Technologies of Nursing Care - HEY445-E Course Outline PDF

1 Name of Department : NURSING Course Code and Name : HEY445-E TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Course Week : 1 Course Day and Time : Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ACTS Informations : 2/3 Examination Type and Gradings : M...

1 Name of Department : NURSING Course Code and Name : HEY445-E TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Course Week : 1 Course Day and Time : Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ACTS Informations : 2/3 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm %50, Final %50 Instructor’s Name & Surname : Asst. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN E-mail & Phone: : fsayan@gelişim.edu.tr 02124227000-403 Instructor’s Room : B Block 013th Room- A Block 5th Floor 505 Office Hours : Thursdays 16:00-16:45 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/kaynaklar-ve-material-paylasimi-5-160-13330-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fHome%2fIndex AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/fsayan  14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS HAFTALIK DERS KONULARI VE ÖNGÖRÜLEN HAZIRLIK ÇALIŞMALARI Hafta Ön Hazırlık Konular Yöntem 1 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and the place of this development in nursing education and practice, Lecture, Discussion its effects on care 2 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and its place in nursing education and practice, its effects on care Lecture, Discussion 3 Literature Search, Individual Research Problems encountered in the use of health technology Lecture, Discussion 4 Literature Search, Individual Research Ethics in technology use and applications Lecture, Discussion 5 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 6 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 7 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 8 - MID-TERM EXAM - 9 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 10 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 11 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 12 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (clinical management and clinical applications) Lecture, Discussion 13 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 14 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 15 Literature Search, Individual Research Tele-medicine applications in healthcare Lecture, Discussion 16 - FINAL EXAM -  WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES DERSİN ÖĞRENME ÇIKTILARI (Öğrenciler, bu dersi başarı ile tamamladıklarında aşağıda belirtilen bilgi, beceri ve/veya yetkinlikleri gösterirler.) Explain the developments in health care technologies and their use in practice. Comprehends the importance of the effects of technological developments in health services on care. Knows the monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Provides an opinion on the problems encountered in the use of health technology Defines roles and responsibilities related to health care and information technology. Uses technological products used in health care. Designs technological products used in health care. It uses information technologies specific to the field of health. Considers ethical principles in the use and applications of health care and information technology. Knows tele-medicine applications in the field of health Course description, explanation of basic concepts BASIC CONCEPTS Health Technology Health Technology HISTORICAL PROCESS OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY According to the World Health Organization, health is "not merely the absence of disease and infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being." It is necessary to address the psychological and social dimensions of health as well as its physical aspects.  What is Health? The ability to lead a socially and economically productive life has recently been added to this definition. In addition, human biology, environment, lifestyle and health system organization are also effective. What is technology? What comes to your mind? It does not only include mechanical equipment, but also the theoretical dimension. Technology is the application of observation-based and proven information in achieving certain goals and solving certain problems (Demirel, p.91, 1993). Technology also means putting acquired skills to work in its most general sense. It is necessary to dominate ways nature for is creation (Alkan, p.13, 1998). Technology is the systematic application of organized information or scientific knowledge that enables practical applications (Galbraith, p.12, 1967). According to this definition, technology is a bridge between research and theoretical studies. In other words, thanks to technology, the information obtained as a result of research is transferred to the theoretical side. In short, technology is the carrier that sends scientific information to both sides. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Health technology is any intervention for the promotion of health, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and/or long-term care of diseases (Banta, 2009:12; Mitchell et al., 2011:25; Velasco and Busse, 2005:2). HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Medicines, medical devices, medical or surgical procedures, and organizational systems used in health care as technology  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Health technologies have provided a two-way improvement in health indicators. Firstly, new technology contributes directly to the improvement of health levels by improving the quality of life and extending life expectancy. Secondly, new health technologies positively affect the health system in other aspects by shortening the length of hospital stay and reducing health expenditures (Lichtenberg, Tatar and Çalışkan, 2010:4).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Technology products generally have a cycle of development, use, wear and tear, and obsolescence. A significant portion of health technologies are produced in developed countries, and better advances in preventive and therapeutic services can be achieved compared to developing and underdeveloping countries (Çil 2019; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY This situation is not only related to health technologies, but also to the development of information technologies. The history of the use of health technologies dates back to ancient times (Çil 2019; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Before the development of technology, cheaper and natural methods were used. Health technologies have progressed by utilizing more technologies in parallel with the advancement of technology and science. In the following period, the technology and techniques used developed faster, increased in variety, became more complex and started to progress faster (Çil 2019; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Research has shown that surgical procedures using Hittites instruments are performed. During the time of Galen and Hippocrates and after, Rome documents and records related to health began to be kept. Patients began to be examined using examination 19. Yy procedures and principles (Çil 2019; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Health technologies have gone through many stages in their historical development. The general outline of the historical development of health technologies is presented below. Within the framework of technological and scientific developments that started in the 15th century, developments in anatomy, pathology and physiology made it possible to define etiologically and develop treatments for diseases that were previously attributed to supernatural events and then treated symptomatically (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY In the 18th century, with the discovery of the rabies vaccine by Pasteur, the fields of physiology and psychology treatments began to be more clearly separated from each other. During this period, microscopes began to be used, and examinations such as blood, urine, stool, and biopsy entered the field of health. (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Injection in 1789, stethoscope in 1816, x-ray in 1895 has been discovered and started to be used (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Especially in the 20th century, asepsis and antisepsis, blood transfusion and anesthesia techniques influenced the development of surgical practices, pharmaceutical products began to be industrialized, antibiotics and vitamins began to be used. Preventive and