Test B Revision PDF

**Test B revision** ***Memory*** is mostly processed in the temporal lobe - Multi-Store Memory Model: Atkinson and Shiffrin - ***Attention:*** you need to pay attention to information or stimuli to remember it, attention involves selectively focusing on specific stimuli - ***Sensor...

**Test B revision** ***Memory*** is mostly processed in the temporal lobe - Multi-Store Memory Model: Atkinson and Shiffrin - ***Attention:*** you need to pay attention to information or stimuli to remember it, attention involves selectively focusing on specific stimuli - ***Sensory memory:*** initial coding of sensory stimuli -  - ***Sensory memory:*** has a huge capacity but info is available for limited time, shallow processing only important information is focused upon rest is filtered out, important is then passed over to the next stage for further processing and longer storage - ***Short-term memory (STM):*** temporarily holds current or recently attended information (information for immediate use) Duration 20 seconds without rehearsal. Rehearsal the process of verbalising or thinking about information repeatedly - ***Long-term memory (LTM):*** unconscious storage system that is unlimited in capacity and in how long information will stay in there but requires cues to recall to short term memory system. Structure of LTM - *Phonological Loop* - Used for maintenance, manipulation and rehearsal of VERBAL information - *Visuospatial Sketchpad* - Used for maintenance, manipulation and rehearsal of VISUAL information - *Central Executive* - Shifts attention as needed, like the control centre - *Episodic Buffer* - Integrates the other components of working memory and interfaces with long term memory -  - All parts of memory (excluding working memory) are processed predominantly in the temporal lobes, more specifically the hippocampus - The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, which is largely responsible for emotions, this is why emotions are so strongly tied to memory - The amygdala is located above the hippocampus and mostly processes emotion but is strongly activated with memory of fears - Smell is also the only sense that goes directly into the hippocampus (through the olfactory bulbs) which is why smell is associated so strongly with memory - The cerebellum is heavily involved in procedural memory and motor learning ***Amnesia:*** - *Retrograde amnesia:* Loss of memory for period/information learned before brain injury or neurological disease onset - *Anterograde amnesia*: Loss of memory for information after the brain injury or neurological disease onset - *Post traumatic amnesia:* The period after a traumatic brain injury when a patient is conscious but confused and disoriented and therefore can't form new memories  **Information processing models:** - 3 processes; encoding, storage, retrieval - Shallow: only important info is focused upon, known as a structural encoding as it focuses on the physical structure of the stimuli. - Intermediate: phonemic encoding emphasises the sound of the word/s being encoded - Deep: focuses on the meaning of the stimuli **Sematic memory:** memory encoded by meaning is more easily activated, info that is related to the prime can be more readily recalled than info that is not related. This is due to the strength and number of networks that are created when info is encoded deeply with many associations. **Associative memory:** LTM is organised into clusters of information related to meaning, the network is composed of many interconnected nodes, which may contain thoughts, images, smells. Makes info easier to recall. **Failures of memory:** - *Transience*: Memories fade when not readily recalled often - *Absent mindedness:* Failure to remember due to inattention - *Misattribution:* Forgetting the source of the information - *Suggestibility:* Remembering an event based on someone else's recollection - *Bias:* Distortion of recall based on one's own needs or desires - *Persistence:* Not being able to forget some things - *Forgetting*: A failure to recall information -