Theoretical Foundations of Nursing PDF

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing by: Clarisse B. De Guzman  Objectives: At the end of this session, the learner will be able to: Define Nursing Explain the different terminologies in Theoretical Foundation of Nursing Discuss the importance of Nursing...

Theoretical Foundations of Nursing by: Clarisse B. De Guzman  Objectives: At the end of this session, the learner will be able to: Define Nursing Explain the different terminologies in Theoretical Foundation of Nursing Discuss the importance of Nursing Theory in Education, Research and Clinical Practice  Nursing Overview What is Nursing? Is a practice-oriented discipline. Nursing is derived from basic and nursing sciences, experience, aesthetics, nurses’ attitudes, and standards of practice. Fact Is something that is seen happening or existing. It is an empirical observation Idea Is a group of interrelated facts. Idea is an image or foundation of something imagined and visualized, of something vaguely assumed, guessed or sensed out of related facts or observations. It is a person’s conception of what is the best example of something. Phenomenon Is an aspect of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced. Examples of phenomena of nursing include caring, self-care, and patient responses to stress. Concepts are ideas and mental images that help to describe a phenomena. Concept is a word or cluster of words describing an object, idea or event. It is an abstraction based on observation of certain behaviours or characteristics. It describes the essence of a thing. The METAPARADIGM concepts of person, environment, health, and nursing serve as an umbrella for other concepts that may be present in a nursing theory.  Types of Concept 1. Concrete / Empirical concept specific to time and place observable 2. Abstract Concepts independent of time or place indirectly observable/not observable CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK  Conceptual Framework Set of interrelated concepts that serve as building blocks of theories. Interrelated concepts or abstractions that are assembled together. Relational scheme by virtue of their relevance to a common theme. Hypothesis a statement of predicted relationships between two or more variables, subjected to testing in empirical studies. a temporary stand or prediction or guess while the investigation goes on. AN EDUCATED GUESS. Assumption basic principle that are accepted as being true on the basis of logic or reason without proof or verification. statements that describe concepts definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.  Theory A set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that project a systematic view of a phenomena A formal statement that is constructed in order to organize ideas and explain events A group of related concepts that propose actions that guide practice A systematic way of looking at the world in order to describe, explain, predict and control it. Theoretical Framework a set of interrelated theories that organizes the direction of research endeavour / scientific inquiry.  Components of Theory 1. Purpose Explains why the theory was formulated 2. Concepts and Definitions ad specifies the context and situations in Concepts are logistic labels that are assigned to which it should be applied. objects or events. Definition defines the concept in relation to other concepts and permits the description and classification of phenomena. It conveys the general meaning of the concepts.  Components of Theory 3. Theoretical Statements Statements about the relationship 4. Structure and Linkages between two or more concepts and are used connect concepts to devise the The structure of a theory provides overall theory. form to the theory Theoretical linkages offer a reasoned explanation of why the variables in the theory may be connected in some manner.  Components of Theory 5. Assumptions The assumptions of a theory are based 6. Models on what the theorist considers to be adequate empirical evidence to support Schematic representation of some propositions, om accepted knowledge, or aspect of reality. on personal beliefs or values. Theoretical models represent the real world through language or symbols and directional arrow. Characteristics of a Theory 1. Theories can interrelate concept in such a way to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. 2. Theories must be logical in nature. 3. Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable. 4. Theories can be the bases for hypothesis that can be tested. 5. Theories contribute to and assist in increasing general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. 6. Theories can be utilized by the practitioner to guide and improve theor practice. 7. Theories must be consistent with other validated theories, laws & principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated. Paradigm Model that explains the linkages of science, philosophy, and theory accepted and applied by the discipline. The paradigm of nursing includes 4 links: the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing. Nursing Paradigm NURSING PARADIGM - patterns or models used to show clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in nursing. The elements of the nursing paradigm direct the activity of the nursing profession, including knowledge development, philosophy, theory, educational experience, research, and practice. Metaparadigm It served as an organizing structure for existing nursing fireworks and introduced a way of organizing individual theoretical works in a meaningful structure. A global perspective of a discipline that identifies the primary phenomena in a unique manner. Nursing Metaparadigm: embodies the knowledge base, theory, philosophy, research, practice, and educational experience and literature identified with the profession. Domain The view or perspective of the discipline or a profession. It contains the: 1. Central Concepts 2. Values & Beliefs 3. Subject 4. Central Problems of the discipline 5. Phenomena of Interest Domain The domain of nursing provides both a practical and theoretical aspect of the discipline. It is the knowledge of nursing practice as well as the knowledge of nursing history, nursing theory, education, and research. The domain of nursing gives nurses a comprehensive perspective that allows you to identify and treat patient’s health care needs at all levels and in all health care settings. Nursing Theory Is an organized framework of concepts and purposes designed to guide the practice of nursing. Purposes of Nursing Theory (In Education) Theory clarifies the central imaging and improves the status of the profession. Purposes of Nursing Theory (In Research) Theory sets limits on what questions to ask and what methods to use pursue answers to the questions. Purposes of Nursing Theory (In Clinical Practice) Guides research. Provides the nurse with goals for assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. Language of theory provides us with common grounds for communication and with labels and definitions for a phenomena. Professional autonomy and accountability are enhanced by theory use in practice.  Person / Client Domain and is the recipient of nursing care, including individual patients, groups, families, and Nursing Theory Relationship communities. The person is central to the nursing care you provide. Nursing has identified its domain in a paradigm that includes 4 linkages. Health Defined as what can be assessed, whereas well-being is the human experience of health or wholeness. Environment / Situation Domain and it includes factors that affect individuals internally and externally. It means not only Nursing Theory Relationship in the everyday surroundings but all setting where nursing care is provided. Nursing Described as a caring relationship, an enabling condition of connection and concern. Caring is primary because caring sets up the possibility of giving and receiving help. It is central to all nursing theories. Definitions of nursing describe what nursing is, what nurses do, and how nurses interact with clients. Nursing as a Science: Owes much of its research-orientedness to the systematic works of Florence Nightingale. Founder of Modern Nursing Types of Nursing Theories Grand Theories Broad and complex It does not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions; but it provides the structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing. Types of Nursing Theories Middle-Range Theories Address specific phenomena and reflect practice. It tends to focus on a specific field of nursing, such as uncertainty, incontinence, social support, quality of life, and caring, rather than reflect on a wide variety of nursing care situations. Types of Nursing Theories Descriptive Theories First level of theory development. It describes a phenomenon, speculate on why they occur, and describe their consequences such as grief or caring. Types of Nursing Theories Predictive Theories Identify conditions or factors that predict a phenomenon. Types of Nursing Theories Prescriptive Theories Address nursing interventions and predict their consequences. School of Thoughts in Nursing Theories (1950-1970 Why study Nursing Theory?  Reasons to study Nursing Theories Both practice and Everyday practice theory are guided by enriches theory values and beliefs Theory helps to Theory guides use of reframe our thinking ideas and techniques about nursing  Reasons to study Nursing Theories Theory can close the To envision gap between theory potentialities and research The overall goal of nursing knowledge is to explain the practice of nursing different and distinct from the practice of medicine, psychology, and other health care disciplines. Theory generates nursing knowledge for use of practice, thus supporting evidence- based practice. So how do nurses use theory in everyday practice? Organize patient Understand patient data data Make decisions about Analyze patient data nursing interventions So how do nurses use theory in everyday practice? Predict outcomes Plan patient care of care Evaluate patient care outcomes The End