therapeutic health services began to gain importance. Between 1900 and 1930, biomedical education, insulin, and blood grouping were developed (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Between 1931 and 1960, discovery of penicillin, vaccines, hypertension and psychotropic drugs discovery of drugs and chemotherapy. In the mid-20th century, laryngoscope, thermometer, ophthalmoscope, blood pressure measuring products and electrocardiography began to be used (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY In the second half of the 20th century, medical science became dependent on technology. During this period, there were also developments in the field of biochemistry, and the structures of body fluids were unraveled. Diagnostic and therapeutic products that emerged in the late 20th century include radiotherapy and radiodiagnostic devices, computerized tomography (1970s), magnetic resonance, dialysis devices, pacemakers, scintigraphs, sonographs, defibrillators, respiratory devices, etc. (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY In addition to all these technologies, new techniques such as bypass surgery and tissue and organ transplantation have begun to be used in the last 30-40 years. These developments have paved the way for specialization in medical science (Çil 2019; Karakaya 2009; Top 2018).  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY Advantages Disadvantages It contributes to improving health. It has a preventive nature in hospital infection control Ethical issues. programs. Cost. Technologies such as mammography and colonoscopy Qualified manpower emergence. Sources provide screening advantages. It creates new employment areas. Devices such as MRI and ECG play an important role in the diagnosis phase and support treatment. Top 2018; Uysal & Çelik 2020  WHAT DID WE LEARN TODAY? Defining the concepts of health and technology, Historical development of health technologies Advantages and disadvantages 28 A SMALL EXAMPLE: SURGEOUS DA VINCI 29  QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Let's discuss your perspective on health technologies. Questions and suggestions? 30  RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES Literature Review and reading lecture notes: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109830 1512016555 31  REFERENCES Alkan, Cevat. (1998). Educational Technology. Anı Publishing, Ankara. Demirel, Özcan. (1993). Dictionary of Educational Terms. Usem Publications, Ankara. Galbraith, J.K. (1967). The new industrial state. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Çil, V. (2019) Views of health managers on health technology assessment in terms of evidence-based health policy: a university hospital example (Unpublished master's thesis), Selçuk University Health Sciences Institute, Konya. Karakaya, (2009). The impact of medical technology applied in hospitals on Turkish health services. (Master's thesis). Beykent University, Institute of Social Sciences. Istanbul. Top M, 2018. Health Technology Management and Assessment. Access Date: 26.02.2019, Access Address: www.academia.edu/2917142/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_Technology_Y%C3%B6netimi_and_De%C4 %9Ferlendirmesi_Health_Technology_Management_and_Assessment Uysal, Ş. A. & Çelik, R. (Eds.) (2020). Current Topics in Health Management. Ankara: İksad Publishing House. pp: 117-151. A. Erdal, Health Technology Management Hacettepe Health Administration Journal, Volume:8, Issue:1 (2005) 32  ABOUT THE NEXT LESSON Effects of changes and developments in health technologies on nursing-2 33  HEY445 – CARE TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING Since the presentations of the course are private, the text and images included herein are from the instructor of the course. Using it on social media or in other areas without permission, It is against the regulations regarding the protection of personal data and private life guaranteed by Law No. 6698. 34 35  HEY445E – TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. 36 1 Name of Department : NURSING Course Code and Name : HEY445-E TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Course Week : 2 Course Day and Time : Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ACTS Informations : 2/3 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm %50, Final %50 Instructor’s Name & Surname : Asst. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN E-mail & Phone: : fsayan@gelişim.edu.tr 02124227000-403 Instructor’s Room : B Block 013th Room- A Block 5th Floor 505 Office Hours : Thursdays 16:00-16:45 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/kaynaklar-ve-material-paylasimi-5-160-13330-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fHome%2fIndex AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/fsayan  14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS HAFTALIK DERS KONULARI VE ÖNGÖRÜLEN HAZIRLIK ÇALIŞMALARI Hafta Ön Hazırlık Konular Yöntem 1 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and the place of this development in nursing education and practice, Lecture, Discussion its effects on care 2 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and its place in nursing education and practice, its effects on care Lecture, Discussion 3 Literature Search, Individual Research Problems encountered in the use of health technology Lecture, Discussion 4 Literature Search, Individual Research Ethics in technology use and applications Lecture, Discussion 5 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 6 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 7 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 8 - MID-TERM EXAM - 9 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 10 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 11 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 12 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (clinical management and clinical applications) Lecture, Discussion 13 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 14 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 15 Literature Search, Individual Research Tele-medicine applications in healthcare Lecture, Discussion 16 - FINAL EXAM -  WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES DERSİN ÖĞRENME ÇIKTILARI (Öğrenciler, bu dersi başarı ile tamamladıklarında aşağıda belirtilen bilgi, beceri ve/veya yetkinlikleri gösterirler.) Explain the developments in health care technologies and their use in practice. Comprehends the importance of the effects of technological developments in health services on care. Knows the monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Provides an opinion on the problems encountered in the use of health technology Defines roles and responsibilities related to health care and information technology. Uses technological products used in health care. Designs technological products used in health care. It uses information technologies specific to the field of health. Considers ethical principles in the use and applications of health care and information technology. Knows tele-medicine applications in the field of health  ABOUT THE PREVIOUS LESSON Development of health technologies and their place in care 1  DAILY FLOW Add text 09.00-09.50/ 1ST LESSON 10.00-10.50/ 2ND LESSON 11.00-11.50/ 3RD LESSON 12.00-12.50/ 4TH LESSON 2  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE With the developing technology, the concept of informatics in nursing has emerged. Nurses have been working in the field of informatics for forty years. The concept of informatics in nursing has been defined as specialization in nursing resources since 1984. Over time, many features have been added such as data recovery, ethics, patient care, decision support systems, human-computer interaction, information systems, imaging, computer science, information science, security, electronic patient records, intelligent systems and learning. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 3  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… Nursing informatics was defined in 1985 as the application of information technologies in nursing functions, including education, management, and practice. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 4  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… The American Nurses Association (ANA), in its goals and standards published in 1994-1995, defined nursing informatics as a specialization that integrates nursing science, computers, and information science to provide data management, information, and nursing studies. Specialization refers to the integration of information technologies, all aspects of nursing such as clinical nursing, management, research or education. