Tema 3 La Personalidad PDF

Here is the transcription of the provided text, formatted as markdown content: # Tema 3 La Personalidad ## Las tipologías Humanity has always been eager to discover the structural unity of the human being amidst the myriad individual differences. Thus, doctors and philosophers of Antiquity mainta...

Here is the transcription of the provided text, formatted as markdown content: # Tema 3 La Personalidad ## Las tipologías Humanity has always been eager to discover the structural unity of the human being amidst the myriad individual differences. Thus, doctors and philosophers of Antiquity maintained the view that psychic characteristics were closely related to the physical constituents of the person. This is the starting point of the Typological Theories that were the first attempts to classify personality. ### NOCION DE TIPO A type constitutes a grouping of characteristic traits evident in certain people, by which they are classified. A type will then be a kind of model, a set of physical and mental characteristics that imply a certain unity. Typology groups the predominant characteristics of people under a common denominator, gathering and classifying the wide variety of bodily features and habitual behaviors that manifest in the human being. Kretschmer and Sheldon are the figures who stand out in the history of typologies, who considered that there were relationships between bodily or constitutional traits (congenital aspects) and the psychological characteristics of people. ### Tipology of Kretschmer **A. Type Pícnico:** * **Lo físico**: They are of short stature, stocky, with a chubby face, thick and short neck, rounded shoulders and chest, short and wide hands. * **Lo temperamental**: It can vary between being loquacious, cheerful, humorous, calm, sentimental - gentle, who enjoys comforts and good food, and practical and active. **B. Tipo Leptosómico:** * **Lo físico**: They are tall and thin, with a relatively narrow chest, thin arms and legs, elongated face, and stretched hands and feet. * **Lo temperamental**: They are characterized by being calm, reserved and taciturn, unsociable and without a sense of humor, extravagant. They can be shy, fearful, hypersensitive, fussy and agitated, or if not, docile, obtuse and without any form of sensitivity. **C. Tipo Atlético:** * **Lo físico**: They have very developed musculature and bones. Of average or above-average height; they have broad shoulders and a very developed thorax. The extremities are long, with solid and strong legs, although they may appear thin in comparison with the upper part of the body. * **Lo temperamental**: They are characterized by being calm, passive, with stable affectivity, tenacious, calm, with little talk, with little imagination and sure strength. ## Tipology of Sheldon **A. Tipo Endomorfo:** * **Lo fisico:** Predominan las formas redondeadas y las vísceras digestivas. * **Lo temperamental:** Se caracterizan por ser lentos de reacción, gusto por las comodidades, placer en el comer, son tolerantes, sociabilidad bajo la influencia del alcohol, necesidad de otros en momentos dificiles, tendencia a la murmuración, placidez y tranquilidad. **B. Tipo Mesomorfo:** * **Lo fisico:** Predominan las estructuras somáticas (huesos, músculos y tejidos conjuntivos). * **Lo temperamental:** Se caracterizan porque duermen poco, deseo por dominar, necesidad de acción, gusto por las actividades físicas, extraversión, modales directos y atrevidos, agresividad bajo influencia del alcohol, gusto por el riesgo y al azar. **C. Tipo Ectomorfo:** * **Lo físico:** Predomina el cerebro, delicadeza de todo el cuerpo, extremidades largas. * **Lo temperamental:** Se caracteriza por la rapidez excesiva al reaccionar, sueño superficial, solitario, gusto por la reflexión, necesidad de soledad en momentos difíciles, introversión, escrupuloso, recato sentimental y control emocional. | KRESTCHMER | PICNICO | ATLÉTICO | LEPTOSÓMICO | | :---------- | :---------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | | SHELDON | ENDOFORMO <br> Suave, redondeado. | MESOMORFO <br> Fuerte, rectangular. | ECTOMORFO <br> Alto. delgado, | TIPO <br> CORPORAL | | | | duro, musculosa. | frágil, cerebro grande. | | | | | | | | *VISCEROTÓNICO* | *SOMATOTÓNICO* | *CEREBROTÓNICO* | *PERSO-* *NALI-* *DAD* | | | Ainante de la comodi-dad, sociable, estable. | Asertivo, activo, directo, dominante. | Inhibido, teme-roso, consciente de sí mismio. | | These typological theories attempted to demonstrate that physical traits are coordinated with the psychic ones in shaping personality. Although it was valuable for its time to make classifications of this type since it allowed a delimitation and reference at the time of understanding human behaviors, today it has been observed that pure types are a minority and the relationship between somatotype and temperament has more exceptions than successes. It is valid to know these theorizations, but not to rely only on them to delimit the understanding of human conduct. It is necessary to begin to study the Concept of personality to realize that it is not only what is physical that can determine the way people are, but that we have to take into account the environmental and historical factors as influential in personality. ## Concept of personality Personality is the psycho-biological-social structure that each human being possesses, integrating into a whole. This structure is reached by the person through its evolution, from infancy to maturity. It is constituted on the basis of hereditary factors, mainly manifested in its physical or organic constitution; and through the active relationship of the individual with the people of their family, cultural and social environment. That is to say, there is in personality a proper way of behaving in community life, a proper way of receiving the influence of society and in turn of influencing it. ### Factors of Personality It is almost impossible to determine them in their entirety, and much less to specify the proportion in which each of these factors acts. In general, we can classify them into three groups: Hereditary, mixed and environmental. 