NCM 100 Theoretical Foundations in Nursing - Past Notes PDF

NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN human experiences and behaviors oc...

NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN human experiences and behaviors occur across various dimensions beyond the Martha Rogers' Science of Unitary simple, linear time and space. Human Beings is a grand theory in nursing, 6. Homeodynamics: This principle explains focusing on the holistic and dynamic nature of how change and adaptation occur in human beings and their interactions with the human beings. It consists of three environment. Her theory, developed in the principles: 1960s, is based on a scientific and philosophical approach to nursing, aiming to advance the o Resonancy: Continuous change in the understanding of individuals as complex, human energy field. integrated wholes rather than just biological o Helicy: Increasing diversity and systems. complexity in human patterns over Key Concepts in Martha Rogers’ Theory: time. 1. Unitary Human Being: Rogers defines a o Integrality: The inseparable connection person as an irreducible, indivisible between humans and their whole, who is continuously evolving and environment, and how they influence interacting with their environment. each other. 2. Energy Fields: Both humans and the Martha Elizabeth Rogers (1914–1994) was a environment are seen as energy fields pioneering figure in the field of nursing who that interact dynamically. The human transformed nursing practice and education energy field is complex, unique, and through her innovative theoretical infinite in nature, and it coexists with contributions. the environmental energy field. Early Life and Education: 3. Openness: There are no boundaries Born: May 12, 1914, in Dallas, Texas. between humans and the environment, meaning constant energy exchanges She pursued her early education at the and interactions occur between the University of Tennessee, where she two. earned her diploma in public health nursing in 1936. 4. Pattern: This refers to the unique, identifying characteristics of an Afterward, she earned her Bachelor of individual at a particular time. Patterns Science in Public Health Nursing from are used to describe the dynamics of George Peabody College in 1937. energy fields and are constantly changing and evolving. Advanced Studies and Career Growth: 5. Pan-dimensionality: Rogers introduced Rogers was always eager to expand her this concept to describe the non-linear knowledge. She obtained her Master’s domain of reality, emphasizing that degree in public health from Teachers THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 1 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN College, Columbia University in 1945, humans and their environment, which which was instrumental in shaping her she saw as key to promoting health and views on healthcare and nursing well-being. education. Later Life and Legacy: In 1952, she earned her Master of Arts Rogers retired from NYU in 1975 but degree in teaching from Columbia remained active in academic and University. professional circles, lecturing and Rogers further completed a Doctorate refining her ideas until her passing. in Nursing in 1954 from Johns Hopkins Her theory transformed nursing, University. encouraging a more holistic and patient- Professional Contributions: centered approach, which is now widely incorporated into nursing education and Early in her career, Rogers worked as a practice. public health nurse in Michigan, Connecticut, and Arizona, where she She died on March 13, 1994, but her developed a passion for community- contributions continue to influence based health approaches. nurses and health professionals globally. In 1954, she was appointed head of the Division of Nursing at New York Metaparadigm: University (NYU). Under her leadership, Person: An irreducible, unique energy the department flourished, and she field constantly interacting with the played a key role in enhancing graduate environment. nursing education and expanding its theoretical foundations. Development of the Science of Unitary Human Environment: An open, dynamic energy Beings: field that interacts with the human energy field. Her Science of Unitary Human Beings, first introduced in 1970 with the publication of her landmark book, An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing, challenged traditional Health: A dynamic state of well-being approaches to health care by focusing that reflects the harmonious pattern of on the person as a dynamic energy a person's energy field and field. environment. She emphasized that nursing is not just about treating physical symptoms but understanding the interaction between THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 2 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Nursing: A science focused on o Sympathy: The nurse expresses promoting harmony and well-being emotional involvement and concern for through understanding and facilitating the patient’s situation. interactions between people and their o Rapport: A trusting relationship environment. develops, characterized by mutual Joyce Travelbee's Nursing Theory, respect and understanding. known as the Human-to-Human 3. Existentialism and Meaning: Relationship Model, emphasizes the o Influenced by existential philosophy, importance of interpersonal relationships in Travelbee emphasized that individuals nursing practice. Developed in the 1960s, this search for meaning in their experiences, theory focuses on the nurse-patient relationship especially during suffering or illness. as a vital component of care and healing. o Nurses are tasked with helping patients Key Components in Travelbee’s Nursing find this meaning, which is essential for Theory: emotional and psychological healing. 