Psychology Test Review PDF

Type of Related term Simplified Definition Definition Psychologist Experiment psychology Humanistic Self-concept Rather than focusing on dysfunction and challenges, how healthy people Martin...

Type of Related term Simplified Definition Definition Psychologist Experiment psychology Humanistic Self-concept Rather than focusing on dysfunction and challenges, how healthy people Martin humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their strive to reach their Seligman, potential and maximize their well-being. full potential Abraham A perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole Maslow, Carl individual and stresses concepts such as free will, Rogers self-efficacy, and self-actualization Humanistic therapy is different from traditional approaches and can help individuals recognize their strengths and use them to overcome challenges and find self-actualization. Glass half full, not glass half empty → focusing on the positive and good in life Ex: A friend feels like his or her life is bland and boring. A humanistic approach would encourage the person to do some soul-searching and determine what is missing. It might be a hobby, friendships or something else. Whatever it takes for the person to feel fully self-actualized is what should be sought as a potential solution. Cognitive Problem-solving How your brain interprets, processes and reacts to stimuli how we process Jean Piaget Piaget’s Four or information information Stages of Experimentation + brain scans → difficult to observe Cognitive because it is all INSIDE THE BRAIN Development Ex: dropped book in class, your brain will process where, what and if there is danger Biological Genetics Chemicals in the brain and how they influence your how our biological reactions, perceptions, emotions structures and Ex: applying to college and your feeling substances underlie anxious/overwhelmed… that is the chemical called cortisol. a given behavior, Then you get accepted to your dream school, serotonin thought, or (long) + dopamine (quick) emotion Behavioral Conditioning All about how we learn a new association or task how we learn Margaret Floy Pavlov’s Dog Ex of classical conditioning (associating things together): through rewards, Washburn, Ivan Skinner’s Cat notecards for studying, trying to make the connection punishments, and Pavlov, John B Little Albert between the term and the definition observation Watson, BF Ex of operant conditioning (learning through rewards or Skinner punishment): cleaning your room / dog training zappy Responding to our collar environment  -​ Positive reinforcement: I give you money when you finish -​ Negative reinforcement: I stop asking you to clean your room -​ Positive punishment: I make you do all of the chores if you don’t clean your room -​ Negative punishment: I take away your phone if you don’t clean your room Sociocultural Social norms Influenced by those around you, especially if they are older. how thinking and William James, Bandura’s Bobo This shapes your behavior, actions, responses, and even behavior change Mary Whiton Doll how you perceive things. depending on the Calkins, Lev Experiment Ex: Market Basket dropped grocery bag, if you grew up in a setting or situation Vygotsky, Albert culture where helping is expected and you saw elders Bandura always help, then you are more likely to help Ex: social media teaches you how to act, what to buy, who to support, and what causes you to get involved with. BECAUSE you want to be like them or emulate what they have. You are going to try to replicate the same behavior so you can hopefully get the same result Psychodynamic Unconscious The unconscious drives influence a person's behavior. how we are affected Sigmund Freud Emotional and psychological problems such as depression by unconscious and anxiety are often rooted in conflicts between the drives and conflicts conscious and unconscious mind. Personality development is heavily influenced by the events of early childhood (Freud suggested that personality was largely set in stone by the age of five). People use defense mechanisms to protect themselves from information contained in the unconscious. Ex: In a case study, the researcher attempts to intensely examine every aspect of an individual's life. By closely studying a person, a researcher can gain insight into how an individual's history contributes to their current behavior.  Humanistic Psychodynamic Behavioral Biological Id Wilhelm Wundt Self-concept Social-Cultural Albert Bandura Cognitive Ego Problem-solving Jean Piaget Ivan Pavlov Stages of Development Superego Genetics Pavlov’s Dog John Watson Positive reinforcement Classical conditioning Conditioning Little Albert BF Skinner Negative reinforcement Operant conditioning Social norms Skinner’s Cat/Rat Abraham Maslow Positive punishment Lev Vygotsky Unconscious Bobo Doll Sigmund Freud Negative punishment Zone of Proximal Development you are influenced by how thinking and the unconscious drives how we are affected by how we process how your brain those around you, behavior change influence a person's unconscious drives and information interprets, processes, especially if they are depending on the behavior conflicts and reacts to stimuli or older. They shape your setting or situation information behavior, actions, responses, and even how you perceive things. how we learn a new how we learn through how healthy people strives to help people the chemicals in the how our biological association or task rewards, punishments, strive to reach their full fulfill their potential brain and how they structures and and observations potential and maximize their influence your substances underlie a well-being reactions, perceptions, given behavior, emotions thought, or emotion