Term Sheet: Module 1 Patho PDF

Term Sheet: Module 1 Patho 1.1 (G1) Functional Organization of the Human Body o​ Nuclear pores ​ Homeostasis o​ Nucleolus ​ Nutrients Extracellular vs intracellular ​ Diffusion vs active transport ​ ECF vs ICF...

Term Sheet: Module 1 Patho 1.1 (G1) Functional Organization of the Human Body o​ Nuclear pores ​ Homeostasis o​ Nucleolus ​ Nutrients Extracellular vs intracellular ​ Diffusion vs active transport ​ ECF vs ICF ​ Endocytosis ​ Nutrients & Metabolic Byproduct for: o​ Pinocytosis o​ Respiratory system o​ Phagocytosis ▪​ Alveolar membrane (thickness?) ​ ATP vs ADP o​ GI ​ Glycolysis o​ Liver ​ Krebs cycle ▪​ Bile ​ Electron transport chain In o​ Kidney o​ Oxidative phosphorylation ▪​ Plasma ​ ATP uses ex: ​ Nervous System (3) ​ Amoeboid Motion ​ Hormones regulation in fxn: o​ Pseudopodia o​ feedback mechanisms and ex. o​ Chemotaxis ​ Protection of Body: ​ Ciliary motion (rate?) o​ Immune system o​ Non-motile ▪​ Phagocytosis 1.3 (G4) Transport of Substances through cell ▪​ Antibodies membranes o​ Integumentary - thickest layer? ​ Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic sides of cell membranes o​ Reproductive system ​ Simple diffusion (ex) ​ Negative vs Positive Feedback ​ Facilitated diffusion o​ Vmax 1.2 (G2) The Cell & its Functions ​ Rate of Lipid Soluble substances (ex) ​ Cell composition: water, ions, proteins, lipids, carbs ​ Pores ​ Structural vs functional proteins o​ Aquaporins o​ Integral vs peripheral proteins ​ Protein channels o​ Channels, active transport carriers, receptors o​ Ligand gated vs voltage gated ▪​ Ligand o​ Characteristics ​ Cell membrane (thickness?) o​ Ex w/ K o​ Amphipathic ​ Gating of Protein channels ​ Glycoproteins, proteoglycan, glycocalyx o​ Controlled by voltage, ligand (chemical) ​ Endoplasmic Reticulum ​ Factors the effect net diffusion rate (3) o​ Smooth (lipids, glycogen- for energy, detox) vs ​ Osmosis rough (protein synthesis, processing) ​ Osmotic pressure ​ Golgi apparatus o​ Molar concentration, osmole o​ Hyaluronic acid & Chondroitin sulfate ​ Osmolality vs osmolarity ​ Lysosomes o​ Normal osmolality o​ Autolysis & autophagy ​ Primary active transport vs secondary ​ Peroxisomes ​ Na/K pump ​ Mitochondria ​ Calcium primary active transport o​ Cristae ​ H Ion primary active transport ​ Cytoskeleton ​ Co-transport (symport) ex o​ Intermediate filaments ​ Counter-transport (antiport) ex o​ Actin filaments ​ Cellular sheets o​ Microtubules 1.4 (G5) Membrane Potentials ​ Nucleus ​ Resting Membrane Potential o​ Nuclear envelope o​ K vs Na roles ​ Nernst Potential o​ Effusion ​ Goldmans equation ​ Cardiac Pacemaker cells 1.7 (G31) Proteins as Intracellular Buffers o​ Oscilloscope : measures changes in membrane ​ Hydrogen ions influence: potential ( AP). how they got RMP (-70mV), ​ Acids vs bases threshold, etc. o​ Strong vs weak o​ Spontaneous depolarization ​ Dissociation constant ​ Nerve signals ​ pH & norm values o​ Resting, depolarization & repolarization ​ Buffer o​ Voltage-gated Na & K behaviors o​ Le Chatelier’s Principle o​ Conductance ​ 3 primary pH regulator systems o​ Threshold of activation o​ Chemical acid-base buffer system ​ Hyperpolarization o​ Resp ​ Axon o​ Renal system (kidneys) ​ Schwann cells ▪​ Filtration, reabsorption, secretion o​ Myelin ​ Bicarbonate buffer system ​ Nodes of Ranvier o​ Carbonic anhydrase o​ Saltatory Conduction (jumps) ​ Protein Buffers 1.5 (G6) The Microcirculation & Lymphatic System ​ Bicarbonate vs Hydrogen secretion ​ Branching of arteries into capillaries (size) ​ Resp Acidosis vs alkalosis ​ Capillary Diffusion ​ Metabolic acidosis vs alkalosis o​ Intracellular clefts ​ Anion gap o​ Special organs: brain, liver, GI & kidney ​ Bases excess vs deficit ​ Intermittent blood flow ​ Interstitial fluid (size) o​ Contains o​ Edema ​ Starling forces o​ PC #17, Pif #3, πC #28, πif #8 o​ NFP + vs – ​ Fluid Filtration & Reabsorption o​ Arterial end (+ NFP) o​ Venous end (- NFP) ​ Lymphatic system (size & flow) o​ Regulation of lymph flow ▪​ what increases lymph flow? 1.6 (G25) Regulation of Body Fluid Compartment ​ Daily water intake & loss o​ Output ex ​ TBF compartments o​ ICF, ECF, Interstitial fluid & Plasma ​ Tonicity o​ Isotonic, hypotonic & hypertonic solutions o​ Time for H2O absorption to equilibrate ​ Hypernatremia ​ Types of edema (2) o​ HF o​ Mechanism against edema ​ Potential spaces