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 5 THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… The healthcare sector collects a tremendous amount of data on an annual basis and it is estimated that the data generated/collected will double every 12 to 14 months. This huge increase in data poses a huge challenge for individuals performing analysis. The explosion of data and advancements in computerized clinical technologies have created an urgent need for nursing schools to incorporate the concept of big data science into their curriculum. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 6  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… Nursing organizations, government agencies, academic institutions, and private industry are some of the organizations with large, complex data sets that require advanced methodological and analytical skills to manage and analyze. The evolution of big data will benefit nursing and the advancement of nursing science by inspiring new ways of thinking about data, improving patient outcomes. Big data in nursing care is an important issue in all nursing processes, including diagnosis of the condition in daily clinical and workflows, care planning, implementation of intervention, and later evaluation of patient progress and outcomes. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 7  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… Nurses produce a lot of data, including Electronic Health Records System (EHR), mobile health devices, digital sensors, radiology or nurse-centered assessment images, telehealth, video and ultrasound audio files. This data does not mean anything on its own, but it can produce value by being processed, classified and visualized. For example, when Big Data processes all the data in the EHR, it cleans it by recognizing missing values, detecting unrealistic or meaningless data notes and eliminating conflicting data. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 8  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… Artificial Intelligence is a new concept in healthcare, especially in nursing practice. Developed for high-quality, safe patient care, once revolutionary technologies are now widely used in care and education, from electronic health records (EHR), mobile health (mHealth), telehealth, and remote patient monitoring to simulation sensors. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 9  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… Today, examples and business models used especially in nursing care have been examined. For example, Voice and Face Recognition Software is used to present the automatically summarized patient report in voice during shift change in nursing. This software can be used in the diagnosis of various disease conditions with "digital phenotype" together with other measurements. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 10  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… The need for communication skills education to be both participatory and experiential has led traditional nursing curricula to use simulated or standardized patients as tools to help students develop clinical reasoning, patient communication, history taking, physical examination, and patient diagnosis skills. Standardized patients are community members who are carefully recruited and trained to take on the characteristics of a real patient and provide students with learning and assessment opportunities in simulated clinical environments. Therefore, Virtual Patients (VCs) may be a more suitable alternative. (Çetin & Eroğlu, 2020) 11  THE PLACE OF TECHNOLOGY IN NURSING CARE… It is necessary to understand how AI and its use can improve nurses' decision making by supporting critical thinking and positively affecting the nursing process. To break through the complexity of AI, nurses must know that algorithms are at the core of technology. Algorithms are sequential instructions that enable the completion of a task. (Çetin and Eroğlu, 2020) 12  Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession Artificial intelligence is used in many areas in nursing, from the preparation of treatment plans to the facilitation of repetitive work and the preparations of medications. It is likely that the use of robotics combined with AI will become widespread in clinical settings. Programming a robot that can mimic human movements with AI that can make clinical decisions could pose a risk to the nursing profession. It is necessary to take into account ethical concerns and individual safety, especially when using artificial intelligence technology. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 13  Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… Rapid developments in the world of science bring about structural changes in socio-cultural dimensions as well as economic changes. These changes also lead to an increase in human productivity and the emergence of new developments in technology. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 14 Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… Developments in technologies used in the production of health services are also changing the behavior of patients, their relatives, and health professionals who use these techniques. Health services are carried out systematically within teamwork. Nurses and physicians are health professionals who have an important role in the health system. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 15  Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… Pioneering nurses who play a role in the adaptation of nursing to technology have added value to the organizations they work for in adopting digital innovations by combining nursing science with computer and information science to support workflow in clinical units. 17  Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… Adopting the use of artificial intelligence and robots to improve the way nurses practice care is the beginning of the transformation that emerging technologies are bringing to nursing. Taking a leadership role in the adoption of these innovations and communicating with those with technical expertise will provide a collaborative approach to blend technology and patient care. Adopting an emerging technology is only possible with nurses who are interested in this area. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 18 Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… Developments in technology aim to help nurses fulfill their duties within the scope of nursing care in all environments and provide care to patients more efficiently and safely. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 19 Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… The development of robots and artificial intelligence products that have the potential to replace physicians and nurses leaves nurses with difficulties in adapting to and implementing these new technologies. Questions such as “What happens if these technological developments render nursing practices insignificant in healthcare?”, “What should nurses do to avoid losing their place to technological innovations?” etc. are waiting to be answered. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 20 Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… The shortage of nurses is a worldwide problem. A study shows that increasing the number of patients per nurse will lead to an increase in patient deaths and nurse burnout. The decrease in the number of patients per nurse will lead to an increase in patient care time. The need for robots that enable nurses to perform their daily tasks will probably increase even more in the future. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 21  Reflections of Technology on the Nursing Profession… The redefinition of the roles of nurses in healthcare will lead to a technologically advanced nursing world. Nurses should be more involved in technological developments to ensure that technology meets the needs of patients. Nurses will be involved in the finer aspects of patient care, while leaving personalized nursing interventions such as vital signs, medication management, and bed care to machines. (Şendir et al. 2019:1) 22 While it is very important that developing technologies enable important applications, it is also important to consider carefully that new problems that arise with these technologies may also affect the technologies used in these new applications. It cannot be ignored that attacks that may be encountered in any system connected to the Internet may lead to fatal consequences, and questions such as how the huge amount of information that will be created by many different sensors will be used for research purposes in a way that does not conflict with individuals' privacy and in the light of ethical values ​have not yet been fully answered. (Bostancı E., 2016) 23 Like any system that generates data and transfers this data over a connection, wearable technologies also face threats such as data privacy, malware, and connection dependency, which need to be addressed as weaknesses of these technologies. In addition, the problem of big data, which is one of the popular problems of today, and the lack of integrated tools that will process the generated data efficiently are also important problems. (Bostancı E., 2016) 24 Malware that can be examined in a wide range from Trojans to unwanted advertisements threatens wearable technologies that operate on similar operating systems (Android, IOS) along with mobile technologies. The types of attacks that will be used for malicious software that steals information from the target system, prevents it from benefiting from certain services (by occupying the server) are actually left to the imagination of hackers. (Bostancı E., 2016) 25 Wearable technologies that connect to the Internet wirelessly for important reasons such as data transfer and updates also make themselves open to new attacks through this technology they use to increase their efficiency. (Bostancı E., 2016) 26 We can define the big data problem as the fact that the data produced by the technologies used today cannot be dealt with by classical data processing processes (data collection, search, privacy, visualization, analysis, etc.). It is expected that the inferences obtained from the collected data will guide the treatment methods to be recommended by doctors. (Bostancı E., 2016) 27  WHAT TO TAKE HOME? Development of health technologies and their place in care 28  RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES Literature review and reading lecture notes: https://www.who.int/teams/digital-health- and-innovation/health-technologies 28 A SMALL EXAMPLE: AI SUPPORTED HUMAN MODELS 28  QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS What do you think future health technologies promise in preventing diseases? Questions and suggestions? 29  REFERENCES Sendir M., Simsekoglu N., Kaya A., Sumer K. (2019), Future Nursing in Technology. Health Sciences University Nursing Journal. Issue: 1, pp.209-214 Bostancı E. (2016), Wearable Technologies Used in the Medical Field: Applications, Problems Encountered and Solution Suggesti ons. Çetin B., Eroğlu N. (2020), The Place of Technology and Innovation in Nursing CareAkta Medica Nicomeida Journal. Issue: 3, pp.120-126 30  ABOUT THE NEXT LESSON Problems encountered in the use of health technology 31 35  HEY445E – TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. 40 1 Name of Department : NURSING Course Code and Name : HEY445-E TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Course Week : 3 Course Day and Time : Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ACTS Informations : 2/3 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm %50, Final %50 Instructor’s Name & Surname : Asst. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN E-mail & Phone: : fsayan@gelişim.edu.tr 02124227000-403 Instructor’s Room : B Block 013th Room- A Block 5th Floor 505 Office Hours : Thursdays 16:00-16:45 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/kaynaklar-ve-material-paylasimi-5-160-13330-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fHome%2fIndex AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/fsayan  14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS HAFTALIK DERS KONULARI VE ÖNGÖRÜLEN HAZIRLIK ÇALIŞMALARI Hafta Ön Hazırlık Konular Yöntem 1 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and the place of this development in nursing education and Lecture, Discussion practice, its effects on care 2 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and its place in nursing education and practice, its effects on care Lecture, Discussion 3 Literature Search, Individual Research Problems encountered in the use of health technology Lecture, Discussion 4 Literature Search, Individual Research Ethics in technology use and applications Lecture, Discussion 5 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 6 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 7 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 8 - MID-TERM EXAM - 9 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 10 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 11 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 12 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (clinical management and clinical applications) Lecture, Discussion 13 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 14 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 15 Literature Search, Individual Research Tele-medicine applications in healthcare Lecture, Discussion 16 - FINAL EXAM -  WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES DERSİN ÖĞRENME ÇIKTILARI (Öğrenciler, bu dersi başarı ile tamamladıklarında aşağıda belirtilen bilgi, beceri ve/veya yetkinlikleri gösterirler.) Explain the developments in health care technologies and their use in practice. Comprehends the importance of the effects of technological developments in health services on care. Knows the monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Provides an opinion on the problems encountered in the use of health technology Defines roles and responsibilities related to health care and information technology. Uses technological products used in health care. Designs technological products used in health care. It uses information technologies specific to the field of health. Considers ethical principles in the use and applications of health care and information technology. Knows tele-medicine applications in the field of health  PREVIOUS LECTURE The development of health technologies and their place in care 5  DAILY FLOW 09.00-09.50/ 1ST LESSON 10.00-10.50/ 2ND LESSON 11.00-11.50/ 3RD LESSON 12.00-12.50/ 4TH LESSON 6 HEALTH 4.0 The fact that the health of the person can be controlled outside the hospital environment with technological opportunities can be defined within the concept of "Health 4.0". While the concept of Industry 4.0 corresponds to factories that do not contain workers, the concept of "Health 4.0" can be defined as health institutions that do not have patients. This requires the redesign of the system in health institutions and the rearrangement of plans 7 The traditional patient-physician relationship, which dates back to the past in medicine, has started to change with the influence of technology on medical science today. Today, although the equivalent of technology-based change in the health sector is characterized by the concept of "e-Health", it is seen that e-health is used as an "umbrella concept" that includes many equivalent concepts. 8  Early detection of the most sensitive diseases, including the most sensitive diseases, with Industry 4.0 in the health sector BENEFITS OF HEALTH 4.0 Early prediction of individuals from various diseases that are at risk of being caught thanks to health databases and smart algorithms As a result of the opportunities provided by artificial intelligence and algorithms, the necessary personnel are directed and malpractice prevention Drug use adaptations Instant control of the health of individuals by physicians with wearable devices or smartphones While people's quality of life will increase, government expenditures will decrease 9  Health 4.0 reduces the workforce requirement and this affects employment. Business It requires a significant investment. interruption and capital Healthcare institutions must pay attention to the supply of machines. The organization of special training sessions as the digitization and use of the Internet of Things requires good technical knowledge and advanced skills. Clinical data must be handled very sensitively and with Qualification the utmost care possible. Only the workforce must be specially trained to protect their data. Advanced information technology infrastructure is required to use the Internet of Things. In order to strengthen the Health 4.0 application, the communication network and weak signal Inadequate strength are very important for the entire process both horizontally and uninterrupted data. infrastructure 10  Since hospitals and polyclinics are not homogeneous, different arrangements need to be Variety of made for each unit. services Due to increasing competition, digitalization