Tema 4 Geografia PDF

# LA PRIMERA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL (1750-1850) ## Concepto y factores de la Revolución Industrial - The Industrial Revolution was a set of radical transformations in technology and the ways in which humans utilized resources. - This revolution began in England during the mid-18th century and had...

# LA PRIMERA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL (1750-1850) ## Concepto y factores de la Revolución Industrial - The Industrial Revolution was a set of radical transformations in technology and the ways in which humans utilized resources. - This revolution began in England during the mid-18th century and had enormous economic, technological, political, social and demographic repercussions. ### Factors contributing to the Industrial Revolution - **Demographic Revolution:** The decline of large-scale epidemics, improved sanitation, and a period of international peace during the 18th century led to a significant decrease in mortality rates. - High birth rates contributed to a large population growth which, in turn, increased the demand for food, leading to the development of agriculture. - **Agricultural Revolution:** Agricultural production became highly profitable due to the increased demand for food, leading to several key changes: - Transition from feudal ownership to private property. - Enclosures of land for more efficient use. - Replacement of the three-field system with more efficient systems, like the Norfolk system. - Mechanization of agricultural tasks. - This agricultural mechanization created a surplus of labor, which migrated to cities seeking job opportunities, supplying the workforce for the newly emerging industries. ### New forms of production - The newly emerging pre-industrial system, known as the **Domestic System**, played a significant role in the transition to industrialized production. - In the textile industry, merchants provided raw materials to rural workers, who would process them in their homes during inactive periods. - This system allowed merchants to bypass the rigid regulations of the guilds and produce goods in larger quantities, providing the foundation for factory production. ## New theories and ideas - **Adam Smith's** ideas of liberalism challenged the prevailing mercantilist system. - He argued that individual pursuit of profit contributes to overall wealth. - Smith proposed the existence of an "invisible hand" regulating prices based on supply and demand. - He also argued that state intervention in the economy should be minimal, allowing free competition to flourish. ## The shift to the factory system - The **steam engine**, initially used for water drainage in coal mines, was transformed by **James Watt** into a major source of power for industrial processes. - The steam engine was widely employed in factories, where machinery and workers were concentrated in a single location. - This allowed for more efficient production, greater control over production processes, and increased output for sale in national and international markets. - This centralized approach also led to increased competition and innovation by various manufacturers. ## Comparing the Domestic System and the Factory System | Feature | Domestic System | Factory System | |--------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **Advantages | - Lower initial capital investment. <br> - Less risk for entrepreneurs.<br> - More flexible system.<br> - Less labor costs per piece. <br> - Decentralized production. | - Larger output and scalability. <br> - More efficient use of labor. <br> - Better control over quality. <br> - Improved economies of scale.<br> - Access to specialized equipment and machinery. | | **Disadvantages** | - Lower production capacity.<br> - Less control over output quality.<br> - Difficult to manage large quantities of production. <br> - Less efficient use of labor. <br> - Limited access to specialized equipment. | - Higher initial investment and risk for entrepreneurs. <br> - Greater dependence on specific skill sets. <br> - Potential for worker exploitation in a less regulated environment. | # The sectors leading the Industrial Revolution - The textile and iron industries were the first to undergo significant industrialization. ## Textile Industry - The introduction of innovations such as the **flying shuttle**, the **spinning jenny**, the **water frame**, and later the **power loom** dramatically increased textile production. - These machines were initially powered by water and later by steam. - Major textile centers emerged in England, including **Manchester, London**, and **Liverpool**. ## Iron Industry - The use of **coke** (a more efficient fuel) in blast furnaces and the **puddling** process (for removing impurities from iron), led to the production of high-quality wrought iron. - This innovation was crucial for the construction of railways and the development of new machinery. ## The impact of the steam engine - The steam engine revolutionized transportation, leading to the development of **locomotives** and **steam ships** which revolutionized both land and sea transportation. - **George Stephenson** significantly improved the locomotive, creating the **Rocket**, a steam-powered train that enabled the transport of people and goods over greater distances at faster speeds. - This paved the way for the expansion of railway systems across Britain and beyond. - Steam ships also played a key role in connecting global markets and facilitating trade. ## The spread of the Industrial Revolution - The Industrial Revolution spread from its origin in Britain to other parts of Europe, including **France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, Russia**, and **Scandinavian countries**. However, the pace and extent of industrialization varied significantly