1. Human-to-Human Relationship: 4. Suffering: o Travelbee viewed nursing as an o Travelbee recognized suffering as an interpersonal process involving a integral part of the human experience. connection between the nurse and the She believed that addressing patients' patient. emotional and spiritual suffering is as o The relationship is foundational to important as addressing their physical effective nursing care, where needs. understanding and empathy play crucial 5. Therapeutic Use of Self: roles. o The nurse’s personal attributes—such as 2. Phases of the Relationship: Travelbee empathy, emotional intelligence, and identified five phases in the self-awareness—are critical in building development of the nurse-patient relationships with patients. relationship: o Nurses must be genuinely engaged and o Original Encounter: The initial meeting, present, using their own experiences where first impressions are formed. and emotions to foster healing o Emerging Identities: Both parties start connections. to see each other as unique individuals. Early Life and Education: o Empathy: The nurse understands the Birth: Joyce Travelbee was born on patient’s feelings and experiences from December 2, 1926, in Newport News, their perspective. Virginia. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 3 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Nursing Diploma: She graduated from interactions and the importance of the Virginia Hospital Nursing School in empathy and connection. 1947. Legacy: Bachelor’s Degree: Earned a Bachelor of Joyce Travelbee passed away on April Science in Nursing from the University 17, 1973, at the age of 46 due to of Tennessee in 1956. cancer. Master’s Degree: Completed her Her theories continue to influence Master’s in Nursing at Columbia nursing education and practice, University in 1961, where she deepened promoting a holistic approach to patient her focus on psychiatric nursing and care focused on empathy and human relationships. meaningful relationships. Career: Metaparadigm: Travelbee began her career as a staff Person: A unique individual nurse and progressed to various experiencing suffering, requiring educational roles. emotional and psychological support. She served as a clinical instructor and Environment: The context that assistant professor, contributing to influences the person’s experience, nursing education and the training of which can facilitate or hinder healing. future nurses. Health: A dynamic state of well-being Her work primarily focused on that includes finding meaning in psychiatric and mental health nursing, suffering; health is holistic. which influenced her development of nursing theory. Nursing: An interpersonal process focused on building therapeutic Theoretical Contributions: relationships that foster healing and In the 1960s, she developed the personal growth. Human-to-Human Relationship Model, emphasizing the significance of Imogene King’s Nursing Theory, interpersonal relationships in nursing. known as the Theory of Goal Travelbee was influenced by existential Attainment, focuses on the dynamic philosophy and Viktor Frankl's ideas relationship between nurses and patients, about finding meaning in suffering, emphasizing the importance of mutual goal which became central to her theory. setting in achieving health outcomes. Developed in the 1960s, King’s theory provides a She published her key ideas in framework for understanding how effective Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing (1971), nurse-patient interactions can lead to improved articulating the phases of nurse-patient patient care. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 4 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Major Concepts of Imogene King’s Theory: Bachelor’s Degree: Earned a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University 1. Goal Setting: of Iowa in 1957. o Mutual goal setting is central to King’s Master’s Degree: Completed her theory, where the nurse and patient Master’s in Nursing at University of collaboratively identify specific, California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1959. measurable, and attainable goals. Doctorate: Received her EdD in 1961 2. Nurse-Patient Interaction: from Teachers College, Columbia o Effective communication is vital for University, focusing on education and understanding the patient’s needs and nursing. establishing a therapeutic relationship. Career Highlights: o The nurse's role includes being a King began her career as a staff nurse listener and an active participant in the and advanced to positions in nursing patient’s care journey. education and administration. 