Suid-Afrika na die Anglo-Boere Oorlog (PDF)

South Africa after the Anglo-Boer War Suid-Afrika na die Anglo-Boere Oorlog History 144 Lecture 1 Geskiedenis 144 Lesing 1 The big questions Die groot vrae Political Polities Who is in power?...

South Africa after the Anglo-Boer War Suid-Afrika na die Anglo-Boere Oorlog History 144 Lecture 1 Geskiedenis 144 Lesing 1 The big questions Die groot vrae Political Polities Who is in power? Wie is in beheer? How do they use that power to Hoe wend hulle daardie mag aan om control, influence or change society? die samelewing te beheer, te How do they stay in power? beïnvloed of te verander? Who wants political change and Hoe behou hulle die mag? why? Wie verlang politieke verandering en What methods are used to bring waarom? about political change? Watter metodes word gebruik om politieke verandering teweeg te bring? The big questions Die groot vrae Social Maatskaplik How is society organised? Hoe word die samelewing What different opportunities do georganiseer? people have according to race, class, Watter verskillende geleenthede is gender, urban or rural? tot die beskikking van mense volgens ras, klas, gender, stedelik of landelik? Economic What are the bases of economic Ekonomies activity and how do these change Wat is die grondslag van ekonomiese over time? werksaamhede en hoe verander dit How is wealth distributed: who is met verloop van tyd? rich, who is poor? Hoe word rykdom verdeel: wie is ryk What determines the distribution of en wie is arm? wealth? Waardeur word die verdeling van rykdom bepaal? Southern Africa 1902 Suider-Afrika 1902 British Empire dominated the world. Die Britse Ryk oorheers feitlik die wêreld. After the war all of South Africa was under Na die oorlog was die hele Suid-Afrika nou the control of the British Empire. onder die beheer van die Britse Ryk Cape and Natal – still colonies, as they had Die Kaap en Natal – nog steeds kolonies, net been before the war. soos voor die oorlog. Orange Free State and Transvaal – formerly Die Oranje-Vrystaat en Transvaal, voormalige Boer republics, now colonies. Boere-republieke, is nou kolonies. Outside the borders of present-day SA Buite die grense van die hedendaagse SA Bechuanaland (Botswana), Basotholand Betsjoeanaland (Botswana), Basoetoland (Lesotho), Swaziland (eSwatini) were British (Lesotho) en Swaziland (eSwatini) is Britse protectorates. protektorate. South West Africa (Namibia) was ruled by Suidwes-Afrika (Namibië) word deur Duitsland Germany. geregeer. Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) – British Suid-Rhodesië (Zimbabwe) – die Brits-Suid- South Africa Company took control in the Afrikaanse Maatskappy neem in 1890’s beheer 1890s after white settlers occupied land. oor, nadat wit setlaars die grond beset het. Angola and Mozambique were ruled by Angola en Mosambiek word deur Portugal Portugal. geregeer. Economy & people Ekonomie en volke Farming and mining – not much Boerdery en mynwese – nog nie baie industry yet. industrieë nie In the cities, a capitalist economy, In die stede – kapitalistiese ekonomie, private ownership and profit making. privaat eienaarskap en winsbejag Migrant labour: Trekarbeid: Africans worked for mines on limited swart mense werk op beperkte kontrakte contracts. op die myne Most Africans based in a rural home Die meeste swart mense woon in ‘n area. plattelandse tuisgebied In earlier times Africans could make a In die verlede kon Afrikane ʼn bestaan living through farming. maak deur landbou When colonial governments imposed Toe koloniale regerings belastings oplê, taxes, rural Africans were forced to seek word landelike swart mense gedwing om temporary work on the mines. tydelike werk op die myne te soek. Economy & people Ekonomie en volke White Afrikaners: Wit Afrikaners: Many were farmers Baie is boere Some have moved to the cities, Sommige het na die stede verhuis, mostly working class meestal werkersklas White English speakers: Wit Engelssprekendes: Dominated business, professions, Oorheers die sake- en beroepswêreld, city life stadslewe Coloureds (Cape) & Indians (Natal) Bruin mense (Kaap) en Indiërs Small business / working class in (Natal) cities & towns Kleinsake- en werkersklasrolle in stede en dorpe Politics before Union Politiek voor Unie The Boer republics: only white men Die Boere-republieke het ʼn kiesstelsel could vote slegs vir wit mans Continued when they became British Dit word voortgesit nadat hulle ná die colonies after the war. oorlog Britse kolonies raak. The Cape and Natal colonies Die Kaapse en Natal kolonies Some self-government ʼn Mate van selfbeskikking Parliaments that could make laws. Parlemente wat wette kan uitvaardig. In theory men of any race could vote. In teorie kon mans van alle rasse stem A series of laws requiring property ʼn Reeks wette wat grondbesit en ownership and literacy excluded the geletterdheid vereis het die meerderheid majority of black voters – stricter in swart kiesers uitgesluit – strenger in Natal than Cape Natal as in Kaap Voting rights would become an issue Stemregte word ʼn kwessie tydens die during the discussions around the besprekings in die aanloop tot die Union uniewording Politics before Union Politiek voor Unie At this point, little political activity by Op hierdie stadium, min politieke Africans: this would change in aktiwiteit deur swart mense: dit sou response to proposals for a white- verander in reaksie op die voorstelle dominated Union vir ʼn wit-oorheersde Unie White Afrikaner politics Wit