1. **Hereditary Factors:** Heredity is the transmission of certain traits and characteristics of an individual to his descendants through reproduction. That is, they are dispositions with which one is born. Commonly classified into biological and psychological inheritance: **A**. Biological heredity is a mechanism that is carried out through transmitting genes. These are small submicroscopic particles formed by chains of acids that potentially contain traits and characteristics from the father and mother, and through these, from their ancestors. Depends on it: * The organic constitution that refers to the external bodily aspect of human beings, through which characteristics such as the color of the eyes, lips, hair and skin are transmitted; facial features, body shape, height and other bodily characteristics. * The temperament that is a strong tendency or disposition to react affectively, is the state of habitual mood, this tendency comes from the cells and from the biological needs of the individual. The temperament is born with the subject. **B**. Psychological inheritance is quite complex and difficult to determine, due to the influence of the environment on the behavior and the way of being of each person. Most of their traits result from the combination of multiple genes. To some extent, it depends on: * Intelligence, which is the ability of the individual to adequately resolve new or problematic situations that they face. There is a relationship between the intelligence of children and that of parents, although this does not mean that children necessarily inherit the intelligence of parents, since the action of the social and cultural environment is important in the development of intelligence. * Some affective states that are feelings and emotions that characterize the family, such as depression, enthusiasm and others. 2. **Mixed Factors:** Result from the interaction of hereditary and environmental factors. Such is the *character*, the set of traits that single out man in his behavior. The character should not be confused with temperament. Temperament is the state of habitual humor, is the predisposition to react and does not change. Character is the reaction itself that externalizes endogenous factors, controls temperament and can be changed. 3. **Environmental Factors:** The environment is formed by all the influences of the environment that the human being receives from the moment he is conceived until he dies. It has been proven that the influences that the embryo receives in the maternal womb affect it, for example: The mother's diet, diseases of the mother, etc. Environmental Factors are understood as: * The physical environment or world of nature, includes the geographical situation, flora and fauna; climate, etc. * The social environment, which is the set of spaces of relationships that the person experiences. This environment is formed by the family, the school, friends, neighbors, the workplace, etc., where there are diverse customs, beliefs, ideas, types of links that influence the individual from birth, determining their way of being, of thinking, of feeling, of acting. * The cultural environment is constituted by all the creations of the human being, buildings, machines, radio, television, books, laws, norms, etc. Learning is one of the decisive processes that takes place in the environment. It is fundamental in the life of man, almost all human behavior is the result of this process. Learning modifies and enriches the behavior of the individual in the various stages of their life. Personal history is also a process that, influenced by the factors mentioned above, determines personality. We are historical beings because what happens to us in the course of life conditions our way of being and acting. ### In conclusion: Personality is conditioned by many factors, which determines the way of being of each person, each one being different depending on how hereditary, acquired, learning and personal history are structured. It is not possible to determine with accuracy how much one or another factor influences the personality of the human being, because the influence of a hereditary factor will be very different depending on the environment, and in turn the influence of the environment will be very variable depending on what the hereditary factor is. ## Leadership and Personality Most theories of personality, whether trait or typological theories, according to Whitaker, agree that it cannot be ignored that, apart from the frequency of common characteristics in individuals, there are personal dispositions or original traits that differentiate a person from others. However, it is also obvious that not all people possess certain original traits that distinguish certain people as superior or that impress others. While the leader is the one who possesses certain personal characteristics that turn them into a guide, coordinator and is also attractive to others; it is the group that claims them, who realizes the need for a direction, the need for the leader, to manage, distribute work and responsibilities and coordinate efforts. However, the ability to manage, distribute and coordinate is not sufficient for a leader to exist. Comparing in the business world and in the army, there are plenty of directors