poses a challenge as accurate information about data security and artificial intelligence. It should be followed before a new digital application. Legal Long-term guidelines for the acceptance of clinical services should be reviewed before digital practices health services actually continue. Since Health 4.0 will be a new system, the security part is of utmost importance. Cybersecurity and privacy 11  The application brought by Health 4.0 requires a comprehensive information technology infrastructure that always needs regular maintenance and service. This process concerns the entire system. Inadequate maintenance is Inadequate dangerous for health. Therefore, smart maintenance systems should take the necessary precautions to prevent any maintenance deterioration system As can be understood from its definition, R&D is a concept directly related to science and scientific processes. Health has also been declared a priority area in Turkey as a state policy. Subjects such as telemedicine and remote care, personalized treatment) and three-dimensional printer technology are also emerging as very important areas of R&D Lack of R&D in health. Although R&D studies on health are increasing in Turkey, they are still insufficient when compared to clusters developed countries IoT is one of the important foundations of Health 4.0 and provides great economic gains for health institutions if used reasonably. However, employees are still uncertain about the potential benefits and correct use. Uncertainties about IoT usage 12 13  WHAT TO TAKE HOME? Disadvantages and problems encountered in the use of health technologies 14  QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Disadvantages and problems encountered in the use of health technologies Questions and suggestions? 15  RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES Literature review 16 A SMALL EXAMPLE: NANOTECHNOLOGY 17  REFERENCES  Ajmera, P, ve Vineet J. (2019). Modelling the barriers of health 4.0–the fourth healthcare industrial revolution in India by TISM. Operations Management Research, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12063- 019-00143-x  Anonim, (2015). Digital Uv Sensor Suits Up for Wearable and Iot Applications. Sensors, 12-12.  Arık, M.M. (2014). Analitik hiyerarşi süreci ve analitik ağ süreci metotları kullanılarak bir termal kamerada optik seçimi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.  Ayan, E, Cihan, Ş, Eren, T, Topal, T, ve Yıldırım, EK, (2016). Ahp ve Topsıs yöntemleri ile ekokardiografi cihazı seçimi. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 4, 1, 41-49. Decision, S. (2009). Super Decisions Software for Decision-Making V. 2.0. 8.  Eren, T, ve Gür, Ş, (2018). Ameliyathanelerin performanslarına etki eden faktörlerin bulanık AHP ile değerlendirmesi. Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 3, 3, 197-204.  Felisberto, F, Fdez-Riverola, F, ve Pereira, A, (2014). A ubiquitous and low-cost solution for movement monitoring and accident detection based on sensor fusion. Sensors, 14, 8961–8983.  https://doi.org/10.3390/s140508961  Gündoğdu, FK, ve Kahraman, C. (2020). A novel spherical fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and its renewable energy application. Soft Computing, 24, 6, 4607-4621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-019-04222-w  Göktürk, M., (2018) Sağlıkta 4.0 bizi nereye götürüyor? Http://Www.Sdplatform.Com/Dergi/1087/ Saglikta-40-Bizi-Nereye-Goturuyor.Aspx 18  ABOUT THE NEXT LESSON Ethics in the use and application of technologies 19 35  HEY445E – TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. 22 1 Name of Department : NURSING Course Code and Name : HEY445-E TECHNOLOGIES OF NURSING CARE Course Week : 4 Course Day and Time : Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ACTS Informations : 2/3 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm %50, Final %50 Instructor’s Name & Surname : Asst. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN E-mail & Phone: : fsayan@gelişim.edu.tr 02124227000-403 Instructor’s Room : B Block 013th Room- A Block 5th Floor 505 Office Hours : Thursdays 16:00-16:45 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/kaynaklar-ve-material-paylasimi-5-160-13330-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fHome%2fIndex AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/fsayan  14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS HAFTALIK DERS KONULARI VE ÖNGÖRÜLEN HAZIRLIK ÇALIŞMALARI Hafta Ön Hazırlık Konular Yöntem 1 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and the place of this development in nursing education and Lecture, Discussion practice, its effects on care 2 Literature Search, Individual Research The development of health technologies and its place in nursing education and practice, its effects on care Lecture, Discussion 3 Literature Search, Individual Research Problems encountered in the use of health technology Lecture, Discussion 4 Literature Search, Individual Research Ethics in technology use and applications Lecture, Discussion 5 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 6 Literature Search, Individual Research Patient safety and use of technology Lecture, Discussion 7 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 8 - MID-TERM EXAM - 9 Literature Search, Individual Research Monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 10 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 11 Literature Search, Individual Research Developing (designing) technological products used in health care Lecture, Discussion 12 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (clinical management and clinical applications) Lecture, Discussion 13 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 14 Literature Search, Individual Research Use of information technologies in the field of health (in nursing management and education) Lecture, Discussion 15 Literature Search, Individual Research Tele-medicine applications in healthcare Lecture, Discussion 16 - FINAL EXAM -  WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES DERSİN ÖĞRENME ÇIKTILARI (Öğrenciler, bu dersi başarı ile tamamladıklarında aşağıda belirtilen bilgi, beceri ve/veya yetkinlikleri gösterirler.) Explain the developments in health care technologies and their use in practice. Comprehends the importance of the effects of technological developments in health services on care. Knows the monitoring, use and evaluation of technological products used in health care Provides an opinion on the problems encountered in the use of health technology Defines roles and responsibilities related to health care and information technology. Uses technological products used in health care. Designs technological products used in health care. It uses information technologies specific to the field of health. Considers ethical principles in the use and applications of health care and information technology. Knows tele-medicine applications in the field of health  ABOUT THE PREVIOUS LESSON Development of health technologies and their place in care 5  DAILY FLOW Add text 09.00-09.50/ 1ST LESSON 10.00-10.50/ 2ND LESSON 11.00-11.50/ 3RD LESSON 12.00-12.50/ 4TH LESSON 6 ETHICS OF 1. Informatics Technology And Ethic DEVELOPING HEALTH 2. Medical Devices And Ethic TECHNOLOGY DIRECTION 3. Medicines And Ethic 4. Simulation And Ethic 5. Nanotechnology And Ethic 6. Coke Cell Treatments, Cloning And Ethic 7. Tissue, Organ Transplantation And Ethic 8. Hibernation And Ethic 9. Reproductive Technology And Ethic 10. Surgical Method And Techniques And Ethic 11. Genetic (Biotechnology) Technology and Ethics 7 “In informatics used all vehicle and of materials formed by technical system." Informatics technology with A lot more in number data to be able to store, to stored information quickly to be able to reach, short in time comprehensive information in hand to do and any One in time electronic health to the records to reach possible h a s become. Turkish Language Association; Month 4 5 Informatics technology ethics, informatics technologies their tools while using to be followed required defining the rules norms And codes explains. This norm And codes with This of vehicles to its users -most high at level use And -most low level damage to give is intended. Informatics technology ethics the concept of historical process when examined, first at the beginning computer ethics after Internet ethics concept last aspect in two concept in will cover Informatics in this way technology ethics aspect to be used has been started. He doesn't 6 hear 2013 Health informatics in their technologies ethic problems This in this way listed; Privacy concept first times American One judge the one which... Brandeis (1890) by "individual Don't be left alone "right" aspect has been defined. Informatics the era we live today to persons about information on computer in the environment to be stored requirement emerge has come out. But privacy issue should not be forgotten, to persons special information hidden be principle should be adopted. 