan saw as the basis for all emotional problems Severe Anxiety: results in self-defeating patterns of behavior. Shift to Parataxic Mode TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES └ experiences are connected in New opportunities for sequence to social each other. experimentation. Juvenile Shift to the Syntaxic Mode If the self-esteem is 5-8 years └ thinking about intact, areas of self and others concern expand. based on analysis of Lust experiences in a variety of Maturity may be situations. defined as predominance of the Opportunities for syntaxic mode. approval and acceptance of others Learn to negotiate own needs Severe Anxiety: may result in need to control or restrictive, prejudicial attitudes. Preadolescence Move to genuine intimacy with friend of MODULE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY 8-12 years the same sex. Move away from family OUTLINE as source of I. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE satisfaction in relationships. II. THEORY OF NIGHTINGALE III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Major shift to syntaxic IV. MOVIE SUMMARY mode. Capacity for FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE attachment, love, and  Born on May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. collaboration emerges or fails to develop.  Founder of Modern Nursing. Adolescence Need for special sharing relationship to Puberty to Adulthood the opposite sex. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES TIMELINE person did not attend to 1853 The Crimean War begins. health concerns. 1856 The Crimean War ended. 1859 Nightingale wrote her book Health maintenance called, “Notes on Nursing.” through prevention of disease via environmental 1860 Nightingale School of control and social Nursing opens. responsibility. 1910 Nightingale dies at the age Environment Described components of of 90. surroundings. Nursing Major component of THEORY OF NIGHTINGALE BASED ON HER nursing: manipulation of VIEW physical environment. Nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper selection and administration of diet – all at the least expense of vital power to the patient.” CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY Person Defined in relation to his/her environment and the impact of the environment upon him/her. Referred to as a patient. Health Balance between human and his/her environment. Being well and using every power (resources) to the fullest extent in living life. Disease and Illness: reparative process that nature instituted when a TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES Health of ▪ Presence of pure air Reading, Houses Pure water needlework, writing ▪ Efficient drainage and cleaning as ▪ Light activities to relieve Light ▪ Direct sunlight the sick of boredom ▪ Purifying effect of Cleanliness ▪ Personal (patient, direct sunlight upon nurse) room air ▪ Physical Ventilation and ▪ Breathe air that is as environment dirty Warming pure as external air environment ▪ Without chilling ▪ Source of infection ▪ Source of the air in Nutrition ▪ Dietary intake the patient’s room Variety of food ▪ Proper room ▪ No distraction while temperature eating Patient’s body ▪ Right food brought temperature at the right time Noise DO NOT: Chattering ▪ False hope can be ▪ Wake patient hopes and depressing. intentionally or advice ▪ Heed what is being accidentally during said; sick persons the first part of sleep should hear good ▪ Whispered and long news. conversations ▪ Unnecessary noise Bed and ▪ Bed should be FLORENCE NIGTHINGALE MOVIE (SUMMARY) Bedding placed in the lightest part of the  The story of Florence Nightingale, a room and placed so determined and compassionate nurse the patient could who played a pivotal role during the see out a window. Crimean War. ▪ Caregiver should  The narrative highlights her struggles never lean against, against the desolate conditions of military sit upon, or unnecessarily shake hospitals, her commitment to reforming the bed of a patient. healthcare, and the eventual recognition Clean, neat, and dry of her contributions, which established ▪ Positioning the her as a national heroine. patient for maximum comfort Variety ▪ Need for changing color and form TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES EARLY LIFE AND BACKGROUND woman in a predominantly male field, 1856: Britain has been at war with Russia for 2 highlighting societal attitudes towards women years. By then, thousands have died in wounds in medicine. and disease in Crimea, a barren peninsula off Florence's innovative nursing practices begin Russia’s southern shore. to take shape as she implements sanitation The movie starts with Florence Nightingale standards, which vastly improve the care becoming a national heroine. She went missing provided to soldiers. and it highlighted her unconventional choices against the expectations of her esteemed family. This is followed by a poignant moment REFORMS AND LEGACY that illustrates the dire conditions of soldiers in The battles Nightingale faces against the Crimean War, underscoring the urgent need bureaucratic inefficiencies are illustrated for medical care and foreshadowing God’s through her efforts to secure vital supplies and calling to Florence. improve the horrific living conditions in military Florence’s Mother: hostess to the powerful. hospitals. Men - politics ; Women – husbands A royal commission is suggested to examine Florence rejected Baron Richard Monckton the death rates and the overall healthcare Milnes Houghton (suitor for 5 yrs.) because system, highlighting Florence's impact on she doesn’t want to be enslaved for the government reforms. standard of being married. Her mother rejects Nightingale's passionate plea for restructuring her being a nurse (nurse are considered the military health system highlights her slaves). dedication to ensuring soldiers receive the care Florence Nightingale met Queen Victoria at they deserve, establishing her legacy as the Balmoral Castle to discuss the condition of founder of modern nursing practices. the British army and the urgent need for healthcare reform, particularly in military hospitals (Scutari) during the Crimean War. PERSONAL STRUGGLES AND TRIUMPHS She was chosen by Sidney Herbert to lead, From her strong commitment to nursing and organize, and hire ladies to treat medical care. the hard situations she encounters. She often feels lonely and frustrated because military Nurses are told by the Soldier Doctor, John Hall leaders don’t support her, and the suffering of to not do anything without a doctor's order, they the soldiers makes her doubt her ability to are only in-charge of their laundry. make a difference, affecting her mental health. In a conversation with her father, Florence CONTRIBUTION DURING THE CRIMEAN Nightingale seeks understanding about her WAR dreams while navigating her family's Nightingale arrives in Crimea to find an expectations. This moment highlights her overwhelming number of wounded soldiers, sacrifices in pursuing her passion for nursing, exhibiting her determination to provide revealing the conflict between following her necessary assistance despite the chaos. heart and meeting family demands. She faces numerous obstacles from military Nightingale’s lasting impact on the nursing officials who are skeptical of her capability as a profession, emphasizing her role in advocating TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D  THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING PRELIMINARIES for soldiers and transforming medical care practices for future generations. FLORENCE’S IMPACT ON MODERN NURSING PRACTICE 1853: The Focus on hygiene remains central to nursing protocols and is crucial in preventing infections, especially in healthcare settings. Nursing evolved from a low-status occupation into a respected profession, with structured educational programs measuring up to modern standards. Nightingale was an advocate for evidence- based practices, utilizing statistics to highlight the impact of cleanliness on mortality rates. Nightingale’s philosophy promoted holistic patient care, addressing not only physical needs but also psychological and environmental factors influencing patient recovery Her principles of sanitation, professional education, and evidence-based practice remain integral to contemporary nursing, ensuring that her influence continues to shape healthcare practices for future generations. TRANSCRIBED BY: RISSE AND GING :D