or bosses, who manage, direct, coordinate and control. This obliges us to seek differences between leader and boss. ### The leader The Leader can and has the capacity to lead, but also promotes spontaneous participation and enthusiasm in a small or large group. The boss does not promote spontaneous participation. The Leader has charisma (attraction), the boss can inspire respect. The Leader in most groups exists at least virtually, every certain number of people, there is one or more with characteristics of leader. There are leaders with very developed traits, as there are others who do not. Therefore, in addition to choosing the Leader, it is often necessary to take care of their improvement, knowledge and other qualities. In conclusion, we can define the Leader in the following terms: "Leader is every individual that, thanks to their *personality*, directs a social group with the spontaneous participation of its members." Often an individual becomes a Leader because they possess a special personality, suitable for leading a particular situation. Therefore, the characteristics of the environment or environment of the group, determine a type of Leader desired, for that group. We can conclude by saying that leadership is a matter of personality, that is, the individual must have charisma; but good leadership has to do with particular capabilities, relating to managing, distributing responsibilities and work. ## Styles of Leadership There are several ways to manage groups, this is based on the personality style of the leader. At least three are the leadership styles: ### The autocratic Leadership It is generally based on a pre-established plan, which is often not disclosed; they only want it to be fulfilled in-abstract. What their subordinates think does not interest them; they demand that they fulfill their orders. Therefore, the autocrat is an irritable, choleric, often brutal and inconsiderate person. It tends to generate fear, passivity or rebellion in its employees. It is probably a person who in their family or in their training center received dictatorial treatment that they now reproduce, but it can also be a person who reproduces the spoiled child who commands everyone, including their parents. ### The laissez-faire Leadership (let do and let pass) This form of leadership is generally represented by people who do not want to incur personal responsibilities, and are pusillanimous in character. Therefore, it does not give any instruction and each of its auxiliaries and dependents do what they want or what is expected. The result is a confusion and a complete disorganization among officials and in the organizational structure. ### The democratic Leadership (the leader ship) It is called as the true leadership. Here what matters are the attitudes, the interests of the subordinates that are treated as collaborators and not simply as subordinates. The leader knows that the group can do more than him and therefore tries to promote it. Therefore, the democratic leader or direction, is the one that tries to lead with the cooperation, spontaneous participation and the good will of the people. That is why the leader is used to saying: "let's do", "would do", "do it for love" etc, does not give orders but examples, encourages instead of scolding. Respects man and his rights and that is why it mobilizes cooperation based on tolerance and honesty. He worries about what others think, but not for insecurity, but for the need to understand the situation of others and take them into account. ### Other varieties of leaders There are other kinds of quite common addresses that depend on very special personalities. ### The Machiavellian This type of leader is quite special, their basic practices are intrigue, maneuvering and conspiracy. Therefore, avoid gathering all your subordinates, but consult with each one, promotes competition and negative feelings among others to divide them. However, the community ends up recognizing their games and abandon them. ### The unstable He has a personality with varied interests that do not allow him to deepen in any. Their dependents fail to follow their instructions because they give new different instructions when they have not yet finished meeting the first ones. ### The paternalist It uses kindness and affection as a force of power based on recognition and manipulates its subordinates through feelings. It maintains a protectionist attitude instilling the dependence of its subordinates towards him. Therefore, achieves leadership by manipulating affections and the submission of its followers. ## Aptitudes of a leader The leader who is boss at the same time, must maintain a balance between him and his dependents and between the members of the group. To do this he must communicate joy, enthusiasm, cooperation and in short promote a maximum yield. This is the fruit of the following attitudes: ### Understanding others The leader must be aware of the situation and problems of everyone, to know how to react and understand the behavior of their dependents at a given moment when they leave the usual. ### Self-mastery This is the wisdom of the first level, because through it the leader must know how to dominate and control their reactions and consider all aspects of the issue before issuing their opinion. It does not let itself be dragged by its impulses, even when someone attacks it with words or, in fact, because it imposes the criterion of understanding the reason for the aggression. ### The search for unanimity Decision-making, acts of representation and defense or proposals made by the leader on behalf of their group, is based on the agreement of almost all, if possible based on consensus. Therefore, promotes regular