1 (1) Month 2008; (2) He doesn't 7 hear 2013 Health informatics in their technologies ethic problems This in this way listed; Computer technologies, data base with their programs each last day information, to computer environment more easy to be transferred And high with their capacities unlimited data Entry easy to do access with its feature desired to the information quickly to be reached possibility provides. Accuracy , data Entry from your mistakes originating from wrong information with relating to is like individuals themselves related to your information accuracy control Don't right with also relating to can be. Wrong data entry deliberately made could be like mistakenly in made could be possibility of eyelash should be Hear 8 m less​ taken into consideration. 2013 Health informatics in their technologies ethic problems This in this way listed; Electronic in the environment stored health records your security enough failure to provide and to the system entered wrong/missing One sick data difference not to be done because of all inaccuracy in records continue to do the system -most important from the shortcomings someone aspect is seen. For this reason electronic health in your records clear standards Creation of And ethic development of codes obligation emerge has come out. Electronic in the environment stored health records safety and Privacy used system directly with is related. 9 Month  Electronic health to the records special created ethic principles There is no. This reasons whereas It is as follows; o Individual situation concerning ethic standards more little important like appear, o Quality to ensure for suitable ethical international agreements absence, o Executive And health care their professions of education standards Determination about One your initiative absence, o Health care of There is being reason And health records situation with relating to global decisions does not exist. 10 Month 11 Health of their services in the presentation -most important from factors someone aspect medical device technology place is taking. One invention to technology transformation Only century before 30 to 40 year in time while it is happening today This duration to the hours much has descended. Karakaya 20 10 29 Health in their organizations used medical with devices relating to ethic problems This It is as follows: Sick security Problems : (Do no harm, Beneficial being) Each medical device with it first times encountered And first times implementing person for is new. New technologies What degree trustworthy is evaluation -most TRUE way about them scientific are publications. Fan 2019 17 Health in their organizations used medical with devices relating to ethic problems This It is as follows: Equality Problems : On Earth resources, in society There is the one which... your possibilities, fair, Fair One sharing in the form subject humanity date much old One argument is the subject. New from technologies all people's same To some extent not being able to benefit from in these technologies Fan 2019 18 19 Medicines with relating to consisting of ethic problems; Sick security with relating to when examined a of the medicine trustworthy is that it is not related -most TRUE information scientific Publications being together This on the subject in problems is available. First problem of publications Generally sided to be, well more A lot positive to the results place is to be given. Fan 2019 20 Second problem , new medicine And security of technologies And effectiveness the results can only be widespread after their use can be evaluated, attempt in the phase happened problems out of sight is to be able to escape. Third problem whereas, new of drugs to be used permission without being given before developed in countries randomized controlled experimental studies done obligation to be despite, some applications outside in no country controller one the mechanism is the absence of. Fan 2019 21  Medicines with relating to consisting of ethic problems; Equality Problems: In terms of whereas privileged of the sections to drugs easier Fan 2019 22 Medicines with relating to consisting of ethic problems; Yagci- Kupeli and Kiper (2016) conveyed a study in the United States (USA) General aspect doctors by scenarios most ethic from the perspective objectionable not or little objectionable aspect acceptance made is, participants Only half of the industry given non- educational gifts And provided by social activities ethic from the perspective middle degree or seriously objectionable aspect has evaluated. Greaser With earring & K i p 1e 8 r 2016 Medicines with relating to consisting of ethic problems; Medicine company- doctor their relationships A lot more on the agenda to come -most important reason This patients of the relationship , doctors a nd society for potential effects of is that. This in relationship -most very focused question doctors industry marketing from their strategies impressed not affected; if they are affected this society your health What in the direction will affect. Doctors firstly patient welfare and scientific to develop importance while giving, medicine companies more A lot commercial is interested in earnings Greaser With earring & K i p 1e 9 r 2016 Medicines with relating to consisting of ethic problems; Informatics Medical Medicines And Ethic Devices And Ethic And Ethic Privacy Equality Equality Truth Sick Security Sick Security Misuse of Utility Utility informatio Establishing Establishing n standards standards Voyeurism during the Ethic creation developmen of codes t phase Not to be misused Fan 2019 25 26 Today education in their environments, teaching process of each in the phase different Educational technologies is used. Nursing in education information And your skills development for A lot education method and strategy is being tested. Students sick care under the management adequacy development And competence win adopted for from the methods someone is a simulation. Doesn't stop Equivalent & Sarikaya 2015 27 The simulation learning around use of increasing A lot factor This is located factors;  Medical of knowledge growth,  Health in education changes,  Sick your security the importance of increase,  The patient's ready to be found,  The student's ready to be found,  Your education standardization, again Possible be And simulation realism is the level. Doesn't stop Equivalent & Sarikaya 2015 28 Simulation Types: Low technological features owner model or models, healthy an individual by sick your role revitalization, computer supported simulations, complex functions in learning used simulations And integrated simulations shaped are classified. Doesn't stop Equivalent & Sarikaya 2015 29 Simulation with of education ethic direction This in this way can be examined: Clinical care in education simulation usage to increase continue while, nurse educators real clinical experiences Simulated made clinical with experiences ethics of change aspects Consideration should take. Available evidence, traditional teaching to the methods when used both additional inexperienced as nurses both also nursing learning outputs to improve their students for simulation use of supports. Berndt. 2010 30 Simulation with of education ethic direction This in this way can be examined: Simulated made clinical experiences in the context of basis theories out of sight simulation of use theories basis their suggestions Supported by And ethic complies with the principles shows. With this together, Simulated made clinical experiences, hospital clinical their experiences completely its place can't take. Person theme, students nursing profession to the community inoculate And the student's scenario human direction to experience to ensure for necessary is has been emphasized. Berndt. 2010 31 Berndt. 