3. Systems Approach: She held faculty positions at various o King’s theory employs a systems institutions, including the University of perspective, acknowledging that Florida and the University of South individuals are influenced by larger Carolina, where she focused on nursing systems such as family, community, and theory and practice. healthcare environments. Served as the Assistant Dean for the 4. Dynamic Process: Graduate Program in Nursing at George Mason University. o The process of goal attainment is fluid, involving continuous evaluation and Key Publications: adjustment of goals based on the King published several influential books patient’s progress and changing needs. and articles, including "A Theory for o Nurses should remain flexible and Nursing: Systems, Concepts, Process" responsive to the evolving (1981), where she elaborated on her circumstances of each patient. theory and its implications for nursing practice. Early Life and Education: Her writings emphasized the need for Born: January 15, 1923, in Mason City, nurses to engage patients in their care Iowa. and to understand the interpersonal Nursing Diploma: Graduated from St. aspects of nursing. John’s Hospital School of Nursing in Legacy: 1945. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 5 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Imogene King’s contributions to nursing Major Components of the Neuman Systems theory have had a lasting impact on Model: nursing education and practice, 1. Stressors: promoting a patient-centered approach to care. o Stressors are any internal or external factors that can disrupt the individual’s She has been recognized with various balance and affect health. awards for her contributions to the field, including the Distinguished o Neuman categorizes stressors into three Nursing Alumni Award from the types: University of Iowa. ▪ Intrapersonal: Occurring within the Death: individual (e.g., physiological or psychological issues). Died: December 24, 2020, in Boca Raton, Florida, at the age of 97. ▪ Interpersonal: Occurring between individuals (e.g., family dynamics). Metaparadigm: ▪ Extrapersonal: Outside the individual’s Person: A goal-oriented individual with control (e.g., social or environmental unique needs and experiences. factors). Environment: The context influencing 2. Lines of Defense: health, requiring consideration in nursing care. o Neuman describes several lines of defense that protect the individual’s Health: A dynamic state characterized core (the person’s basic stability and by goal achievement and holistic well- health): being. ▪ Normal Line of Defense: The Nursing: A collaborative, interpersonal individual’s usual level of health. process focused on mutual goal setting to enhance patient care. ▪ Flexible Line of Defense: The temporary protective mechanism that can be Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory, activated during stress. known as the Neuman Systems ▪ Lines of Resistance: The internal Model, is a comprehensive approach to mechanisms that respond to stressors nursing that focuses on the holistic care of and help restore balance. patients. Developed in the 1970s, this theory emphasizes the interaction between the patient 3. Goal of Nursing: and their environment, considering multiple o The primary goal of nursing is to assist dimensions of health. individuals in achieving and maintaining THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 6 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN optimal health by addressing stressors which outlines her model and its and promoting adaptation. applications in nursing. Early Life and Education: She has published numerous articles in nursing journals, contributing to the Born: September 11, 1924, in advancement of nursing theory and Cleveland, Ohio. practice. Nursing Education: Neuman obtained Legacy: her nursing diploma from the Cleveland Clinic School of Nursing in 1947. Betty Neuman’s work has had a profound impact on nursing education Bachelor's Degree: She earned a and practice, promoting a holistic and Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the systems-oriented approach to patient University of California, Los Angeles care. (UCLA) in 1959. She has received several awards for her Master's Degree: Neuman received her contributions to nursing, including the Master of Arts in Nursing from the Lifetime Achievement Award from the University of California, Los Angeles in American Academy of Nursing. 1966. Metaparadigm: Career Highlights: Person: A holistic being with multiple Neuman worked in various nursing dimensions that interact with their roles, including as a staff nurse, nursing environment. educator, and clinical specialist. Environment: The internal and external She taught nursing at several factors that influence health and well- institutions, including the University of being. California, Los Angeles, and the University of Hawaii. Health: A dynamic state characterized by a continuum from wellness to illness, Neuman developed her theory while influenced by stressors and coping working in nursing education and abilities. practice, influenced by her experiences in holistic and community health Nursing: A caring process focused on nursing. assessing and addressing stressors to facilitate optimal health outcomes. Key Publications: Neuman has authored and co-authored Sis. Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model several influential books, including "The is a widely recognized nursing theory that Neuman Systems Model: Application to focuses on the individual’s ability to adapt to Nursing Education and Practice" (1989), changes in their environment. Developed in the 1970s, this model views individuals as holistic THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 7 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN beings who interact with their environment and o Nurses help patients achieve a balance emphasizes the importance of adaptation in in their adaptive responses, supporting health and well-being. their overall well-being. Major Components of Roy’s Adaptation Early Life and Education: Model: Born: October 14, 1939, in Los Angeles, 1. Adaptive Systems: California. o Roy identifies three types of adaptive Nursing Diploma: Roy earned her systems: nursing diploma from the UCLA School of Nursing in 1963. ▪ Physiological: Involving biological responses. Bachelor's Degree: She obtained a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from ▪ Self-Concept: Pertaining to personal Mount Saint Mary's College in 1964. beliefs and identity. Master's Degree: Roy earned her ▪ Role Function: Relating to social roles Master of Arts in Nursing from the and relationships. University of California, Los Angeles in ▪ Interdependence: Addressing 1970. interpersonal relationships and support Doctorate: She completed her PhD in systems. Sociology from the University of 2. Adaptation Levels: California, San Francisco in 1977. o The model outlines four levels of Career Highlights: adaptation: Roy began her career as a clinical nurse ▪ Intra-personal: Internal processes that and educator, working in various roles influence adaptation (e.g., thoughts, that included staff nurse and nursing emotions). instructor. ▪ Interpersonal: Interactions with others She held faculty positions at several that affect adaptation. institutions, including the University of California, Los Angeles and Boston ▪ Extra-personal: External factors such as College, where she focused on nursing social policies and cultural norms that theory and education. impact health. Key Publications: 3. Goal of Nursing: Roy authored several influential books o The primary goal of nursing is to and articles, including "Adaptation: A promote adaptation and enhance the Conceptual Framework for Nursing" individual's ability to cope with stressors (1984) and "The Roy Adaptation Model" and environmental changes. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 8 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN (2009), where she elaborated on her together to maintain balance. This balance is theory and its applications in nursing. crucial to both health and well-being. Her writings have contributed Key Concepts of Johnson's Behavioral System significantly to nursing education, Model: practice, and the development of 1. Behavioral System: Johnson viewed nursing theories. each individual as a behavioral system Legacy: comprised of seven interrelated subsystems. These subsystems work to Callista Roy’s contributions have had a achieve an equilibrium, which is profound impact on nursing theory and necessary for maintaining health. practice, emphasizing the importance of understanding the adaptive processes 2. Subsystems: of individuals. o Achievement: Drives behaviors that She has received numerous awards for strive for mastery or control of an her work, including the Living Legend aspect of the environment. Award from the American Academy of o Affiliative: Reflects the need for social Nursing. bonds and relationships. Metaparadigm: o Aggressive/Protective: Involves self- Person: A biopsychosocial being capable protection and defense mechanisms. of adaptation. o Dependency: Concerns nurturing and Environment: The external factors receiving nurturing support. influencing an individual’s ability to o Eliminative: Relates to behaviors adapt. associated with waste elimination (both Health: A dynamic state characterized physical and psychological). by the ability to respond positively to o Ingestive: Refers to behaviors related to environmental changes. the intake of food or substances. Nursing: A process aimed at facilitating o Sexual: Focuses on behaviors related to adaptation and promoting well-being. sexuality and procreation. Dorothy Johnson's Nursing Theory, 3. Stability and Balance: Johnson known as the Behavioral System emphasized the need for balance within Model, emphasizes the importance of these subsystems. Any imbalance could behavior in maintaining the stability of a person. lead to illness or disruptions in the Johnson proposed that each person is a system person’s well-being. of behavior, with different subsystems that work 4. External and Internal Factors: The model accounts for the influence of THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 9 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN both external factors (such as the 1. Teaching Career: Dorothy Johnson environment) and internal factors (like spent much of her professional life in emotions and thoughts) on the academia. She joined the faculty at the individual’s behavior. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Nursing in 1949, 5. Nursing's Role: According to Johnson, where she worked for over three the nurse's role is to help the patient decades, retiring in 1978 maintain or restore the balance of these behavioral subsystems. This involves 2. Research and Writing: During her assessing which subsystem is out of academic career, Johnson focused on balance and providing interventions to theory development, research, and restore equilibrium. writing. Her work culminated in the creation of the Behavioral System Dorothy E. Johnson (1919–1999) was a Model, which became one of the most prominent American nursing theorist known for influential nursing theories. her contributions to the field of nursing through the development of her Behavioral System 3. Development of the