meetings with the members of their group to deal frankly with the different topics, to make everyone feel responsible for what they do and participate in the decisions. ### Setting the example Normally the leader has higher qualities than the average of their group, and therefore more than once must demonstrate with example. This is important because there must always be a reference to transmit new knowledge. The rule is simple: that the one who will be boss or leader of the mechanics, must know more about mechanics than the others, in this sense the leader is educator. ### Respect for the human being The leader has the sincere gift of respecting the human being and treats him with courtesy and therefore without hypocrisy. It turns out that this attitude has a great practical usefulness because the leader's attitudes have much influence on their assistants and coworkers, because everyone tends to imitate the leader. On the other hand, when a person received an aggression that for some reason did not download it, will do so at the first opportunity in the family, on the street or in the workplace with colleagues. In short, if the leader shows his irritation, that irritation will proliferate throughout the environment and can reach the families of each employee. ### Development of personality We have been hinting at the importance of history in shaping the Personality of the human being. In this Unit we will analyze the different stages that the person experiments in their formation, from their gestation to the older adult life that implies aging. Our personality is the product of a process in which intervene, in addition to the innate factors, the factors of acquired character, whose nature is social and cultural, as we have already seen. In the development of personality have a fundamental importance the relationships that the person is developing with the people who interact with it. It is from this perspective that we will study here the evolutionary process of the human being. ### Gestation From the moment of Gestation until birth the human being in formation receives biological influences that determine its state of being physical. Thus, experiences are also experienced that will later shape the structure of its personality.The basis of these structures is, then, in the prenatal stage and it seems quite obvious that, apart from inheritance, also influences the environment in its constitution, transmitted through the reactions of the mother to external situations that she lives. ### Early Childhood While it is true that all newborns are very similar in their reactions, there are individual differences among them that show us the beginning of their personality. During the first year of life, the relationship of the mother with the child gains great importance. The differences between mothers and others is essential at this stage, the personality of the mother, especially in the features that form part of maternal conduct, way of treating the child, care and pampering that provides, exclusivity or not treat with him, are essential in the shaping of the personality of the human being in development. Through the mother will also intervene the social environment that will determine if around the child there are or no tensions, tranquility, movement or calm. This influences the individual differences between one child and another of the same age. In the development of the second year of life, the individual differences increase, in this stage is remarkable the influence of the social environment in the development of language. This is a typically human manifestation that It does not occur in any animal species; can only exist having as a base a system central nervous in the complexity of the human. And, even so, language does not develop if given certain environmental characteristics. We have already studied what happens when the child does not develop in a human environment. In learning the child has a very important role imitation. Through it is that it acquires not only habits, but also the attitudes, opinions, their way of thinking and the culture with its diverse customs. Between the two and three years the child has already achieved a series of basic skills and starts to act by opposition, this is the stage of the individual Self-affirmation. The child already differs from the mother and other people and discovers that they are able to do things alone. Many times rebels and presents behaviors of stubbornness and obstinacy in their search for self-affirmation, being that these characteristics of child opposition, also depend on the social environment to be able to overcome them. It is important to remark that around three years the true social interaction arises, that is why this stage is considered essential in the process of socialization of the child. It favors the intervention of adults who create with skill the climate and the situations ### Second Childhood When the child enters school, between six and seven years, the society demands him greater independence and responsibility in the exercise of their functions and tasks required by the school. Leaders arise at this stage, popular friends, the rejected and other phenomena that show us that the child begins to interest the personality characteristics of their friends, more than anything else. Around ten and thirteen years it has achieved a goal at the evolution of many aspects of personality that include your socialization ability. I the child has achieved a goal at the evolution of many aspects of the individual. The interest and effort of the child is focus more on advancing in the knowledge of the exterior world, maintaining a relative stability in other aspects. It is also the age