2010 32 Turkish Language To his theory according to nanotechnology, “The substance atomic or molecular processed in size microscopic in size of products production method.” aspect has been defined. Nanotechnology potential benefits of most, molecular production feature It is based on. Molecular production thanks to plenty in quantity cheap But quality products (for example computers, processors, phones, Viewing devices, A lot high at speed communication providing optical nano products etc.) to produce possible is It is stated. Yucel 2209 10 Already to the tissues oxygen transport in your ability mechanical red blood cells (these are “respirocyte” It is said) produced in case And these first blood transplantation including , anemia in the treatment, in infarction, various lung in their diseases is stated to be available for use. Moreover, divers respirocytes thanks to This under 4 per hour much they can hold their breath is foreseen. Yucel 230210  NANOETHICS Nanoethics concept with also mentioned nanotechnology ethic direction This It is as follows: The human being cannot perceive in childhood nanotechnology product nanomicrophones or with nanocameras of persons can be listened to, can be monitored, like this person damage to privacy will see anxiety judge. Yucel 230310 Nanoethics concept with also mentioned nanotechnology ethic direction This It is as follows:  This for the purpose to be used nano devices to the person aware without, for example by being put into food can be given is being considered. More in the worst, to the brain directed nano chips clear centers warning person's can be directed, -most at least person's mental the situation desired in the direction can be changed; even, theoretical aspect nanoelectronics with devices person to your brain reachable And like this information is stated to be transferable. Yucel 230410 Nanoethics concept with also mentioned nanotechnology ethic direction This It is as follows: Nanotechnologies thanks to substances, neurotechnological developments thanks to also shaping the brain possible halo is coming. This shaping by individual and social norms in is changing, new ethic Discussions on the agenda is coming. Another in other words new medicine technologies thanks to diseases treatment, physical And mental disabilities elimination can be provided like, no health problem non- people more Beautiful, more intelligent, more healthy, more LONG live Individuals into can be brought It is also possible can be. Fan 3 2 6 019 Informatics And Ethic: Privacy, Truth, Your information not to be misused, Voyeurism, Ethic codes Creation of Medical Devices And Ethics : Equality the problem, Sick Security, Usefulness, Standards Creation of Medicines And Ethic: Equality the problem, Sick Security, Utility, Under development standards creation, Abuse not used Simulation And Ethic: Equality the problem, Person person The theme of not replaced is required. Nanotechnology And Ethic: Privacy, Equality the problem, biological threats. 37 Dictionary means according to coke cell "Person your body forming, unlimited division, each various body types to his cell transformation And new tasks undertaking to the possibility owner main cell." is defined as. Cloning whereas “copy” means is coming. Turkish Language Institution 38 Last in the years health in the field -most A lot discussed from the topics someone also cloning And coke are cell studies. This studies medical, philosophical, legal, religious And ethic problems wide in terms of society in the sections busy to the discussions From where is happening. Genetic copy through of a human being identical One live creation means incoming f o r breeding purposes cloning, person in honor of contradiction formed by on the grounds of international treaty and with declarations is prohibited. Aksu Witness And arc. 2 03 29 0 Coke cell And cloning ethic direction This is as follows; The embryo One "person" is And to their rights respect to be shown should what's that ongoing approach, embryonic And Fetal coke cells to be used opposite is emerging. Main in the womb non- One embryo "person" cannot be counted what's that lasting opposite opinion if, root cell experiment And of use ethic problem did not create to the language brings. One Another opinion whereas, embryo experimental either in treatment purposeful use of requiring a moral reason Aksu Witness And arc. 2 04 20 0 Coke cell And cloning ethic direction This is as follows; Coke cell research And to the treatment related possibilities abuse usage in the context of yet no benefit unproven initiatives "miracle treatments” aspect to be presented, hope for trafficking with introductions treatment expectation inside the one which... people's abuse to be done, Abortion materials commercial meta- aspect to be used first incoming ethic It is one of the problems Aksu Witness And arc. 204210 Genetic copy through of a human being identical One live creation means incoming f o r breeding purposes cloning, person in honor of contradiction formed by on the grounds of international treaty and with declarations is prohibited. Aksu Witness And arc. 204220 Medicine LONG from years since various for reasons function lost either in exhausted body parts in its place from living things either in from cadaver received blood, skin, bone, bone marrow, sperm, cornea, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, thin intestine, lung like organ, organ parts or cells new ones put into the bargain is inside. Quickly developing health technology, from the living And from cadaver organ of the transfer well order stem cell research, cord blood banking like new techniques organ transfer for use on is working. Aksu Witness And arc. 204240  Turkish Doctors The Union reported that according to all in the world organ by transport relating to aspect Medical Organ Organ Providing Distribution From the From living Organ cadaver Transfer Organ Transfer Aksu Witness And arc. 204250 From the From the living organ in transport the donor life quality living Organ Transfer maximum sh o u ld b e t a ke n in t o co n si d e ra t io n to some extent. Live from the transmitter organ by taking healthy of a human being bodily integrity to ruin, however One someone else's your life f o r rescue purposes can be considered justified. Aksu Witness And arc. 204270  Medical from the perspective necessary of lighting from being From the living done later, organ of the transmitter should be transferred with Ethical no oppression under without staying, own free with his will, Dimensions of Organ Organ trade all in the world is like in our country also It is Transplantation forbidden. Human-induced cell, tissue and organs, money equivalent taken salable commercial commodity into to be brought ethic from the perspective acceptance cannot be done. Aksu Witness And arc. 204280  Organ transfers also can be committed from cadaver. And donation with of life to be rescued, of life value with the concept of in the sacred perception of life. From cadaver Organ Transfer Aksu Witness And arc. 204290  People can give written permissions for organ donation after their death. From cadaver This type in cases person's written statement should be followed despite decision of Organ the family is the basic principle. Autonomy transplantation ethic Brain Death: Brain death detected Patients organ in supply -most important constitutes the source. Brain death criteria, relating to legal in the regulations has been defined. Brain death diagnosis requires presence of 3 conditions: persistent coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and lack of ability to breathe independently. To the organ need the one which... person the number of to the excess despite organ donation insufficient be because of, society This on the subject To be informed on the basis of 'default donation system' to be passed And this for necessary infrastructure of their work to be done recommended Aksu Witness And arc. 205200 Organ a)Organ Coordination The system And Wait List: Medicine distribution ethics pardoned in terms of organs in distribution -most equal of ethical solution, national waiting list dimension This list with recruitment made organ medically -most urgent is whereas This to give. is as follows; The waitlist is a list of candidates registered to receive organ transplants. When a donor organ becomes available, the matching system dynamically generates a new, specific list of potential recipients based on the criteria defined in that organ’s allocation policy (e.g., organ type, geographic local and regional area, genetic compatibility measures, details about the condition of the organ, the candidate’s disease severity, time spent waiting, Aksu Witness And arc. 205210 Seasonal activity is known as the arrival of winter with started for internal cycle, surviving cold and short days, low heat either in food deficiencies can be listed. Salman 201542 It helps to keep body-heat and decrease energy expenditure. Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually marked by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability. The term "torpor" can refer to the time a hibernator spends at low body temperature, lasting days to weeks, or it can refer to a period of low body temperature and metabolism lasting less than 24 hours, as in "daily torpor". Salman 201543 Today assisted reproductive Thanks to technologies basis aspect Artificial fertilization four different by method artificial as a child can be brought into the world. Gametes Transfer Tube baby application Embryo transplantation Ozpulat 201587  the use of sperm and eggs after death (posthumous use) surrogacy donor conception sex selection pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT). Ozpulat 201577  When obtaining gametes or cells from a donor involves the donor receiving treatment, there must be separation of clinical and research roles. The clinician treating the donor should not be an investigator in the intended research Persons other than members of the research team should obtain consent to research from the potential donor. When the involvement of researchers is unavoidable, their role in the research must be made known to a donor. Members of the research team should be available to discuss the involvement of the gamete or gonadal tissue donor in the research protocol. In doing so, researchers should use appropriate language and graphics to convey accurate, clear information. There should be no payments or other inducements for the donation of gametes, gonadal tissue or cells for research that is subject to these Ethical Guidelines. The reimbursement of reasonable out-of-pocket expenses associated with the procedures is acceptable. In research to which these Ethical Guidelines apply, reimbursement does not cover compensation, including compensation for time 55 For the purpose of consent, the potential donor should be provided with the following information in written and oral form: a brief description of the project in lay language and its contribution to the potential benefits of the overall research program a clear statement that the provision of gametes, gonadal tissue or cells to the project is voluntary a description of the intended use of the gametes, gonadal tissue or cells and any products derived from them that any value from the gamete, gonadal tissue or cell donation for research, such as by the development of a cell-based treatment for a disease, may only be realised in the long term a description of the retrieval process for gametes, gonadal tissue or cells, including what will be done, where the procedures will be done and by whom a statement of the potential risks of retrieving and donating gametes, gonadal tissue or cells a description of how to withdraw from gamete, gonadal tissue or cell donation the right of a donor to refuse donation for a specific project, but agree to donation for another 56 Respect persons who have died Registering consent to be a donor on the system in many countrties does not constitute consent to the donation of gametes, gonadal tissue or cells for a licensed procedure. Gametes, gonadal tissue or cells from a person who has died must not be used in a licensed activity unless that person had previously given specific consent to that use. Before that consent is given, the donor must have received the information that these Ethical Guidelines require for donors. The needs of relatives of the deceased must be respected in accordance with ethical guidelines on organ and tissue donation, issued by national laws. 57 58 Surgical technology or techniques must comply with strict regulations in countries like the USA during product development and market introduction. However, these processes can be managed more flexibly in other countries, which may make it easier to begin using these technologies there first. The ethical aspects of surgical technologies and techniques are considered under the following key points Strong And a 6r k4 2014 The timing of implementing a new surgical technology or technique is crucial. On one hand, sufficient data needs to be collected, but on the other, a balance must be maintained with healthcare needs. Delaying the implementation could leave patients without adequate treatment. Strong And a 6r k5 2014 Patients should be informed about any surgical technology or technique before the procedure. They should be encouraged to ask questions. In cases where necessary, the patient or their close relative must sign an 'Informed Patient Consent Form. Strong And a 6r k6 2014  The education process for the surgical team regarding new technology or techniques: Any member of the surgical team who has completed their training must undergo retraining throughout their career. This is necessary due to the rapid advancements in healthcare and the increasing use of surgical technologies. Strong And a 6r k7 2014 The results of any surgical technology or technique must be monitored and evaluated. Surgeons using these technologies are obligated to track outcomes, evaluate the results of the surgical process, document them, and share their findings. Strong And a 6r k8 2014 In the 1970s, modern biotechnology techniques made it possible to introduce significant changes to the genetic structures of living organisms, which were previously considered unacceptable. Today, biotechnology applications related to human health include the production of new medicines, experimental treatments, and biomolecules such as hormones, vitamins, and antibiotics. It also covers applications like the production of artificial tissues to restore damaged ones, and gene therapies aimed at repairing damaged genes Superior & D 6 e 9 mirci 2016 Thanks to modern gene transfer methods, it is now possible to alter the genome of a species by transferring a gene segment from a different species. Organisms—whether plants, animals, or microorganisms—that exhibit these genetic changes in their phenotype are called 'genetically modified organisms' or, more briefly, 'transgenic organisms. Superior & D 7 e 9 mirci 2016  Equality There are concerns about the potential Ethics of genetic Principle: health risks of using genetically modified technology (biotechnology) animals and plants as food. In the face of direction This global hunger, humanity may be divided It is as follows: into two groups: those fortunate enough to consume natural, non-genetically modified foods, and those who are forced to consume genetically modified ones Superior & D 7 to 1 mirci 2016 Ethics of genetic Studies conducted on DNA are difficult to fully control. There is a technology (biotechnology) potential risk that hidden experiments could bypass oversight, and direction This some stages of the research might go unrecorded, posing a It is as follows: significant danger. Instead of focusing solely on immediate manipulations of genes, it is important to concentrate on their long-term effects. The ethics and rights related to the genetics of living organisms are crucial points that we must not overlook. Superior & D 7 e 2 mirci 2016 Ethics of genetic In nature, gene transfer typically occurs between similar species. technology However, with advancements in genetic technology, gene cloning (biotechnology) has become possible, allowing genes to be transferred between direction This It is as follows: any living organisms. This process is known as gene cloning. Treatments involving gene manipulation in cells can potentially benefit the health of future generations. Superior & D 7 e 3 mirci 2016  WHAT TO TAKE HOME? Disadvantages and problems encountered in the use of health technologies 69  QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of using health technologies? Questions and suggestions? 70  RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES Literature review 71 SMALL EXAMPLE: ROBOT NURSES IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC 72  REFERENCES  Freckle, V. (2019) To the evidence Based on health policy In terms of health technologies  Akca Month, F. (Ed.). (2012). Health In their applications Basis Concepts And Skills. Istanbul: Nobel evaluation about health managers opinions: university hospital example (Unpublished high Medicine Bookstore. p:1-8. licence thesis), Selcuk University Health Sciences The Institute, Konya.  Arik, HE., Forward, YY, Kaya, B. (2016). Health in their services medical device sector. Hacettepe Health Administration Magazine, 19(2), 187-202.  Doesn't stop Equivalent , A. & Sarikaya, A. (2015). Nursing in education simulation usage And simulation types.  Aksu Witness, F., Izgi, MC, Six fingers, K., Harvester, U., Adult , G., Sayek , I., Top, H., In Nursing Education And Research Magazine, 12(2),121-125. Tukel, R., Yilmaz, BN (2020). 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