Behavioral System Model. She was born on August 21, 1919, in Model: In 1968, Johnson published her Savannah, Georgia. Johnson's early life and seminal work on the Behavioral System education played a pivotal role in shaping her Model, where she defined nursing as an approach to nursing. external regulatory force that helps individuals achieve and maintain Education and Early Career: balance in their behavior systems. She Bachelor of Science in Nursing: Johnson emphasized the importance of the earned her B.S.N. from Vanderbilt seven behavioral subsystems that form University in 1942. This foundational a person's behavioral system and how education helped her develop a strong disruptions to these systems affect background in nursing and laid the health. groundwork for her future work in 4. Recognition and Influence: Johnson's theory development. work gained significant recognition in Master of Public Health: She pursued the nursing community. Her theory has further education, obtaining her been used in a variety of settings, Master’s degree from Harvard including psychiatric nursing, University in 1948. Her advanced rehabilitation, and community health. studies focused on public health and Later Life and Legacy: further refined her understanding of the interconnectedness of health, behavior, Dorothy Johnson retired from active teaching in and systems. 1978 but continued to contribute to nursing theory and education until her passing. She died Career Highlights: on February 4, 1999, leaving behind a legacy of THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 10 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN pioneering work that shaped nursing practice like food, water, air, and personal and education. hygiene. Metaparadigm: o Orem identified three types of self-care requisites: Person: Seen as a behavioral system made up of interacting subsystems, ▪ Universal: Basic needs for human aiming to maintain balance and functioning (air, water, food). stability. ▪ Developmental: Needs related to growth, development, and life changes. Environment: External factors (physical, ▪ Health Deviation: Needs that arise due social, cultural) that influence the to illness or injury requiring special person’s behavior and system balance. care. 2. Theory of Self-Care Deficit: Health: The state of balance and o Explains when nursing is required— stability within the person’s behavioral specifically, when individuals cannot system; disruption leads to illness. meet their own self-care needs. Nurses intervene when there’s a gap or deficit between what the patient can do and Nursing: A regulatory force that helps what they need for health. restore or maintain the person’s system 3. Theory of Nursing Systems: balance by reducing stressors and supporting adaptation. o Defines how nurses provide care based on the patient's ability to perform self- Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit care. There are three nursing systems: Nursing Theory is a prominent model in ▪ Wholly Compensatory: The nurse does nursing that emphasizes patient autonomy and all care when the patient is incapable. the nurse's role in assisting individuals to meet their self-care needs. It is based on the idea that ▪ Partly Compensatory: Both the patient individuals can take responsibility for their own and the nurse share care tasks. health, but nurses are needed when there is a ▪ Supportive-Educative: The nurse helps self-care deficit. the patient perform self-care through The Theory has Three Components: guidance, teaching, or emotional support. 1. Theory of Self-Care: Key Concepts: o Focuses on the activities individuals perform to maintain health, well-being, Self-Care: The actions individuals take and life. Self-care includes basic needs on their own behalf to maintain health. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 11 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Self-Care Deficit: A condition where published in her landmark book, individuals cannot fully meet their self- "Nursing: Concepts of Practice," in care needs. 1971. The theory outlines the importance of self-care in maintaining Nursing: Helping individuals meet self- health and emphasizes that individuals care needs or compensating for their are responsible for their own self-care. inability to do so. Recognition and Legacy Early Life and Education Orem’s contributions significantly influenced Born: Orem was born on July 15, 1914, nursing theory and practice. Her work in Baltimore, Maryland. emphasized the role of patients in their own Education: She earned her diploma in health management and the importance of nursing from the Providence Hospital empowering individuals to take charge of their School of Nursing in 1934. She later well-being. She received numerous awards and pursued further education, obtaining a honors throughout her career, including being Bachelor of Science in Nursing from inducted into the American Nurses Association Catholic University of America in 1939 Hall of Fame. and a Master of Science in Nursing from Later Life the same institution in 1945. Orem continued to contribute to nursing Career Highlights literature and education until her later years. 