The First Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)

A major change in technology and resource use, beginning in England in the mid-1700s, with large impacts on the economy, technology, politics, society, and population.

A period of decreased mortality and increased population growth due to better health and decreased epidemics and improved sanitation.

Changes in agriculture leading to more efficient food production, including private land ownership, new farming techniques (like the Norfolk system), and mechanization, creating a labor surplus.

A pre-industrial system where merchants provided materials for rural workers to process at home, building the foundation for future factory production.

A thinker who challenged mercantilism, arguing that individual profit drives wealth and that the government should have minimal involvement in the economy.

A key invention that changed industrial production, initially used for draining mines and then powered factories.

The shift from home-based production to large-scale manufacturing in factories, using power sources like steam engines.

A key inventor who improved the steam engine, making it a powerful source of energy for factories.

The industry that produces fabrics, clothes, and other textile goods.

The industry that produces and processes iron and steel.

A form of fuel made from coal, used in blast furnaces to produce iron.

A method for purifying iron, making it stronger and better quality.

A steam-powered train used for transporting people and goods over long distances.

A ship powered by steam that revolutionized sea transportation, connecting global markets.

A pioneer who significantly improved the locomotive, creating the Rocket, a steam-powered train that revolutionized transportation.

A period of rapid technological innovation and industrial growth, characterized by new sources of energy and key inventions.

A primary fuel source for internal combustion engines powering cars and airplanes.

A fundamental source of energy for lighting, communication, motors, and transportation systems.

A method for efficiently producing steel, leading to the growth of the steel industry.

An industry that grew rapidly during the Second Industrial Revolution, producing chemicals like dyes, explosives, fertilizers, and new materials.

Organizations of workers across nations that collaborate to promote unity and coordinate actions.

Improvements achieved by the labor movement, including reduced work hours, improved factory safety, the 8-hour workday, and social security systems.

The Industrial Revolution spurred scientific breakthroughs in fields like biology, medicine, physics, and chemistry, driven by the scientific method and experimental procedures, and led to advancements in technology that improved daily life and industrial production.

An art movement that showcased realistic scenes of everyday life and highlighted social inequalities.

An art movement that focused on capturing fleeting moments and the effects of light.

A management system that focuses on breaking down tasks into smaller, specialized jobs to increase efficiency and production.

A manufacturing system that uses assembly lines to produce goods quickly and cheaply, emphasizing standardization and mass production.

Companies where ownership is divided into shares that can be bought and sold on stock exchanges, allowing for large-scale capital investment.

Groups of companies in the same industry that agree to control production and pricing to maximize profits.

Large companies that own controlling interests in other businesses, creating massive corporate structures.

The wealthy class of industrialists, factory owners, and financiers who dominated society during the Industrial Revolution.

The working class, primarily factory workers, who experienced harsh conditions and exploitation during the Industrial Revolution.

A movement of worker protest that emerged in response to the Industrial Revolution, involving the destruction of machines seen as a threat to jobs.