Biology Test 3 PDF

Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl the modification of cells, molecules or organisms for a practical Biotechnology benefit Older example of Biotechnology...

Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl the modification of cells, molecules or organisms for a practical Biotechnology benefit Older example of Biotechnology pasteurization of milk and making cheese Genetic Engineering modification of the genetic material of organisms choosing which organisms reproduce, improved crops/animal selective breeding stock allows much faster gains, technology that combines genes from Recombinant DNA technology different sources into a single DNA molecule GMO genetically modified organism Organisms that contain functional recombinant DNA from a differ- transgenic organism ent organism grow faster, ripen earlier, and have more protein 10% of the world's population suffers from a deficiency (causes Vitamin A blindness/illness) majority in Africa Genetically modified rice that produces edible beta-carotene, Golden Rice which the body can turn into vitamin A bacteria that produce an insecticidal crystal protein that kills in- Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) sects destroy digestive tracts gene for resistance to herbicides inserted into crops so weeds die herbicides but not the crops about to approve genetically modified animal for human consump- USDA tion growth hormone from chinook salmon, grows more quickly and transgenic arctic salmon reaches a bigger size (is it safe? higher hormones) impact on natural salmon the organism may become invincible, and plants become difficult GMO Fear plants to kill GMO Fear Monarch Butterflies killed by pollen of plants having the Bt gene Brazil nut genes inserted into soybeans could be more nutritious GMO fear Brazil nuts but can cause allergies GMO fear loss of diversity farmers only use a limited number of GMO strains companies that make GMOs make them sterile so seeds must be GMO fear cost bought every year production of insulin that regulates blood sugar, pancreas, type 1 Diabetes (inherited), type 2 1st genetically engineered drug approved by the US Drug Admin- Insulin istration Diagnosing biotechnology is useful for ____ and preventing human disease recessive many diseases are _____ diseases that can be screened Tay Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease create new individuals with the same genome (set of genes) (Dolly Cloning the sheep) "junk", noncoding DNA in between genes, highly individualistic, Hypervariable regions repeating nitrogen base sequence Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides that restriction enzymes are highly individualistic for hypervariable regions usually ____ alleles in the population, 10 alleles found in equal frequency A process used to produce millions of copies of a specific DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequence from a single or a few copies gel electrophoresis uses an electrical charge to separate fragments of DNA by size 1/5  Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl DNA finger prints crime scene and paternity Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered animalcules, in sperm of humans and other animals gametes sex cells evolution Charles darwin, The gradual change in a species over time Gregor Mendel father of modern genetics monohybrid cross a cross in which only one trait is tracked the phenotypic expression of alleles was either dominant or re- complete dominance cessive not "in-between" Phenotype outward appearance of a trait genotype genetic makeup of an organism During meiosis, the alleles separate from each other to make the Principle of Segregation gametes A cross between individuals that have different alleles for the same dihybrid cross gene Principle of Independent Assortment when gametes are formed, alleles assort independently Hugo de Vries proposed the mutation theory of evolution Golden rice is been genetically modified by the insertion of genes allow the rice to make beta-carotene, a substance that humans that _____ can convert into vitamin A 'Bt corn' has a gene inserted into that ______. produces a chemical that acts as a pesticide Transgenic Artic Salmon have had genes inserted that allow for higher growth hormone production ________ The first genetically engineered drug approved by the FDA was Insulin _____ Segments of DNA that are highly useful in identifying individuals hypervariable regions of DNA found between genes are ________. Substances that recognize sequences of DNA and cut (chop) restriction enzymes them into segments are known as ____. Gel electrophoresis separate DNA segments based on their size _____. the study of how traits, determined by genes, are passed on to an genetics individual offspring and how those genes determine the physical characteristics of an individual alleles alternative versions of a gene Gegor Mendel Austrian monk, Father of genetics, studied pea plants In an individual the alleles can be the same or different, if different Principle of Dominance one allele will be expressed over the other traits on different chromosomes are not linked, during meiosis 1 Law of Independent Assortment the chromosomes randomly separate when gametes are formed only one copy of a gene gets put into Law of Segregation each gamete Mendel, breeding that can be used to determine an organism's Test Cross genotype Punnett Squares used to make predictions Genes are discrete For each trait there are _____ factors (genes) two IF the factors present for a trait differ: _______ one factor will be expressed During the formation of gametes, the factors _________ segregate The inheritance of one pair of factors is ______ of the inheritance independent of others. 2/5  Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl Forms of a gene are known as _____ alleles If the two forms of a gene present are different, the individual is heterozygous said to be ________ In 'pear maggot flies', the allele for red body is dominant over the allele for green.Which of the genotypes below represents a fly with rr a green body? _____ In cocker spaniels, the allele for black coat is dominant over the allele for red coat. If a spaniel with a red coat is crossed with one 50% with a black coat (heterozygous), what percentage of the offspring would you expect to have a black coat? In a strain of mice white coat color is dominant over gray and long tails is dominant overshort. A gray mouse with a long tail (heterozygous) is crossed with a white mouse 25%, 25% (heterozygous) with a short tail. What percentage of the offspring would you expect tobe: Gray with a long tail: ________ White with short tail: ________ What blood type can A receive? A or O What is the genotype for blood type A? iAiA or iAi/ AA or AO What blood type can B receive? B and O What is the genotype for blood type A? iBiB or iBi/ AA or AO What blood type can AB receive? A, B, AB, O What is the genotype for blood type AB? iAiB or AB What blood type can O receive? O What is the genotype for blood type O? ii or OO What antibodies does blood type A produce? Anti-B antibodies What antibodies does blood type B produce? Anti-A antibodies What antibodies does blood type AB produce? none What antibodies does blood type O produce? Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies Linked genes genes on the same chromosome Results of linked genes unexpected from what you get in a Punnet grid Sex linked traits Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes. Females XX Males XY Polygenic Traits single traits controlled by two or more genes skin color, eye color, height, weight, hair color, heart disease, polygenic trait examples intelligence. Pleiotropy The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. Biodiversity the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems on earth How many species have been named 2 million (1.8 million) How many species are estimated to be on earth? 10 million Diverse ecosystems are more ______ productive and stable and provide ecosystem services 3 domains of life Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya bacteria single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes Autotrophic make their own food heterotrophic bacteria decomposers peptidoglycan Cell wall of prokaryotes, but NOT ARCHAEA. Archaea 3/5 Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl Unicellular, prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan, found in extreme en- vironments eukarya have a nucleus and organelles Eukarya kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia eukaryotic one-celled living organisms, cell walls in algae com- Protista posed of cellulose Multicellular except yeast, decomposers, cell walls made of chitin, Fungi saprobic (organisms that derive nourishment from decaying or- ganisms) plantae multicellular, producers, autotrophic, cell walls made of cellulose animalia multicellular; no cell walls; heterotrophic, consumers habitat destruction, overkilling, overharvesting, displacement by loss of biodiversity introduced species, chemical pollution Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosys- indicator species tem is being degraded The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within Carl Linnaeus groups Linnaean Classification System (taxons) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species scientific name binomial nomenclature (genus and species) Amount of endangered species in the US 1000 amount of endangered species in Tennessee 100 decent with modification Darwin's way of referring to evolution. over reproduction, genetic variation, competition for limited re- natural selection sources, differential reproduction natural processes that are the direct result of interactions among ecosystem services specie the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to Ecology one another and to their physical surroundings. Levels of living things individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere Predation An interaction in which one organism kills another for food. competition Organisms use the same limited resources intraspecific competition competition between members of the same species interspecific competition competition between members of different species symbiotic relationships close ongoing associations between two species A relationship between two organisms of different species where Parasitism one benefits and the other is harmed A relationship between two organisms in which one organism Commensalism benefits and the other is unaffected mutualism A relationship between two species in which both species benefit habitat The space an organism inhabits ecological niche the role of an organism in an ecosystem The hierarchical levels of the food chain through which energy trophic levels flows from primary producers to primary consumers, secondary consumers and so on. Only 10% of the total energy produced at each trophic level is the 10% rule available to the next level. the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment (atmos- carbon cycle phere) into living things and back succession primary and secondary (result of disturbance) 4/5 Biology TEST 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7j2sl An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic Primary Succession community previously existed Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community secondary succession without destroying the soil A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in climax community species over time A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical Biome organisms TN biome temperate deciduous forest population dynamics how the number of individuals in a population changes over time the number of individuals an ecosystem can support without caus- carrying capacity ing damage to the environment ecological footprint the impact of a person or community on the environment US ecological footprint 25 acres Average person in world ecological footprint 5 acres A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chro- Chromosome theory of inheritance mosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns. Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the homologous chromosomes same structure A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and Karyotype shape. autosomes non-sex chromosomes Centromere Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached heterogametic males (XY) A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic Epistasis effects of another gene that is independently inherited. cellulose Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls. Plastids plants, mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food. Bryophytes nonvascular plants, mosses Tracheophytes vascular plants A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds Gymnosperms enclosed in fruits Gymnosperms that grow in tropical or subtropical areas; look like cycads palm trees with cones trees with separate male and female plants. Ginkgo biloba is the Ginkgos only living member of this class conifers A gymnosperm, or naked seed plant, that produces cones -closest living relative to angiosperms -includes: Gnetales *Ephedra (shrubs) *Gnetum (tropical vines) *Wilwitschia (desert of Namibia) A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber Angiosperms called an ovary. flowers used by some plants to make seeds (for reproduction) 5/5