1. Early Nursing Experience: Orem began She passed away on June 22, 2020, leaving a her nursing career in a variety of lasting legacy that has shaped nursing practice settings, including hospitals and and education worldwide. Her Self-Care Theory community health. Her experiences remains a foundational concept in nursing, helped shape her understanding of the emphasizing the critical role of self-care in importance of self-care in nursing patient health and recovery. practice. Metaparadigm: 2. Teaching and Administration: Orem Person: A capable being with the held several teaching positions, potential for self-care. including at The Catholic University of America and the University of Environment: External factors that Maryland. Her roles as an educator and influence the ability to engage in self- administrator allowed her to influence care. nursing curricula and advance the Health: A state of well-being profession. characterized by the ability to meet self- 3. Development of the Self-Care Theory: care needs. In the 1950s, Orem began developing her Self-Care Theory, which was THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 12 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Nursing: A process aimed at promoting o This involves recognizing the emotional self-care and supporting health and psychological aspects of care. management. 3. Nurse-Patient Relationship: Ida Jean Orlando’s Nursing Theory, o The relationship between the nurse and known as the Deliberative Nursing patient is central to the nursing Process Theory, emphasizes the importance process. of the nurse-patient relationship and the need o Effective communication and empathy for nurses to assess and respond to patients' are essential for understanding and needs. Developed in the 1960s, this theory responding to patients’ needs. focuses on the interactions between nurses and patients, highlighting the significance of understanding patients' experiences and Early Life and Education: emotions. Born: August 12, 1926, in New York Major Components of Orlando’s Theory: City, New York. 1. The Nursing Process: Nursing Education: Orlando earned her o Orlando’s model includes a systematic nursing diploma from the New York approach to nursing care, which Medical College in 1947. involves: Bachelor's Degree: She obtained a ▪ Assessment: Observing and Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the understanding the patient's verbal and University of Colorado in 1954. non-verbal expressions. Master's Degree: Orlando received her ▪ Diagnosis: Identifying patient needs Master of Science in Nursing from the based on assessments. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1958. ▪ Intervention: Responding to those needs with appropriate nursing actions. Career Highlights: ▪ Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness After completing her education, of interventions and adjusting care as Orlando worked as a staff nurse and necessary. clinical instructor in various healthcare settings. 2. Immediate Needs: She held positions in nursing o Orlando emphasizes the importance of administration and education, where addressing patients' immediate needs she focused on improving nursing and concerns, rather than focusing practice and education. solely on medical diagnoses. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 13 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Orlando began her academic career as a Nursing: A deliberative process aimed faculty member at the Yale University at understanding and addressing patient School of Nursing, where she further needs through effective communication developed her theories on nursing and empathy. practice. Lydia Hall’s Nursing Theory, often referred to as Key Publications: the Core, Care, and Cure Model, emphasizes the holistic nature of nursing and the interplay Orlando published her seminal work, between three essential components of nursing "The Dynamic Nurse-Patient practice. Developed in the 1960s, Hall’s theory Relationship," in 1961, where she focuses on the interconnectedness of caring for outlined her theory and its application patients and addressing their health needs. in nursing practice. Key Components of Hall’s Theory: She has contributed numerous articles and texts to the nursing literature, 1. Core: emphasizing the significance of patient- o Definition: The "Core" represents the centered care. patient, encompassing their unique Legacy: needs, experiences, and responses to health challenges. Ida Jean Orlando’s contributions have had a lasting impact on nursing theory o Focus: It emphasizes understanding the and practice, particularly in the areas of patient as a whole person, including patient care and nursing education. their physical, emotional, and social dimensions. She has received several awards for her work, including recognition from o Nurse's Role: Nurses must recognize the professional nursing organizations for individual characteristics of each her contributions to the field. patient, tailoring their approach to care based on the patient's specific context Metaparadigm: and needs. Person: A unique individual with 2. Care: specific needs and experiences. o Definition: The "Care" aspect Environment: The external context emphasizes the interpersonal influencing a person’s health and well- relationship between the nurse and the being. patient, focusing on the emotional and Health: A holistic state of well-being supportive aspects of nursing. shaped by interactions and o Focus: It involves providing compassion, experiences. empathy, and emotional support to THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 14 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN patients, fostering a therapeutic Born: March 1, 1906, in New York City, relationship. New York. o Nurse's Role: Nurses engage with Nursing Education: Hall graduated from patients in a way that nurtures their the Nursing School of the New York well-being, helping them feel valued Medical College in 1929. and understood during their healthcare Bachelor’s Degree: She earned her experience. Bachelor of Arts degree from the 3. Cure: University of Michigan in 1936, where she began to explore the theoretical o Definition: The "Cure" component foundations of nursing. pertains to the medical and technical aspects of nursing, including the Career Highlights: treatment of diseases and health Hall started her nursing career in issues. various roles, including staff nurse and o Focus: It emphasizes the importance of educator, focusing on the importance of nursing interventions that directly patient care. address the physiological aspects of She worked in several hospitals and patient care. nursing schools, emphasizing the need o Nurse's Role: Nurses administer for a holistic approach to nursing treatments, medications, and practice. procedures while also ensuring that In the late 1950s, she joined the faculty these interventions are integrated with at the New York University School of the emotional and relational aspects of Nursing, where she further developed care. her theories on nursing. Interconnectedness of Components: Key Publications: Hall’s model highlights that Core, Care, Hall published numerous articles and and Cure are interdependent. Effective texts, including her influential work nursing practice requires a balance "The Care of Patients: A Nursing among these components to achieve Approach," which outlined her model optimal patient outcomes. and its application in practice. For example, a nurse providing Her writings have contributed treatment (Cure) must also consider the significantly to nursing education and patient’s emotional state (Care) and the development of nursing theory. understand their unique needs (Core) to provide holistic care. Legacy: Early Life and Education: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 15 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Lydia Hall’s contributions have had a o Abdellah's model emphasizes that lasting impact on the field of nursing, nursing care should be centered around promoting the integration of emotional the patient, recognizing their and technical care. individuality and unique health needs. She is recognized as a pioneer in nursing o Nurses are encouraged to engage with theory, influencing future generations of patients and understand their nurses and educators. perspectives, promoting a therapeutic relationship. Current Involvement: 2. The Twenty-One Nursing Problems: Although Hall passed away on May 2, 1969, her legacy continues to be felt in o Abdellah identified twenty-one nursing nursing practice and education, with her problems that serve as a framework for model still used to guide holistic nursing assessing patient needs and guiding approaches. nursing interventions. These problems encompass various aspects of health Metaparadigm: and well-being, including: Person: A unique individual with ▪ Physical and emotional health needs physical, emotional, and social needs. ▪ Maintenance of hygiene Environment: The external context that influences health and well-being. ▪ Safety and protection Health: A holistic state of well-being ▪ Nutrition and fluid balance characterized by overall quality of life. ▪ Communication and social interaction Nursing: A practice that integrates Core, o The problems serve as a guide for Care, and Cure to address the full nurses to prioritize care and spectrum of patient needs. interventions based on individual Faye Abdellah’s Nursing Theory, patient needs. known as the Twenty-One Nursing 3. Systematic Approach: Problems, focuses on patient-centered care o Abdellah advocated for a systematic and and the importance of addressing the needs of scientific approach to nursing practice, patients through a systematic approach. encouraging nurses to use assessment Developed in the 1960s, Abdellah's theory and diagnosis to identify patient emphasizes the role of nurses in assessing and problems and develop appropriate responding to patients' physical, emotional, and interventions. social needs. o This approach promotes critical thinking Key Concepts of Abdellah's Theory: and evidence-based practice in nursing. 1. Patient-Centered Care: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 16 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN 4. Holistic View of Health: Abdellah published numerous articles and textbooks on nursing theory and o Abdellah's theory recognizes that health practice, including her seminal work, is multidimensional, involving physical, "Patient-Centered Approaches to psychological, social, and spiritual Nursing," which outlined her framework aspects. for nursing practice. o Nurses are responsible for addressing Her writings have contributed the whole person, not just the illness, to significantly to nursing education and promote overall well-being. the understanding of nursing as a discipline. Early Life and Education: Legacy: Born: March 13, 1919, in New York City, Faye Abdellah is recognized as a pioneer New York. in nursing theory and education, influencing nursing practice and Nursing Education: Abdellah earned her curriculum development. nursing diploma from the New York City College of Nursing in 