Afrikaner politiek Political consciousness had developed politieke bewustheid het met die with ‘Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners’ ‘Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners’ uit die (Society of True Afrikaners) from 1870s 1870’s ontwikkel. Anglo-Boer war deepened Afrikaner Anglo-Boereoorlog verdiep die Afrikaner resentment of British and strengthened se wrokkigheid teen die Britte en Afrikaner nationalism versterk Afrikaner nasionalisme. Some Afrikaner leaders felt that it Daar is egter ook Afrikanerleiers wat voel would be beneficial to Afrikaners to co- dat dit vir die Afrikaners voordelig sou operate with the British wees om met die Britte saam te werk. This division among Afrikaners was an Die verdeling onder Afrikaners sou later issue later ‘n kwessie word. Milner’s Milner se administration administrasie Lord Alfred Milner responsible for Lord Alfred Milner verantwoordelik vir post-war reconstruction heropbou ná oorlog High Commissioner Hoë Kommissaris Governor of the former Boer Goewerneur van die voormalige republics Boererepublieke Imperialist - believed in Imperialis – glo aan role of state staat se rol white political superiority wit politieke heerskappy enfranchisement of English and Dutch stemreg vir Engels- sowel as Nederlandse / Afrikaans speaking whites / Afrikaanssprekende wit mense left issue of votes for black people to het kwessie van swart stemreg uitgestel be decided (by whites) once SA was om (deur blankes) besluit te word toe SA self-governing selfregerend geraak het Milner’s Milner se administration administrasie Anglicisation Verengelsing believed in the superiority of British was oortuig dat Britse kultuur en ‘beskawing’ culture / ‘civilisation’ beter as ander was wanted to increase the number of British wou getal Britse setlaars laat toeneem totdat settlers to outnumber the Dutch/Boers hulle meer as Nederlanders/Boere sou wees wanted Boers to be anglicised to draw wou die Boere verengels om hulle tot in die them into ‘modern’ world ‘moderne’ wêreld te neem. wanted English- medium schools: already wou Engelstalige skole oprig: het dit reeds in been tested in the concentration camps die konsentrasiekampe uitgetoets. Problems Probleme Boers resented it Boere was wrokkig daaroor Difficult to attract enough English- Moeilik om genoeg Engelssprekende setlaars speaking settlers te lok Boers began to privilege Afrikaans over Boere het Afrikaans bo Nederlands sowel as Dutch / English: this would play a role in Engels begin verkies – iets wat ’n rol in die the growth of Afrikaner nationalism opbloei van Afrikanernasionalisme sou speel. Milner’s Milner se administration administrasie Economic policies Ekonomiese beleide aimed to restore mining and big oogmerk om mynbedryf / groot kapitaal capital after the disruption of the war ná ontwrigting van die oorlog te herstel also served British interests het terselfdertyd Britse belange gedien. by 1903 much of the damage of the teen 1903 is meeste oorlogskade herstel. war had been reversed Boere het hulle plase teruggekry Boers got farms back miljoene is aan hulle uitbetaal vir millions were paid to them for war oorlogskade en in die vorm van subsidies damages and as grants and loans en lenings. Boer farmers were trained in modern Die Boere is in moderne landboukundige agricultural techniques so that they tegnieke opgelei sodat hulle produkte vir could produce for the market die mark kon lewer. Discussing the Union Onderhouding oor Unie Milner: ‘Native Affairs Commission’ Milner: ‘Naturelle-Sake Komissie’ Lagden report: rejects race equality Lagden verslag: verwerp rassegelykheid Selborne memorandum: same voting Selborne memorandum: gelyke stemreëls rules for all provinces vir alle provinsies 1908-10 National Convention 1908-10 Nasionale Konvensie White men only, discuss Union Slegs wit manne, bespreek Unie Included Cape, Natal, Transvaal, Kaapland, Natal, Transvaal, Oranje Orange Free State Vrystaat ingesluit Excluded S. Rhodesia, Bechuanaland, S. Rhodesië, Bechuanaland, Basotholand, Basotholand, Swaziland Swaziland uitgesluit Why Union? Hoekom Unie? Economic links Ekonomiese skakelings Common white SA identity Gemene wit SA identiteit Challenges Uitdagings Identity Identiteit Afrikaner nationalism? Afrikaner nasionalisme? Or white South Africanism & Of wit Suid-Afrikanisme en sterk strong ties with Britain as Louis bande met Britanje soos Louis Botha Botha & Jan Smuts proposed? en Jan Smuts voorgestel het? Franchise Stemreg Cape: property qualification for Kaapland: eiendomskwalifikasie vir black male voters swart manlike kiesers Natal: stricter conditions Natal: strenger voorwaardes Transvaal / OFS: only white men Transvaal / OVS: slegs wit mans Compromise Kompromie 3 capitals in different colonies 3 hoofstede in verskillende kolonies Cape Town (Parliament) Kaapstad (Parlement) Pretoria (Administration) Pretoria (Administrasie) Bloemfontein (Appeal Court) Bloemfontein (Appèlhof) Each colony kept its franchise Elke kolonie het sy stemreg-stelsel system behou Plans to extend the vote to white Beplan om die stem na wit vroue uit women to increase the number of te brei om die aantal wit kiesers te white voters verhoog Blacks would only be represented Swartes word slegs deur wit via white representatives verteenwoordigers verteenwoordig Next lecture Volgende lesing How black South Africans tried Hoe swart Suid-Afrikaners die to oppose plans for a white- planne vir ‘n wit-oorheersde Unie dominated Union probeer opponeer het