of solidarity between the members that form them, of supporting each other the ones to the others in the face of external elements to the own group and that can be perceived as threatening to their integrity. In fact, the adult is "that distant being" that is outside the orbit of the group, although is individually looked for and needed. Upon reaching puberty another change will occur. These groups of the preadolescent stage dissolve in many cases. ### The Adolescence Childhood is considered a decisive time in the later shaping of personality and the destiny of the human being. Psychoanalysis gave much importance to the first years of life, and states that any psychological trauma before five or six years will mark adolescence and adult life. For a long time these first stages of life are investigated, but it is currently also considered by researchers stage of adolescence , as well as childhood, as decisive in achieving the adult personality. Due to its importance, to this theme of adolescence we will give a special space, developing it in the following Unit. ### From Primary Socialization to Secondary. Adult Life The socialization process does not end in adolescence, in reality the human being is socializing throughout his life. However, once the adult has surpassed the most fundamental and decisive part of the process, a stage that is therefore called primary socialization. From then on, he enters another stage, secondary socialization, corresponding to adulthood. The individual enters it provided of a personality already formed, so this stage will be characterized by a relative stability. The new that it learns will hardly affect the essential aspects already "learned, but this does not mean that this stage lacks of importance. Joining the labor world, to production and social bond, represents for the adult learning new behaviors, integrating them to those already acquired previously. Therefore, the Primary Socialization is so important, it will determine the maturity with which the adult faces his new reality and responsibility before the social environment in which it has to act, and due to the complexity of the adult social world in our current societies, there are constant and multiple groups with the ones that enters in contact daily. This requires him to have a strong personality structure and is safe to respond in an adequate way. The having already a basic configuration of its personality, gives place to that the influence of the external environment is more superficial, not leaving a deep mark as it happens in previous stages. ### Tertiary Socialization. Old age Surges the need to differentiate another stage in human socialization, being able to speak so of the Tertiary Socialization that It corresponds to old age. It Begins many times with a personal crisis, since the social world of the person goes on to restrict itself and to become monotonous. This can be clearly observed in the process of Retirement that greatly affects in this stage of life. The Third Age is a psychological and social problem very concerning in our social system. The main problem of the Tertiary Socialization consists, in essence, in that the subject is see forced to abandon behaviors he had learned, to leave groups to those who until that time he had belonged. Parallel, and he no longer sees things with the same criteria that before. That it to say, the subject suffers a of. Simultaneously, it has to initiate a New knowledge to adapt to a different social world, that it to say, to achieve a resocialization. Most of the problems that afflict the people of mature age owe more that all social and purely conventional problems. The prejudices and the absence of information propitiate the paternalism with which commonly they are treaties, having for consequence a company that tends marginals of the public roles and to subestimate its capacities. The factors that intervene in the prevention of the diminution of the physical, affective and intellectual conditions to cause of the advance of the age, are: the achievement of one good health, of self-esteem, of the economic stability, of the professional and social stability, of the maintenance of familiar and social ties and of the opened attitude towards the future. To maintain contact with the reality, avoiding the isolation and the marginalization, they constitute also important elements in the prevention of the health of the Adult Greater. In conclusion, the problematic ones of the greater adults don't are alone consequence of the process biological of the aging, but that, in greater degree, of its conditions of life and of its manner of reacting before she. The understanding of the aspects Psicosociológicos of this age, must give place to what the company achieves to create spaces that contribute to its productive and sane development. ## Exercises for self-assessment **A**. Answer clearly and concisely: 1. What are the typologies? 2. What are the factors that constitute Personality? 3. Why is it difficult to determine the Psychological Inheritance? 4. What difference is there between Temperament and Character? 5. What is the difference between Social Environment and Cultural Environment? 6. What difference is there between leader and boss? 7. Differentiate between Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Socialization. **B**. Reflect, analyze and comment on the following sentences: 1. "We are Historical beings" 2. "Personality is the product of a process". 3. "The influence of heredity varies according to the environment" 4. "The stage of Adolescence, as well as childhood, is decisive in achieving personality." **C**. Investigate on the meaning of: 1. Psycho-biological-social structure. 2. Culture.