1941. She has received several awards and honors for her contributions to the field, Bachelor's Degree: She obtained her including recognition from professional Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the nursing organizations. University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1948. Metaparadigm: Master's Degree: Abdellah earned her Person: A unique individual with Master of Arts in Nursing from specific health needs and experiences. Columbia University in 1955. Environment: The external context Career Highlights: influencing health and well-being. Abdellah served as a nurse in various Health: A holistic state of well-being clinical settings, including hospitals and encompassing physical, psychological, the U.S. Army, where she gained and social dimensions. valuable insights into patient care. Nursing: A systematic process focused She became a prominent nurse on assessing and addressing patient educator, holding faculty positions at needs through individualized care. several institutions, including the University of Massachusetts and the Virginia Henderson's Nursing Theory, New York University School of Nursing. often referred to as the Need Theory, emphasizes the importance of patient Key Publications: independence and the role of nurses in helping individuals meet their basic human needs. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 17 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Developed in the 1960s, her theory focuses on 14. Love and belonging the nurse's role in supporting patients' abilities o Nurses assess which of these needs are to care for themselves. unmet in their patients and intervene Key Concepts of Henderson's Theory: accordingly. 1. Definition of Nursing: 3. Independence and Self-Care: o Henderson defined nursing as “the o A major focus of Henderson's theory is unique function of the nurse is to assist promoting patient independence. the individual, sick or well, in the Nurses support patients in performing performance of those activities self-care activities and encourage them contributing to health or its recovery (or to take an active role in their health to a peaceful death) that the individual management. would perform unaided if they had the o The goal is to help patients regain or strength, will, or knowledge.” maintain their ability to care for 2. Basic Human Needs: themselves. o Henderson identified 14 basic needs 4. Holistic Approach: that are essential for health and well- o Henderson’s model emphasizes a being. These needs include: holistic approach to nursing, considering 1. Breathing not just physical needs but also emotional, social, and spiritual aspects 2. Eating and drinking of health. 3. Elimination o Nurses must understand the context of 4. Movement the patient's life and how it affects their health and well-being. 5. Sleep 6. Clothing Early Life and Education: 7. Temperature regulation Born: November 30, 1897, in Kansas 8. Hygiene City, Missouri. 9. Safety Nursing Education: Henderson 10. Communication graduated from the Army School of Nursing in 1918 and earned a Bachelor 11. Spirituality of Science in Nursing from the 12. Work and play University of Virginia in 1932. 13. Learning Career Highlights: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 18 NCM 100 – THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – TRANSES NOTES 09/30/2024 PREPARED BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER, RN, MAN Teaching and Writing: After completing She has received numerous awards and her education, Henderson became a honors for her contributions, including nursing instructor and began to focus on induction into the American Nurses nursing education and theory. She Association Hall of Fame. taught at several institutions, including Current Involvement: the Yale University School of Nursing, where she was a faculty member. Henderson passed away on March 19, 1996, but her legacy continues through Clinical Experience: Henderson worked her theories and writings, which remain in various clinical settings, gaining foundational in nursing education and practical experience that informed her practice. theoretical work. Metaparadigm: Research and Theory Development: In the 1960s, she developed her Need Person: A unique individual with a Theory, which emphasized the variety of health needs and importance of meeting patients' basic experiences. human needs and promoting their independence. Environment: The external context influencing health and the ability to Key Publications: meet needs. Henderson is best known for her Health: A holistic state of well-being influential book, "The Principles and that includes physical, mental, and Practice of Nursing," first published in social dimensions. 1955. This text outlined her nursing Nursing: A practice focused on assisting philosophy and the importance of addressing patients' needs. individuals in meeting their basic human needs to promote independence She authored numerous articles and and overall health. papers on nursing theory, education, and practice, contributing significantly to the nursing literature. Legacy: Virginia Henderson is often referred to as the “First Lady of Nursing” for her pioneering contributions to the field. Her work has shaped nursing education and practice, emphasizing the importance of a holistic and patient- centered approach. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS IN NURSING – LECTURE NOTES BY: SIR KLINS B. OLIVER,RN, MAN 19