Quinnipiac Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint PDF

Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint Week #1 (3 Questions) Levels of Evidence (Ranking of 7 levels of evidence) (1) 1. meta analysis of RCTs 2. Randomized control trials 3. Quasi-experimental 4. N...

Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint Week #1 (3 Questions) Levels of Evidence (Ranking of 7 levels of evidence) (1) 1. meta analysis of RCTs 2. Randomized control trials 3. Quasi-experimental 4. Non experimental/observational study 5. meta synthesis of qualitative studies 6. Qualitative study/descriptive study 7. Expert options "Most Random Questions Need More Quality Evidence" RCT study groups are randomly assigned to either treatment group or control group. Control group one that doesn’t receive treatment Meta analysis vs. meta synthesis (1) - Meta-analysis is a research study focused on one topic/question using statistical method to synthesize the findings to draw a conclusion o Quantitative - Meta synthesis a synthesis of several qualitative studies. o Qualitative Florence Nightengale’s contributions to nursing research (1) - Vanguard of her time, first epidemiological nurse - Set the standard for optimal patient outcomes. - 1st Nurse to use stats to back up hypothesis. Week #2 (10 questions) Nuremberg Code (1) - Definitions of voluntary, legal capacity, sufficient understanding and enlightened decision have been the subject of numerous court cases and presidential commination involved in setting ethical standards it research - Came about after NAZI Germany did experiments on the member of the concentration camp. Belmont Report (1) - Three basic ethical principles - 1. Respect for persons o Individual autonomy (Have the freedom to participate or not) o Protection of individual with reduced autonomy - 2. Beneficence Dr. Tilley Revised 9/22/2024  Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint o Maximize benefits and minimize harm - 3. Justice o Equitable distribution of research costs and benefits Tuskegee Experiment (1) o Occurs in Alabama between 1932-1973 o A syphilis study conducted by the US Public Health Service o Was conducted on 2 groups of poor black male sharecroppers. ▪ 1 group was untreated for syphilis. ▪ 2nd group was free of disease o Treatment was withheld from a group having syphilis. o The researches wanted to study the untreated disease process. Principles of informed consent (1) o 16 ethical principles of respect + related to self-determination. Basic ethical principles: Respect for persons (1) Basic ethical principles: Beneficence (1) Basic ethical principles: Justice (1) Informed consent vs. assent (1) o Assent ▪ Given by kids aged 7-18 years old ▪ This is needed, as well as parental permission ▪ Contains: What the child will be expected to do and what will be done A comprehension of the basic purpose of the research An ability to express a preference regarding participation Protecting basic human rights: Vulnerable groups (1) o Need to consult agencies IRB for the most recent federal + state rules and guidelines when considering research involving vulnerable groups who may have diminished autonomy. o Extra precautions must be taken to protect their rights. Institutional Review Boards (1) o Reviews studies to access that ethical standards are met in relation to the protection of the rights of human subjects. o Responsible for protecting subjects from undue risk + loss of personal rights + dignity, risk/benefit ratio o Has authority to approve research, require modifications or disapprove the study. Week #3 (4 questions) Dr. Tilley Revised 9/22/2024  Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint Types of theories in nursing research (1) o Grand nursing theory ▪ Sometimes referred to as conceptual models. ▪ Includes theories /models that were developed to describe the discipline of nursing as a whole ▪ Example: Jean Watson and her theory of caring o Middle range theory ▪ Contain limited number of concepts. ▪ Focused on a limited aspect of reality ▪ Example: Theory of unpleasant symptoms o Situation specific nursing theory ▪ Sometimes called micro range, practice or prescriptive theories ▪ More specific than middle range theories ▪ Composed of a limited number of concepts Use of theories in nursing research (1) o Theory generating nursing research ▪ Examines a phenomenon within a particular context and identifies and describes its major elements or events o Theory as framework for nursing research ▪ Correlational studies attempt to discover and specify relationships between characteristics of individuals, groups, situations or events ▪ Example: Chucks malignant wound study and trying to figure out a correlation between MFW and functional status. o Theory testing research ▪ Hypotheses are derived from theory and tested, employing experimental methods. Independent variable vs. dependent variable (1) o Independent variable ▪ Variable you manipulate or vary in an experimental study to explore effects. ▪ Nonexperimental designs do not manipulate the independent variable and do not use a control group. ▪ Used in experimental and quasi experimental designs. o Dependent variable ▪ The variable that changes as a result of the independent variables manipulation. ▪ It is the outcomes you are interested in measuring and it depends on your independent variable. Quantitative aims and hypotheses (1) Dr. Tilley Revised 9/22/2024  Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint o Quantitative aims show what the investigator hopes to achieve and suggests the level of evidence to be obtained o Hypothesis ▪ Predicts outcome of the study ▪ Flows with the research questions and framework ▪ Predicts expected outcome ▪ Formulated before the study ▪ Has to be testable Week #4 (6 questions) Internal validity (1) o Internal validity is the extent to which as study can support that a casual relationship exists between the independent and dependent variable and that the observed effect on the dependent variable isn’t caused by something else. o Asked whether the independent variable is really what changed the dependent o Rule out biases o Threats to this can compromise study outcomes o Usually discussed in “limitations” section External validity (1) o Generalizability of ones study to additional populations or other environment conditions o Selection effects: ▪ Generalizability of the results to other populations o Reactive effects ▪ Effects are from the realization of the subjects they are being studied, not from the intervention o Measurement effects ▪ Pretesting can affect the post test responses within a study and effect the generalizability. Limitations section of a research article (1) o Couldn’t get full sample -> limited ability to do inferential statistics + data saturation Experimental designs (1) o Experimental design properties ▪ Randomization Subjects are distributed randomly ▪ Control Dr. Tilley Revised 9/22/2024  Critical Appraisal and Concepts: Test I Exam Blueprint Conditions are held constant to limit bias that could dependent variable ▪ Manipulation Changing the independent variable for at least some of the involved subjects Results between the groups can than be compared ▪ Randomized control trial Study used an experimental design Gold standard for cause and effect relationships Generates level II evidence. ▪ Weaknesses is that it is complicated to design and costly to implement. Quasi-experimental designs (1) o Also test cause and effect relationships o Randomization may not be possible or there may not be a control group ▪ Internal validity may be compromised ▪ Lack of control makes evidence provided by quasi experimental designs less convincing o Generates Level III evidence o Practical, less expensive and generalizable. More adaptable to real world settings, replication of study can strength evidence. o Its weakness is its inability to make clear cause and effect statements. Nonexperimental designs (1) o Used when the researcher wishes too explore events, people, or situations as they occur naturally. o Tests relationships and differences among variable o Provides level IV evidence. Dr. Tilley Revised 9/22/2024