across these regions. # THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1850-1914) - The second phase of the Industrial Revolution marked a significant qualitative and quantitative leap forward in technological innovation and industrial production. ## New sources of energy - **Petroleum** emerged as a primary fuel source, powering internal combustion engines driving automobiles and airplanes. - **Electricity** became essential for lighting, communication technologies, and powering motors and transportation systems. ## Key inventions and discoveries - **1859:** The process of extracting crude oil was developed. - **1869:** Suez Canal opened, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean. - **1876:** The telephone and typewriter were invented. - **1886:** The process for the electrolytic extraction of aluminum was developed. - **1888:** The first pneumatic tires were invented. - **1889:** The Eiffel Tower was completed. - **1892:** The diesel engine was invented. - **1895:** The cinematograph was invented. - **1897:** Wireless telegraphy was invented. - **1903:** The first airplane flight occurred. - **1914:** The Panama Canal was opened, connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. ## New industries - **Chemical industry** grew rapidly, producing chemicals such as dyes, explosives, fertilizers, and new materials like nylon and rubber. - **Steel industry** flourished, with the development of the **Bessemer process** and the use of nickel and aluminum. - The **food processing industry** expanded, driven by the invention of canning and refrigeration methods. ## New organizational and work structures - The **Taylorist system** focused on scientific management and labor specialization, breaking down tasks and optimizing worker performance for increased production efficiency. - **Fordism** implemented assembly-line production, maximizing worker efficiency, production speed, and cost reduction. ## New forms of capital organization - **Joint-stock companies**, with shares traded on stock exchanges, allowed for the mobilization of large amounts of capital for industrial ventures. - **Cartels** emerged, formed by companies in the same industry, to control production and prices. - **Holding companies** acquired controlling interests in various businesses, creating large-scale enterprise structures. - These developments led to the emergence of **large corporations**. ## The globalization of the economy - The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on global economic interconnectedness. - The need for raw materials and expanded markets for industrial goods spurred the creation of vast colonial empires. - The development of transportation networks, including the railway and steamship, enabled the swift movement of goods and people across the globe. ## The impact of the Industrial Revolution on demographics and social structures - **Rapid population growth** occurred across Europe, largely due to the migration of people from rural areas to industrial centers. - **Social inequality** became more starkly defined. The **bourgeoisie** (the wealthy industrialists, factory owners, and financiers) dominated society, while the **proletariat** (factory workers) experienced poor living conditions and exploitation. - **New urban centers** arose, characterized by rapid growth, often accompanied by overcrowding, unsanitary conditions, and social divisions. ## The rise of the labor movement - The Industrial Revolution brought about harsh working conditions for the labor force, characterized by long hours, low wages, and often dangerous conditions. - **Luddism**, a movement of worker protest, emerged as an early response to these conditions, involving the destruction of machinery seen as a threat to jobs. - **Trade unions** emerged, representing workers in specific trades and aiming to improve wages and working conditions. - **Socialist ideas** gained influence, advocating for social justice and more equitable distribution of wealth. - **Internationals** (organized movements of workers across nations) were established to coordinate actions and promote greater unity among the labor force. ## The importance of the labor movement - The labor movement achieved significant gains over time, including: - Shorter work hours. - Improved factory safety regulations. - The establishment of the eight-hour work day. - The development of social security systems. ## The impact of the Industrial Revolution on science, technology, and the arts - **Scientific breakthroughs** flourished, particularly in biology, medicine, physics, and chemistry, driven by the development of the scientific method and experimental procedures. - **Advances in technology** extended the benefits of science to improve daily life and enhance industrial production. - The **realist art movement** sought to portray realistic scenes of everyday life and highlight social inequalities, while impressionism focused on capturing fleeting moments and the effects of light. # Key takeaways from the Industrial Revolution - The Industrial Revolution brought about transformative changes in technology, industry, society, and global economics. - It led to new forms of production, fueled by the invention of new energy sources and innovations. - Rapid urbanization and the growth of factories created new social tensions and the emergence of a working class. - The labor movement fought for better working conditions and social justice. - Developments in science and the arts reflected the changing world view and social dynamics of the epoch. This document provides a brief overview of the First and Second Industrial Revolutions. Further research is recommended to explore the intricacies and complexities of these historical periods and the long-lasting impact they have had on the world we live in today.